Types Of Insulators Research Articles

Numerical investigation of suppressing thermal runaway propagation in a lithium-ion battery pack using thermal insulators

Thermal runaway propagation (TRP) in a lithium-ion battery pack is crucial to its safety concerning the potential hazards of fire or explosion. In current study, a TRP suppression method for a 4 × 4 battery pack using three insulation materials, silicate, ceramic and glass fiber boards, is numerically investigated. Reliability of the model is first verified by experimental temperature of a single battery during TR. Then, three sets of TRP scenarios initiated by external heating are studied to reveal the effects of insulation type, thickness (0.5–4 mm) and layout. The results show that thermal conductivity of insulation impacts its performance more greatly than thickness, and glass fiber outperforms silicate and ceramic fibers in preventing TRP. Bidirectional layout (BL) of insulation boards performs better than unidirectional layout (UL). For UL, row-to-row TRP exists and the TRP process is accelerated compared with non-insulation case if insulation boards fail, implying UL can prevent TRP only if the row-to-row TRP is inhibited. While for BL, TRP is only observed for 0.5 mm silicate fiber boards, and the critical heating power (6.5 kWm−2) triggering TRP in battery pack is much lower. The outcomes may provide useful theoretical bases and suggestions for safety design and risk assessment of battery pack.

Active Control Strategy of Partial Discharge for Insulation of High-Power High-Voltage High-Frequency Transformers (H3Ts)

The insulation coordination design against electric-originated complex operation conditions is one of the critical challenges for high-power, high-voltage, high-frequency transformers (H <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> T) in solid-state transformers (SSTs). The connection between the insulation performance and the operational parameters of H <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> T are tightly coupled, but their interaction has been ignored till now. In this letter, an active control method is proposed by adjusting the voltage amplitude, frequency, and temperature to decrease partial discharge (PD) to improve the high reliability of H <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> T. At first, PD versus voltage level, frequency, and temperature in existing typical insulation are identified. Then, the PD rules of different parameters are utilized to provide feedback information and guideline for the control of H <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> T. This letter aims to improve the reliability of H <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> T through active control of PD activities.

Quantifying Multi-Scale Performance of Geometric Features for Efficient Extraction of Insulators from Point Clouds

Insulator extraction from images or 3D point clouds is an important part of automatic power inspection by unmanned airborne vehicles (UAVs), which is vital for improving the efficiency of inspection and the stability of power grids. However, for point cloud data, many challenges, such as the diversity of pylon shape and insulator type, complex topology, and similarity of structures, were not tackled with the study of power element extraction. To efficiently identify the small insulators from complex power transmission corridor (PTC) scenarios, this paper proposes a robust extraction method by fusing multi-scale neighborhood and multi-feature entropy weighting. The pylon head is segmented according to the aspect ratio of horizontal slices following the locating of the pylons based on the height difference and continuous vertical distribution firstly. Aiming to quantify the different contributions of features in decision-making and better segment insulators, a feature evaluation system combined with information entropy, eigen entropy-based optimal neighborhood selection, and designed multi-scale features is constructed to identify suspension insulators and tension insulators. In the optimization step, a region erosion and growing method is proposed to segment complete insulator strings by enlarging the perspectives to obtain more object representations. The extraction results of 82 pylons with 654 insulators demonstrate that the proposed method is suitable for different pylon shapes and sizes. The identification accuracy of the whole line achieves 98.23% and the average F1 score is 90.98%. The proposed method can provide technical support for automatic UAV inspection and pylon reconstruction.

Determination of individual values of four-element equivalent circuits elements parameters at technical diagnostics of insulation by absorption methods

