Static Type Research Articles

DEIKSIS DALAM BAHASA TOMBULU

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to describe the form and function of tombulu language deixis. This research is qualitative with descriptive method especially in collecting data scientifically, and producing linguistic rules in linguistics. Data for analysis need are sourced from the field and literature. Field data is collected through informants, and library data is taken from books. Data collection techniques used direct observation techniques, tapping records, notes, and interviews. For data analysis, the inductive method is adopted. The results of this study indicate that in terms of the form of tombulu language deixis can be in the form of a morpheme, a word and a phrase. In terms of function depends on the type of deixis. In tombulu only one form of deixis refer to him male and female. Deixis to designate a place in tombulu is known for three distinctions. While the possessive contructive of tombulu language is stick-right. In the syntactic distribution, the possessive construct of the tombulu language stick-right morpheme, clearly showing the characteristics of a consistent VO type language. Through deixis pointing in Tombulu language can answer Frei’s hypothesis, which says that the higher the level of culture, the simpler the language deictic system concerned. In the case of Tombulu language deixis especially the place deixis can reflect the low level of Tombulu culture. Keywords : deixis, Tombulu, language

Recovering purity with comonads and capabilities

In this paper, we take a pervasively effectful (in the style of ML) typed lambda calculus, and show how to extend it to permit capturing pure expressions with types. Our key observation is that, just as the pure simply-typed lambda calculus can be extended to support effects with a monadic type discipline, an impure typed lambda calculus can be extended to support purity with a comonadic type discipline. We establish the correctness of our type system via a simple denotational model, which we call the capability space model. Our model formalises the intuition common to systems programmers that the ability to perform effects should be controlled via access to a permission or capability, and that a program is capability-safe if it performs no effects that it does not have a runtime capability for. We then identify the axiomatic categorical structure that the capability space model validates, and use these axioms to give a categorical semantics for our comonadic type system. We then give an equational theory (substitution and the call-by-value β and η laws) for the imperative lambda calculus, and show its soundness relative to this semantics. Finally, we give a translation of the pure simply-typed lambda calculus into our comonadic imperative calculus, and show that any two terms which are βη-equal in the STLC are equal in the equational theory of the comonadic calculus, establishing that pure programs can be mapped in an equation-preserving way into our imperative calculus.

Effect of Parameters on Fatigue Properties and Crack Propagation Behavior of Friction Stir Crack Repaired Al2024

Through investigating the effect of parameters on the fatigue properties and crack propagation behavior of friction stir crack repaired 2024 aluminum alloy, we demonstrated that the fatigue strength of friction stir repaired Al2024 was sensitive to the repairing parameters and had a “V” type discipline with the rotating speed or advancing velocity. The fatigue crack growth rates of the repaired specimens were higher than the base material counterpart, and the crack propagation mechanism in the repaired zone was mainly intergranular. When the improper repairing parameters were adopted, the delamination defect would form at the interfaces between the repaired layer and base material

Bubble point pressures of binary mixtures of ethanol with propane, dimethyl ether or trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and correlation with equations of state and Wong-Sandler mixing rules

For the design of spray propellants, bubble point pressures were measured for binary mixtures of ethanol with propane, dimethyl ether (DME) or trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(E)), with a static type apparatus at (293.15–313.15) K. Experimental data were correlated with the Peng-Robinson (PR) and Stryjek-Vera (PRSV) equations of state using the Wong-Sandler (WS) mixing rules. The NRTL activity coefficient model in the WS mixing rules was effective for correlation of systems that exhibited large non-idealities (ethanol - propane, ethanol - R1234ze(E)). Correlation of the bubble point pressures with the PRSV equation of state and WS mixing rules was to within an average of 2.391% absolute deviation in pressure for all systems, which is considered to be sufficient for design of spray devices with propellants that have low global warming potential.

