Ideal Type Research Articles

Beyond disdain: Measurement and consequences of negative partisanship as a social identity

Negative partisanship, voters’ rejection of a party, increasingly garners scholarly attention. Yet we lack robust empirical evidence on the nature of the concept and how it shapes attitudes towards citizens of the “other side” of politics. In this paper I argue negative partisanship should be conceptualised as a type of social identity, beyond a mere “dislike” of a party. Leveraging a three-wave online panel administered during the 2021 German federal elections, I test the measurement properties of a multi-item scale measuring negative party identification. Further, I examine the effects of negative identities on attitudes towards other citizens by combining the online panel with a nine-country survey. I find that negative identification is at least as stable as (positive) partisanship and it predicts hostile attitudes towards out-voters. These findings suggest that, when dislike of a party becomes part of one’s sense of self, the consequences for social cohesion are particularly egregious.

On a class of constacyclic codes of length 4ps over 𝔽pm[u] 〈u3〉

Let [Formula: see text] be a prime such that [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a positive integer. For any nonzero element [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text], we determine the algebraic structure of all [Formula: see text]-constacyclic codes of length [Formula: see text] over the finite commutative chain ring [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is a positive integer. If the unit [Formula: see text] is a square, [Formula: see text], each [Formula: see text]-constacyclic code of length [Formula: see text] is expressed as a direct sum of an [Formula: see text]-constacyclic code and an [Formula: see text]- constacyclic code of length [Formula: see text]. In the main case that the unit [Formula: see text] is not a square, it is shown that any nonzero polynomial of degree at most [Formula: see text] over [Formula: see text] is invertible in the ambient ring [Formula: see text]. It is also proven that the ambient ring [Formula: see text] is a local ring with the unique maximal ideal [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text]. Such [Formula: see text]-constacyclic codes are then classified into eight distinct types of ideals, and the detailed structures of ideals in each type are provided. Among other results, the number of codewords, and the dual of each [Formula: see text]-constacyclic code are obtained. The non-existence of self-dual and isodual [Formula: see text]-constacyclic codes of length [Formula: see text] over [Formula: see text], when the unit [Formula: see text] is not a square, is likewise proved.

Science and indigenous knowledge: the significance of the mātauranga Māori debate

ABSTRACT The debate over the status of mātauranga Māori – the practices and ideas of the first inhabitants of the islands that became known under British colonial rule as New Zealand – has a significance reaching far beyond its shores. The Māori peoples are amongst many indigenous groups globally who found their cultures deprecated by outsiders assuming the role of a governing power. But since the latter part of the twentieth century, arguments for the value of indigenous knowledge have been re-asserted in protest at the perceived dominance of a Western scientific paradigm. Indeed, some defenders of mātauranga Māori want to give it scientific status. Critics reply that mātauranga Māori does not generate genuine knowledge of universals and thus cannot support modern technology. This paper argues that both sides have tended to conflate science with technology, thus treating science as the sovereign standard of all useful knowledge. But not all knowledge must constitute science in order to be worth studying, and science is not wisdom. The paper suggests that recent efforts to give an independent status to indigenous knowledge of the kind that mātauranga Māori represents can be supported by a distinction between ideal types of practical and theoretical knowledge.

Rogers–Ramanujan type identities involving double, triple and quadruple sums

Rogers–Ramanujan type identities involving double, triple and quadruple sums

Предикторы осмысленности жизни у тувинцев, проживающих в сельских районах и городах Тувы