The aim of this article is to present a methodology of determining of the individual values of the parameters of four-element equivalent circuits for insulation with through conductivity. Methodology. The proposed method consists in the fact that at a time interval of more than 10 s, when the charge indicator no longer contributes to the leakage current, three points t1, t2 and t3 are selected, such that t2 – t1 = t3 – t2. To be able to determine the absorption coefficient R60/R15, it is recommended to take t1 = 15 s, t2 = 37.5 s and t3 = 60 s. At the same time, by subtracting I(t2) – I(t1) and I(t3) – I(t2), the constant component of the absorption curve is excluded and it becomes possible to determine the individual values of the parameters of the generalized equivalent circuit of insulation, additionally using its conductivity in operator form. Results. As calculations show, the correct determination of the parameters of insulation equivalent circuit according to the proposed method is possible only with a certain ratio of these parameters. The charge time of the geometric capacitance Cg(R0+Rd), where R0 and Rd are the resistance that forms the charging exponent, and the resistance of the sensor, should be within 0.2 s &lt;Cg(R0+Rd)&lt;1 s, the time constant CaRa, where Ca and Ra are the capacitance and resistance of the absorption chain, should be more than 3 s, the product of CgRl, where Rl is the leakage resistance, more 0.5 s, the leakage resistance Rl is less than the absorption resistance Ra. Checking the methodology on a model example gives the values of the parameters of the insulation equivalent circuit that match the specified ones with high accuracy. Practical value. The use of individual values of the parameters of insulation equivalent circuits when applying absorption diagnostic methods with considering the time values and dimensional factors, allow to calculate all currently used diagnostic parameters, to determine the conditions of certain insulation types, as well as in more detail, in comparison with the existing approach, to assess the technical condition of the insulation and the reasons of its changes.

A Comparative Study of Abnormal Heating Composite Insulators.

The abnormal heating of composite insulators on transmission lines frequently occurs, seriously threatening the power grid's safe and stable operation. For different types of abnormal heating composite insulators, undifferentiated replacement wastes a lot of labor and material resources. This study explores the abnormal heating composite insulators under different environmental humidity and wind speed conditions. The heating and discharge of composite insulators are observed, and the heating range, heating shape, and temperature rise (ΔT) are analyzed. The abnormal heating of the sheath-aging composite insulator is related to the aging of the silicone rubber and the environmental humidity. The partial discharge caused by the core rod's defect is the primary source of the temperature rise in the decay-like insulator. The heating range of the contaminated insulator is connected to the environmental humidity, and the ΔT increases with the salt density. The ΔT and heating range of the three types of abnormal heating increase with the ambient humidity. The heating phenomenon under low humidity is an important characteristic that distinguishes decay-like and contaminated insulators from sheath-aging insulators. Therefore, the on-site infrared inspection should be carried out in sunny and windless weather to prevent the impact of high humidity and wind speed on infrared temperature measurement.

Transient analysis and optimization of an off-grid hydrogen and electric vehicle charging station with temporary residences

In this research study, an off-grid zero energy refueling station for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles with the ability to charge battery-powered electric vehicles is designed and analyzed transiently. A temporary residence next to the charging station is designed to accommodate people who come to the charging station. The best energy supplier in terms of cost is determined. The insulation thickness of the temporary residence wall is optimized for five types of insulation and thickness between 0 to 0.7 m. Total cost over 20 years (system lifetime) is an objective function that should be minimized. Using Trnsys software, the charging station and temporary residence are simulated. The system's total costs for different insulation type and thickness is predicted using a machine-learning approach. The optimum insulation type and thickness are determined. According to the results, choosing a photovoltaic panel as a power source is up to 33,024 $ more cost-effective than wind energy for the mentioned system. The optimal insulation thickness is related to expanded polystyrene with a thickness of 0.24 m. Insulation thickness and type can affect the system's total cost intensively. The cheapest insulation is not the best in reducing total cost.

Assessing the environmental impact of using CLT-hybrid walls as a sustainable alternative in high-rise residential buildings

Cross-laminated timber (CLT), a bio-based material, is attracting attention as an alternative to conventional materials, to reduce the environmental impact of the construction sector. To the expansion of CLT application, the environmental impact of applying CLT, which was mainly used in low- and middle-rise buildings, to the outer walls of high-rise residential building was analyzed. The environmental impacts of 28 alternative walls were analyzed based on variations in CLT thickness and insulation type. Replacing traditional walls with CLT, including finishes, alternatives resulted in an average reduction of −35% in environmental impact. According to the standardized and weighted process, cellulose and glass wool are the most environmentally friendly alternatives.