Методические принципы обучения курсантов и слушателей основным типам уступительных предложений в немецком языке

This article deals with directions in the methodology of teaching cadets and students in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs system of the main types of concession sentences in German. Due to the presence in the German language of various types of concession sentences that are not similar to each other, defining them in the text, and thereby translating, presents great difficulties for students. However, it seems appropriate to classify the concession sentences into four types in order to optimize the translation possibilities for cadets and students during work with the scientific literature on law enforcement topics in German. Based on the purely practical need for the methodological development of this topic, this article aims to systematize concessive sentences for certain groups determined by the purely constructive features of each type, concessive sentences, without taking into account their genesis, and to establish ways of translating each group.

Changing Internet Language Features Among the Korean Scholarly Group

This study aims at identifying how the Korean scholarly group's internet language features changed during the last 10 years. For this study, 2,450 written texts on the same web-site in which a previous study collected data were analyzed. This comparison study showed the following results: 1)First of all, the scholarly group's internet texts still involved standard language, high-quality vocabulary and long sentences; 2)However, it was very difficult to find Chinese characters and the percentage of the usage of English increased significantly; 3)Presenting objective data and numbering were still frequently seen; 4)Furthermore, typical internet languages such as slang, argot and abbreviations began to appear; 5)Texts showing self-reflection and teaching tone have been decreased. Instead, texts implying psychological pressure and worries about their jobs have increased; 6)The biggest change was that most of communicator's names were written in English (or unidentified words) or commonly used internet names. This study concludes that comparing to the previous study, the scholarly group's internet language features have changed (although some based on occupational variables remained the same), and that these changes might be affected by social changes taking place in the scholarly group.

Effect of Cage Type on Short-Term Radiographic Outcomes in Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion

The effect of expandable versus static cage type on radiographic outcomes in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) has not been well studied in the literature. We studied the effect of 3 cage types on change in foraminal height (FH), disk height (DH), subsidence, and segmental lordosis (SL). We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent TLIF in a single institution from 2014 to 2019. The following 3 cage types were identified: banana cage, bullet, and expandable cage. Computed tomography (CT) scans of the lumbar spine or lumbar radiographs (when CT scan was not available) with 6-week follow-up time were used for radiographic assessment. One hundred patients with 133 fused segments were identified. The average age was 60.9 years, and 40% were men. A banana cage was used in 19 segments (14.3%), a bullet cage was used in 47 (35.4%), and an expandable cage was used in 67 segments (50.4%). There were no significant differences in FH (average increase, 0.7 mm; P= 0.771), subsidence (average, 2.3 mm; P= 0.554), DH (average decrease, 1.0 mm; P= 0.769), or clinically significant subsidence (>4 mm; P= 0.174). Expandable cages demonstrated a positive 1.2° gain in SL, whereas both other cages demonstrated a decrease in SL on average (P= 0.05). This result held up on multivariate analysis (P= 0.031). The average increase in the foraminal height in TLIF is small (0.7 mm) and is not different between the cage types; therefore, direct decompression is crucially important in this procedure. Although TLIF is often considered to be a kyphotic procedure, an expandable cage demonstrated superiority in terms of segmental lordosis improvement.

Transient Performance Improvement of Power Systems Using Fuzzy Logic Controlled Capacitive-Bridge Type Fault Current Limiter

This paper proposes the novel application of a genetic algorithm optimized fuzzy logic controller as a nonlinear controller for capacitive bridge type fault current limiter (CBFCL) to improve the stability performance of the power systems. The proposed controller provides fast convergence for the system and uses data from the system as a feedback in the controller loops. The performance of the proposed genetic algorithm optimized fuzzy logic controlled CBFCL is compared with that of a static nonlinear controller based CBFCL and a static nonlinear controller-based bridge type fault current limiter (BFCL). The detail controller design and stability analysis are carried out on the IEEE 39 bus power system in MATLAB/SIMULINK. To capture a realistic system's response, a wind farm is connected to bus one in the IEEE 39 bus system. From the simulation results and several quantifying parameters, it is shown that the proposed genetic algorithm optimized fuzzy logic controlled CBFCL can effectively improve the stability and the performance of the power system as well as the grid connected wind farm. Further, the proposed controller performs better than the static nonlinear controller based CBFCL and the static nonlinear controller based BFCL.