<p>The article presents the results of a study of the characteristics of the value-semantic sphere of Tuvans living in remote rural areas of Tuva. The assumption was tested that one of the predictors of meaningfulness among Tuvans may be ethnicity: features of ethnic identity and values. Tuvans living in three rural districts of Tuva (Erzin, Mugur-Aksy, Toora-Khem) and Kyzyl were compared. 825 people were recruited for this study. To test this assumption, the multiple linear regression method was used: the dependent variable was the indicators of the PIL test, and the indicators of the “Values Questionnaire” by S. Schwartz and “Types of Ethnic Identity” (S.V. Ryzhova, G.U. Soldatova) were considered as predictors. It was shown that significant predictors of meaningfulness among Tuvans are ethnic negativism (-0.307), positive identity (0.148), values of achievement (0.195), power (-0.150) and kindness (0.098). Regression models obtained for individual regions had their own specifics. It was also shown that residents of the districts differ significantly in the indicators of the PIL test, scales of the “Types of Ethnic Identity”, as well as the values of conformity, tradition, kindness and universalism. Based on the results obtained, a conclusion was made about the contribution of ethnicity to the dynamics of meaningfulness among the residents of Tuva.</p>

Isolation methods and characterization of primary rat neurovascular cells

BackgroundThere is significant interest in isolating cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for use in in vitro screening of therapeutics and analyzing cell specific roles in neurovascular pathology. Primary brain cells play an advantageous role in BBB models; however, isolation procedures often do not produce cells at high enough yields for experiments. In addition, although numerous reports provide primary cell isolation methods, the field is lacking in documentation and detail of expected morphological changes that occur throughout culturing and there are minimal troubleshooting resources. Here, we present simplified, robust, and reproducible methodology for isolating astrocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells, and demonstrate several morphological benchmarks for each cell type throughout the process and culture timeframe. We also analyze common considerations for developing neurovascular cell isolation procedures and recommend solutions for troubleshooting.ResultsThe presented methodology isolated astrocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells and enabled cell attachment, maturation, and cell viability. We characterized milestones in cell maturation over 12 days in culture, a common timeline for applications of these cell types in BBB models. Phase contrast microscopy was used to show initial cell plating, attachment, and daily growth of isolated cells. Confocal microscopy images were analyzed to determine the identity of cell types and changes to cell morphology. Nuclear staining was also used to show the viability and proliferation of glial cells at four time points. Astrocyte branches became numerous and complex with increased culture time. Microglia, oligodendrocytes, and neurons were present in mixed glial cultures for 12 days, though the percentage of microglia and neurons expectedly decreased after passaging, with microglia demonstrating a less branched morphology.ConclusionsNeurovascular cells can be isolated through our optimized protocols that minimize cell loss and encourage the adhesion and proliferation of isolated cells. By identifying timepoints of viable glia and neurons within an astrocyte-dominant mixed culture, these cells can be used to evaluate drug targeting, uptake studies, and response to pathological stimulus in the neurovascular unit.

Why sports? Sketching a typology of young people’s reasons for taking part in sports

We sketch a typology of sport participation reasons grounded in data from 2581 short-answers from youths in organized sports. We develop the typology abductively against theories from philosophy, sociology, and psychology to better capture the full scale of possible participation reasons in organized youth sport. Key empirical findings are, first, that in addition to having fun and being with friends, youths participate to expand their social networks and develop weak social ties into stronger ones. Second, competition and mastery are intertwined. Competitions can function as a measure stick for individual and team skill development. Third, physical and mental health reasons are common participation reasons. Youths appreciate how sport impact their everyday health. Fourth, youths combine reasons for sport participation in diverse ways that have theoretical and practical implications. We end by suggesting two ideal types of how organized sport participation reasons combine—a heavy and light sport appreciation.

The obstacle race to educational improvement: governance, policies, and practices in disadvantaged schools