Energy performance gap of the Italian residential building stock: Parametric energy simulations for theoretical deviation assessment from standard conditions

Energy Performance Gap (EPG) is a crucial issue in the building sector that can lead to an overestimation of the national energy policies. It is the difference between the calculated energy consumption and actual energy use, and it is relevant mainly for space heating. As EPG quantification or correction methods could lead to more realistic energy policies, EPG has become a focus of many studies and research. In this framework, this study aims to quantify the theoretical deviation of EPG, i.e., concerning to the standard conditions, for the Italian residential building stock by performing parametric energy simulations of thousands of representative reference buildings. After a comprehensive thermophysical characterization of the national building stock, parametric simulations were carried out by varying the main standard conditions set in the Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) calculation. This approach allowed the quantification of EPG according to the climatic zone, building type, usage profile, and thermal insulation level of buildings, while also analysing the influence of these parameters on the EPG and checking for prebound or rebound effects (i.e. when standard consumption is greater or smaller than actual one). The study identified a range of EPG variability for both prebound (0% to +80%) and rebound (−30% to 0%) effects and quantified an average EPG between −3 and +16 kWh per heating degree day of the selected location as a function of the usage profile. This work represents the first attempt to calculate the EPG of the Italian residential building stock and it could lead to the correction of the national energy policies implemented in the building sector.

Room‐Temperature Charge‐to‐Spin Conversion from Quasi‐2D Electron Gas at SrTiO3‐Based Interfaces

Interfacial two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), especially the SrTiO3-based ones at the unexpected interface of insulators, have emerged to be a promising candidate for efficient charge-spin current interconversion. In this article, to gain insight into the mechanism of the charge-spin current interconversion at the oxide-based 2DEG, we focused on conducting interfaces between insulating SrTiO3 and two types of aluminium-based amorphous insulators, namely SrTiO3/AlN and SrTiO3/Al2O3, and estimated their charge-spin conversion efficiency, {\theta}_cs. The two types of amorphous insulators were selected to explicitly probe the overlooked contribution of oxygen vacancy to the {\theta}_cs. We proposed a mechanism to explain results of spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) measurements and developed an analysis protocol to reliably estimate the {\theta}_cs of the oxide based 2DEG. The resultant {\theta}_cs/t, where t is the thickness of the 2DEG, were estimated to be 0.244 nm-1 and 0.101 nm-1 for the SrTiO3/AlN and SrTiO3/Al2O3, respectively, and they are strikingly comparable to their crystalline counterparts. Furthermore, we also observe a large direct current modulation of resonance linewidth in SrTiO3/AlN samples, confirming its high {\theta}_cs and attesting an oxygen-vacancy-enabled charge-spin conversion. Our findings emphasize the defects' contribution to the charge-spin interconversion, especially in the oxide-based low dimensional systems, and provide a way to create and enhance charge-spin interconversion via defect engineering.

Defects Detection of Onboard Cable Termination in EMUs Using Partial Discharge Measurement and SDP-DL Framework

Termination is the most important part of on-board cable, which plays a vital role in ensuring the continuous and reliable power supply to EMUs (electrical multiple units). The maintenance time of EMUs is limited, so the time left for PD (partial discharge) measurement of on-board cable termination is very short, leading to the obvious decreasing of detection accuracy. For addressing this issue, this paper proposed an SDP (symmetrized dot pattern)–DL (deep learning) framework to detect the insulation defects using time series PD pulse signal. First, a PD measurement platform and experimental samples were prepared in laboratory to obtain the time series PD pulse signals of four typical insulation defects. Then, the time series PD signals were converted into SDP images using the proposed parameter optimization method. Finally, the SDP-DL framework was proposed, and three specific and typical methods were utilized, i.e., CNN (convolutional neural network), SAE (stacked auto encoder) and DBN (deep belief network). The results show that the performance of SDP-DBN method is the best, and the insulation defects can be detected with accuracy of 96.1%. In addition, the visualization ability of data increases after SDP transformation of the original PD time series signal.