The history of Standard ML

The ML family of strict functional languages, which includes F#, OCaml, and Standard ML, evolved from the Meta Language of the LCF theorem proving system developed by Robin Milner and his research group at the University of Edinburgh in the 1970s. This paper focuses on the history of Standard ML, which plays a central role in this family of languages, as it was the first to include the complete set of features that we now associate with the name “ML” (i.e., polymorphic type inference, datatypes with pattern matching, modules, exceptions, and mutable state). Standard ML, and the ML family of languages, have had enormous influence on the world of programming language design and theory. ML is the foremost exemplar of a functional programming language with strict evaluation (call-by-value) and static typing. The use of parametric polymorphism in its type system, together with the automatic inference of such types, has influenced a wide variety of modern languages (where polymorphism is often referred to as generics ). It has popularized the idea of datatypes with associated case analysis by pattern matching. The module system of Standard ML extends the notion of type-level parameterization to large-scale programming with the notion of parametric modules, or functors . Standard ML also set a precedent by being a language whose design included a formal definition with an associated metatheory of mathematical proofs (such as soundness of the type system). A formal definition was one of the explicit goals from the beginning of the project. While some previous languages had rigorous definitions, these definitions were not integral to the design process, and the formal part was limited to the language syntax and possibly dynamic semantics or static semantics, but not both. The paper covers the early history of ML, the subsequent efforts to define a standard ML language, and the development of its major features and its formal definition. We also review the impact that the language had on programming-language research.

Analysis of Mining Effect and Fault Stability Under the Influence of Normal Faults

Dynamic disasters often occur in coal mining process, while mining disasters near faults are more serious and complex. Faults are distorted by mining, which releases a lot of energy and easily induces dynamic disasters such as rockburst and roadway instability. This study takes the 10,416 working face of Yang Liu Coal Mine (YLCM) as the engineering background, and uses numerical simulation to study the dynamic response characteristics of the working face advancing towards the hanging wall of the normal fault. In addition, the influence law of normal fault dip on fault stability is discussed in this study. The results show that when the working face of the hanging wall is mined and the working face is 30 m away from the fault, the abutment pressure in the middle of the face reaches the maximum. When the width of the fault coal pillar is 20–30 m, the possibility of rock burst on the working face is the greatest. The static load type impact ground pressure is more likely to occur when the hanging wall face advances. The greater the dip angle of fault, the higher the possibility of fault activation. High dip faults are more likely to induce dynamic disasters such as rock burst, mine earthquake, bracket pressure and so on. The research results of this study provide a scientific basis for the division, prediction and prevention of rock burst dangerous zone in mining face under similar geological conditions.

Abstracting gradual references

Gradual typing is an effective approach to integrate static and dynamic typing, which supports the smooth transition between both extremes via the imprecision of type annotations. Gradual typing has been applied in many scenarios such as objects, subtyping, effects, ownership, typestates, information-flow typing, parametric polymorphism, etc. In particular, the combination of gradual typing and mutable references has been explored by different authors, giving rise to four different semantics—invariant, guarded, monotonic and permissive references. These semantics were specially crafted to reflect different design decisions with respect to precision and efficiency tradeoffs. Since then, progress has been made in the formulation of methodologies to systematically derive gradual counterparts of statically-typed languages, but these have not been applied to study mutable references. In this article, we explore how the Abstracting Gradual Typing (AGT) methodology, which has been shown to be effective in a variety of settings, applies to mutable references. Starting from a standard statically-typed language with references, we systematically derive with AGT a novel gradual language, called λ REF ˜ . We establish the properties of λ REF ˜ ; in particular, it is the first gradual language with mutable references that is proven to satisfy the gradual guarantee. We then compare λ REF ˜ with the main four existing approaches to gradual references, and show that the application of AGT does justify one of the proposed semantics: we formally prove that the treatment of references in λ REF ˜ corresponds to the guarded semantics, by presenting a bisimilation with the coercion semantics of Herman et al. In the process, we uncover that any direct application of AGT yields a gradual language that is not space-efficient. We consequently adjust the dynamic semantics of λ REF ˜ to recover space efficiency. We then show how to extend λ REF ˜ to support both monotonic and permissive references as well. Finally, we provide the first proof of the dynamic gradual guarantee for monotonic references. As a result, this paper sheds further light on the design space of gradual languages with mutable references and contributes to deepening the understanding of the AGT methodology. • Detailed application of the Abstracting Gradual Typing methodology (AGT) to a language with mutable references. • Establishes formal equivalence with guarded semantics of Herman et al. • Shows how to achieve space efficiency in the AGT-derived language. • Combines different gradual reference semantics in the same language. • First proof of the dynamic gradual guarantee for both guarded and monotonic references.