Thermal stability investigations of different aerogel insulation materials at elevated temperature

Super thermal insulation materials with low thermal conductivities, such as aerogels and vacuum insulation panels, are increasingly pushing conventional thermal insulations out of the market. Super insulation materials such as aerogels can be used easily on both vehicles and buildings. Nowadays, their usage by pipes transporting hot medium is also widespread. In these environments where elevated temperatures (100–250 °C) are applied, it is a basic requirement that they should keep their excellent thermal insulating capability. In this study, a comprehensive examination performed on two new silica-aerogel type insulations is presented. We investigated the change in the thermal performance of different types of aerogel insulations (Slentex and Pyrogel) after thermal annealing, ageing them at 150 and 250 °C temperatures for 1 day. After these thermal treatments, their thermal parameters such as thermal conductivities and specific heat capacities were measured. We revealed that both the thermal conductivity and the specific heat capacity for the Pyrogel changed considerably after annealing, while for Slentex the thermal conductivity remained constant and the specific heat capacity changed. To understand these changes we executed calorimetry tests and microscopic inspections with different methods. These experiments were completed with X-ray diffractometry to analyze the possible structural changes in the samples. From an application point of view, we consider the importance of these results, since they predict the lifetime of the used insulating material during their industrial use.

Comparative Analysis and Models for Losses in Electrical Energy in Low Voltage Devices

Electrical energy losses in low-voltage devices can have a significant impact on the overall efficiency of an electrical system. In this research, a comprehensive comparative analysis of losses in electrical energy in low-voltage devices, including transformers, cables, and switchgear was presented. Experiments to measure the losses under varying operating conditions, such as loads, ambient temperatures, and frequencies were conducted. The data collected from the experiments were then analyzed to identify the major contributors to losses in each device with models for these devices to predict the losses accurately. The models were based on analytical and empirical approaches, considering various factors such as size, insulation type, and operating conditions. The models were validated using the data collected from the experiments, and the results showed good agreement between the predicted and measured losses. The findings show that losses in low-voltage devices depend on various factors and can be significant. Transformers losses due to hysteresis and eddy currents were found to be effective at high loads. In cables, losses were higher at higher frequencies due to skin and proximity effects. In switchgear, losses were dependent on the type of switch used. The models developed in this study can help in identifying the significant contributors to losses and predicting the overall efficiency of an electrical system. The results of this study can be used in the design and optimization of low-voltage devices to improve their efficiency and reduce energy losses which can lead to significant savings in energy costs and improve the overall sustainability of electrical systems.

Air-conditioning cost savings, CO2 emission benefits and return on investment by using waste in porotherm bricks in hot-arid and warm-temperate climates

Building energy consumption has dramatically increased globally during the last few decades. This energy is primarily utilized to keep air-conditioned buildings at a comfortable temperature. As the worldwide demand for energy increases, net-zero or green buildings will undoubtedly become more and more crucial to address challenges related to climate change. It is well-known in this regard that the use of thermal insulation materials inside the building can contribute with temperature management and thermal comfort by preventing heat transmission. The present study examines the thermo-economic aspects of porotherm blocks filled with discarded insulations. Six different types of insulation were therefore investigated, and each was inserted into the porotherm brick cavities, including plastic powder, tire powder, cloth powder, leather powder, rockwool, and coconut pith. The effects of these newly developed brick configurations on air-conditioning costs, carbon dioxide emissions and payback time are compared to those of conventional porotherm blocks and burnt clay bricks. Thermo-physical properties of the aforementioned insulating materials, as well as porotherm brick and burnt clay brick, were established by experimental analysis. The thermo-economic analysis was carried out based on the number of degree-hours of heating and cooling to determine the building's annual energy usage. The thermo-economic performance of insulation-stuffed porotherm bricks was evaluated in two locations in India with distinct climatic characteristics: (28.57° N 75.12° E) New Delhi (warm-temperate climate) and (28.00° N 73.30° E) Bikaner (hot-arid climate). The rockwool porotherm brick wall demonstrated the best results in terms of lower unsteady transmittance, greater air conditioning cost-savings, appropriate payback spans, and improved yearly carbon mitigation values of 0.29 W/m2K, 0.83 $/m2, 0.95 years, and 15.65 kg/kWh, respectively, in hot-dry climates.

Метод определения коэффициента эффективной теплопроводности пористого материала на основе минимальной поверхности типа Schoen’s I-WP(R)

Currently, to develop the materials with predictable properties at the macrostructural level, triply periodic minimum surfaces (TPMS) are used. The production of materials with an ordered structure of TPMS has become available due to the active development of additive technologies. Such materials have high strength-weight ratio, which is important in many structural problems. The study of the thermophysical properties of materials is necessary for the further design of various types of thermal insulation, heat exchangers, etc. In this regard, the study of the thermophysical properties of materials with an ordered structure based on TPMS is a topical issue. The paper proposes to study the thermophysical properties of materials with an ordered structure of Schoen’s I-WP(R) TPMS. Using the ANSYS software package (Steady-State Thermal module), numerical simulation of the heat transfer process in the material under study is carried out. The study is carried out for a material common in additive technologies, that is PETG plastic. The article presents the results of a study of the thermophysical properties of a material with an ordered macrostructure based on Schoen’s I-WP(R) triply periodic minimal energy surfaces. Based on the simulation results, graphical and analytical dependences of the heat flux density and effective thermal conductivity of the material are obtained. The results of the heat flux density are obtained in different directions with variable geometric parameters of the structure (the thickness of the cell wall and the length of the edge of the cube in which the cell is inscribed). Using the ANSYS software package, numerical simulation of the heat transfer process in the material under study is performed. The calculation results show a linear dependence of the effective thermal conductivity of the homogenized material on the wall thickness of the unit cell. It is shown that the intensity of heat transfer depends not only on the wall thickness and unit cell size, but also on the direction of the heat flux. The obtained results of the study can be used to create materials with predictable thermal conductivity by changing the dimensions (cell wall thickness and cube edge length) and high strength-weight ratio. The production of the material is possible with the help of additive technologies.

Thermal conductivity improvement in a green building with Nano insulations using machine learning methods

In this paper, the energy loss of the green building is optimized based on the thickness and lay-up of the Nano-insulation. As different thicknesses and lay-up of the Nano-insulation have a direct effect on energy consumption of the green building with 1590 square meters, especially with nanomaterial, the machine learning models are employed to represent a new model of the thermal conductivity of the proposed advanced insulation with the precision above 99%. The machine learning models are employed to classify and model the behavior of the heat transfer in the green building due to the complex behavior of the thermal conductivity in the green building. Therefore, 110 data for modeling 20 types of lay-up with 6 different thicknesses are prepared by the machine learning models including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), and decision tree. Based on the data analysis and statistical data, thermal conductivity modeling with a decision tree represents the best performance and fitted model. The multi-Disciplinary Optimizing method (MDO) under energy consumption constraint, economical consideration, and environmental effects on insulation properties is performed to enhance the energy efficiency of the green building. The calculated results with the Degree-Day approach reveal that the amount of energy saving for green buildings with Nano insulation is about 40% higher than common insulation in common types of insulations. The proposed insulation characteristics regarding the value of Present Worth Function (PWF) and economic aspects cause energy saving per unit area and decreasing in CO2 emission between 290 kg/m3 to 293 kg/m3 depending on weather conditions, insulation thickness, and lay-up.

Switching Impulse Flashover Performance of Nonuniform Pollution Insulators in Natural Environment

Under natural conditions, insulators show a nonuniform pollution state, which has a great influence on the switching impulse flashover voltage of insulators. Meanwhile, the insulation level of transmission lines is selected according to the switching impulse flashover voltage of nonuniform pollution insulators. For this purpose, in this article, the wet pollution method is used to simulate nonuniform pollution conditions. Then, the switching impulse flashover tests and the switching impulse flashover tests with preloading ac voltage are conducted on two types of insulators, XP-70 and LXY-70, in natural environment. The flashover voltage of insulators is obtained, flashover performances are analyzed, and the flashover processes of insulators are photographed. Moreover, the equations of flashover voltage gradient <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${E}_{{50}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> under nonuniform pollution conditions are established. The results indicate that there is a conspicuous polarity effect and a polarity reversal phenomenon under different conditions. Besides, as the increase of the ratio of bottom surface pollution to top surface pollution, the flashover voltage changes in the opposite case of preloading and non-preloading ac voltage. Finally, the switching impulse flashover voltage of ordinary porcelain and glass suspension insulators under nonuniform pollution conditions can be calculated based on the established equations of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${E}_{{50}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . The results can provide theoretical support for the reasonable selection of the insulation level of transmission lines, which in turn can greatly reduce the cost of the transmission lines.