DeepVS: an efficient and generic approach for source code modelling usage

The source code suggestions provided by current IDEs are mostly dependent on static type learning. These suggestions often end up proposing irrelevant suggestions for a peculiar context. Recently, deep learning-based approaches have shown great potential in the modeling of source code for various software engineering tasks. However, these techniques lack adequate generalization and resistance to acclimate the use of such models in a real-world software development environment. This letter presents \textit{DeepVS}, an end-to-end deep neural code completion tool that learns from existing codebases by exploiting the bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) neural net. The proposed tool is capable of providing source code suggestions instantly in an IDE by using pre-trained BiGRU neural net. The evaluation of this work is two-fold, quantitative and qualitative. Through extensive evaluation on ten real-world open-source software systems, the proposed method shows significant performance enhancement and its practicality. Moreover, the results also suggest that \textit{DeepVS} tool is capable of suggesting zero-day (unseen) code tokens by learning coding patterns from real-world software systems.

Evolution of Visualization Methods for Research Publication Collections

It is proposed to add a static system of types to the dataflow functional model of parallel computing and the dataflow functional parallel programming language developed on its basis. The use of static typing increases the possibility of transforming dataflow functional parallel programs into programs running on modern parallel computing systems. Language constructions are proposed. Their syntax and semantics are described. It is noted that the need to use the single assignment principle in the formation of data storages of a particular type. The features of instrumental support of the proposed approach are considered.

Understanding the structure and conformation of bovine hemoglobin in presence of the drug hydroxyurea: multi-spectroscopic studies supported by docking and molecular dynamics simulation

Binding interaction between the small antitumor drug Hydroxyurea (HU) and Bovine Hemoglobin (BHb) has been explored in details from multi-spectroscopic and computational studies. The formation of ground state complex between BHb and HU has been suggested from the electronic UV–Vis and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopic studies. The quenching in fluorescence of BHb in presence of HU at varied concentrations has been analyzed from the SV plots. Static type of quenching has been suggested from time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic studies. Binding parameters associated with the BHb-HU complex have also been estimated from the temperature dependent fluorescence spectroscopic studies. Alterations in the micro-environment of the Tyr and Trp residues of BHb in presence of HU have been observed from the synchronous fluorescence measurement. The result obtained from CD spectroscopic measurements signify partial unfolding in the secondary structure of BHb due to binding with HU molecule. The experimental observations are supported by theoretical studies. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate the structural stability and compactness of BHb in the binding interaction between BHb and HU. The interaction of BHb with HU is expected to provide fundamental insights towards understanding the therapeutic effectiveness of HU upon interaction with BHb used in chemo-, radio therpeutic procedures and also in the treatment of SCD.

Correction: Analyzing and learning the language for different types of harassment.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227330.].

TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF TEXT CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES: A SYSTEMATIC MAPPING STUDY

Due to the mass availability of textual data on Web, text classification (TC), classifying texts into predetermined sets becomes a spotlight for researchers. A number of TC applications have been proposed yet very few studies reported an overview of TC research area in a proper and systematic manner. This paper aims to provide an overview of TC research trends and gaps by structuring and analyzing research patterns, encountered problems and problem-solving methods in TC. In other words, this study highlights problem types, data sources, choice of language of text and types of applied techniques in TC. An intensive systematic study is conducted by applying guidelines proposed by Petersen and colleagues in 2007. In this paper, ninety-six literatures from five electronic databases from 2006 to 2017 were systematically reviewed and followed each and every step properly in accordance with systematic mapping study. Nine main problems in TC research area were identified and significant findings which highlighted the evolution of TC research within the past 12 years were investigated. Different from other review articles, this paper highlighted issues and technical gaps of TC area in a useful and effective manner.