Theoretical Analysis of External Insulation of Typical Electric Equipment under Impulse Voltage and Research on Design and Verification Method of Margin

Lightning impulse voltage, one of the typical characteristic working conditions for assessing high-voltage power equipment, can be divided into two forms, namely full wave, and chopped wave. The external structure size of the power equipment directly depends on the lightning impulse voltage, but how lightning impulse voltage relates to the external structure size of the power equipment needs to be carefully studied. Firstly, the theoretical analytical expressions of full wave and chopped wave lightning waveforms are given from the perspective of theoretical formulas. And the lightning waveform is considered to be a polynomial superposition of exponential functions. Based on this, the discussion is divided into two typical insulation structure scenarios: 1) the verification and analysis of the space net distance of a 10 m class super long composite insulator; 2) the analysis of the relationship between the breakdown electric field strength of 5 mm tiny oil gap and oil gap spacing. Further, the lightning impulse voltage test was conducted for large hardware structures, and the corona layer mathematical model was obtained through the precise observation of the structure with the ultraviolet imager. The research shows that the lightning impulse voltage mainly checks the external insulation performance of large insulation structures such as bushings and post-insulators. For the internal oil gap duct structure of the large converter transformer, the lightning impulse voltage mainly checks the micro gap insulation strength. Lightning impulse voltage also has a breakdown effect on SF6 insulation gas, but its internal gas decomposition mechanism needs theoretical and experimental analysis urgently. The research content of this paper has certain theoretical and practical guiding value for the optimization design of large insulation structures under lightning impulse voltage.

Multi-timescale observation of ultrashort pulse laser ablation of copper

Ultrashort pulse lasers have attracted attention because they can be used to fabricate various types of solid materials, including metals, semiconductors, and insulators. To further improve ultrashort pulse laser processing, it is important to understand the phenomena that occur during processing. Optical-delay pump–probe observation is a powerful tool for investigating the ultrafast dynamics of ablation on a timescale ranging from sub-picoseconds to a few nanoseconds. However, the discrepancy in the timescales between ultrafast phenomena and the final processed shape is too large to understand the decisive process leading to the final processed shape. In this study, we combine optical-delay with electrical-delay pump–probe​ shadowgraphy to capture phenomena over a wide range of timescales ranging from a few nanoseconds to hundreds of nanoseconds to clarify the sequence of processes leading to static processing results. Particularly, we found that a ring-shaped molten structure was formed when the pulse duration was 9 ps or longer and revealed the mechanism of the formation by visualizing shock wave propagation and particle ejection from the ring position. This research is expected to contribute to the further understanding and improvement of ultrashort pulse laser processing.

Infrastructure and politics: Why the Belt and Road Initiative proceeded differently in Malaysia and Indonesia

The article seeks to understand the different types and sources of politicisation as well as the consequences for Belt and Road Initiative infrastructure projects. It is argued that while the personalised insulated type of foreign policymaking is conducive to intra‐system politicisation, the institutionalised responsive type is associated with extra‐system politicisation. While the former type is contingent on political turnovers and brings about abrupt shocks, the latter oftentimes generates societal pushback from socio‐economic groups. The article focuses on two flagship Belt and Road Initiative infrastructure projects in Malaysia and Indonesia. Based on fieldwork interviews and process tracing, the article finds that the East Coast Rail Link project in Malaysia has suffered from high risk of political interruption owing to Malaysia's personalised insulated type of foreign policymaking, whereas the Jakarta–Bandung High Speed Rail project in Indonesia has encountered sustained obstacles from Indonesian society and brought about substantial delays under Indonesia's institutionalised responsive type.

Discussion on the Range Configuration Strategy of Tension Sensor of Icing Monitoring Terminals of High-Voltage Transmission Line

Online monitoring of transmission line icing is an important means of anti-icing in the power grid. The accuracy mainly depends on the accuracy of the terminal tension sensor, which is one of the main sources of monitoring errors from large range configuration of tension sensor. This paper analyzes the working principle and characteristics of tension sensors and the load calculation method of different types of insulator hanging points to determine the output error of over-range configuration tension sensors. It finally proposes a principle and a calculation method for tension sensors’ range configuration, which is verified to be reliable by experiments. The results can provide a basis for the selection of tension sensors for icing-monitoring terminals and reduce the error caused by temperature drift and zero drift of tension sensors.