Combining Static and Dynamic Contract Checking for Curry

Static type systems are usually not sufficient to express all requirements on function calls. Hence, contracts with pre- and postconditions can be used to express more complex constraints on operations. Contracts can be checked at run time to ensure that operations are only invoked with reasonable arguments and return intended results. Although such dynamic contract checking provides more reliable program execution, it requires execution time and could lead to program crashes that might be detected with more advanced methods at compile time. To improve this situation for declarative languages, we present an approach to combine static and dynamic contract checking for the functional logic language Curry. Based on a formal model of contract checking for functional logic programming, we propose an automatic method to verify contracts at compile time. If a contract is successfully verified, it can be omitted from dynamic checking. This method decreases execution time without degrading reliable program execution. In the best case, when all contracts are statically verified, it provides trust in the software since crashes due to contract violations cannot occur during program execution.

Backward type inference for XML queries

Although XQuery is a statically typed, functional query language for XML data, some of its features such as upward and horizontal XPath axes are typed imprecisely. The main reason is that while the XQuery data model allows us to navigate upwards and between siblings from a given XML node, the type model, e.g., regular tree types, can describe only the subtree structure of the given node. To alleviate this limitation, precise forward type inference systems for XQuery were recently proposed using an extended regular type language that can describe not only a given XML node but also its context. In this paper, as a different approach, we propose a novel backward type inference system for XQuery, based on a type language extended with logical formulas. Our backward type inference system provides an exact typing result for XPath axes and a sound typing result for XQuery expressions.

Analyzing and learning the language for different types of harassment.

THIS ARTICLE USES WORDS OR LANGUAGE THAT IS CONSIDERED PROFANE, VULGAR, OR OFFENSIVE BY SOME READERS. The presence of a significant amount of harassment in user-generated content and its negative impact calls for robust automatic detection approaches. This requires the identification of different types of harassment. Earlier work has classified harassing language in terms of hurtfulness, abusiveness, sentiment, and profanity. However, to identify and understand harassment more accurately, it is essential to determine the contextual type that captures the interrelated conditions in which harassing language occurs. In this paper we introduce the notion of contextual type in harassment by distinguishing between five contextual types: (i) sexual, (ii) racial, (iii) appearance-related, (iv) intellectual and (v) political. We utilize an annotated corpus from Twitter distinguishing these types of harassment. We study the context of each kind to shed light on the linguistic meaning, interpretation, and distribution, with results from two lines of investigation: an extensive linguistic analysis, and the statistical distribution of uni-grams. We then build type- aware classifiers to automate the identification of type-specific harassment. Our experiments demonstrate that these classifiers provide competitive accuracy for identifying and analyzing harassment on social media. We present extensive discussion and significant observations about the effectiveness of type-aware classifiers using a detailed comparison setup, providing insight into the role of type-dependent features.

Instability measurement for plate-type fuels subjected to narrow-parallel flow

Plate-type fuel assemblies are utilized in many research reactors. Some are open-loop, pool-type reactors, but others are pressurized reactors with high coolant flow rates. Parallel flows between the fuel plates can make these plates unstable. Several studies in the early 60s reported that the plates could lose their stability through a static type of instability. In accordance with studies in the 70s, however, the type of instability, whether static or dynamic, may depend on the boundary conditions. In this study, we present experimental observations of the instability of a fuel plate subjected to a narrow-axial flow between several different fuel plates. We sought to measure and compare the critical flow velocity with predictions according to Miller’s theory, which is generally used during the design of a plate-type fuel. For this experiment, we installed strain gages on a target plate (instrumented plate) positioned at the center of five simulated plates to reflect the fluid interaction in the narrow gaps between the plates. Pressure sensors were also installed to measure the static pressure differences between two channels adjacent to the target plate in an effort to identify the moment of instability. We observed that the stability of the target plate is lost due to a static type of instability at a flow velocity of 16.4 m/s, slightly lower than the flow velocity predicted using Miller’s equation for a fixed–fixed boundary condition.