Contemporary educational reforms emphasise school autonomy, performance-based management, and accountability as necessary policies for attaining improvement goals. Despite their widespread adoption, the configuration and enactment of these policies are discretionary and contingent, deeply influenced by the interaction of local contexts, organisational features, and teachers’ beliefs about policy and pedagogy. Apart from these challenges, schools serving disadvantaged students, often targeted for educational improvement, also struggle with significant organisational constraints and policy overload. This study explores how disadvantaged urban schools make sense of their policy environment and engage with the school improvement mandate through different logics and practices. The analytical framework stresses the policy filtering and adaptation processes that school actors undergo when tasked with multiple implementation demands, and how these interact with school contexts to produce diverse responses. This research is conducted in Catalonia, Spain, and adopts a sequential mixed-methods strategy, relying on interviews with principals and teachers, as well as survey and administrative data. The findings are organised in four ideal types of school responses to the improvement mandate, showing the diverging ways schools engage with policy. Disadvantaged schools exhibit diverse improvement approaches despite sharing structural characteristics, explained by the interaction of contextual factors and organisational characteristics. Each ideal type prioritises different aspects, such as performance, innovation, or inclusive practices. The heterogeneity of school responses highlights the necessity for targeted, context-sensitive support to ensure equitable educational practices.

Recontextualizing Max Weber’s Ideal Type

Abstract In this article, I recontextualize Weber’s ideal type in the philosophy of natural science and economics in terms of idealization. The goal is to promote the appreciation of this methodology in contemporary social science and improve upon some Weberians’ underdeveloped interpretations. Drawing on Weber’s methodological writing and study of the Protestant ethic, I argue that the philosophy of idealization and Weber’s ideal type share methodological characteristics: both support the selection of a research topic by isolating a particular component of reality and then constructing an imagination based on empirical materials and thought experimentation. By using the imagination as a benchmark, investigators counterfactually and contrastively explain why a particular case was observed as it was, as opposed to other possible outcomes.

Mapping the chromatin accessibility landscape of zebrafish embryogenesis at single-cell resolution by SPATAC-seq.

Currently, the dynamic accessible elements that determine regulatory programs responsible for the unique identity and function of each cell type during zebrafish embryogenesis lack detailed study. Here we present SPATAC-seq: a split-pool ligation-based assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing. Using SPATAC-seq, we profiled chromatin accessibility in more than 800,000 individual nuclei across 20 developmental stages spanning the sphere stage to the early larval protruding mouth stage. Using this chromatin accessibility map, we identified 604 cell states and inferred their developmental relationships. We also identified 959,040 candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) and delineated development-specific cCREs, as well as transcription factors defining diverse cell identities. Importantly, enhancer reporter assays confirmed that the majority of tested cCREs exhibited robust enhanced green fluorescent protein expression in restricted cell types or tissues. Finally, we explored gene regulatory programs that drive pigment and notochord cell differentiation. Our work provides a valuable open resource for exploring driver regulators of cell fate decisions in zebrafish embryogenesis.

Robot-assisted thoracoscopic versus conventional thoracoscopic plication for diaphragmatic eventration in children: Comparison of mid-term outcomes

ObjectiveMinimally invasive surgery has been widely used for diaphragmatic eventration (DE). We aimed to compare the mid-term outcomes of robot-assisted thoracoscopic (RTP) and conventional thoracoscopic plication (CTP) for DE and to discuss the technical advantages of RTP. MethodsFrom January 2015 to July 2022, the clinical outcomes of 30 RTP patients and 35 CTP patients were retrospectively analyzed. The baseline data, surgical outcomes and surgical technique will be compared in detail. ResultsThe baseline data of two groups were comparable. No intraoperative conversion or complications occurred. The total operation time and intraoperative blood loss were similar between two groups, but RTP group had a significantly shorter diaphragmatic plication time compared to CTP group (25.77±3.55 min vs 44.49±4.43 min, p < 0.001). The total surgical cost of RTP group was higher than that of CTP group (48,593.06±2752.33 RMB vs 25,181.23±5681.51 RMB, p < 0.001). No significant differences were found in postoperative hospital stay, diclofenac suppository dosage, unplanned readmission rate within 30 days postoperatively, recurrence rate, or postoperative complications within 1 year postoperatively between RTP and CTP groups. Sixty patients had preoperative symptoms resolved or significantly improved with normal diaphragmatic position. However, two patients in CTP group encountered recurrence, and one patient in CTP group and two patients in RTP group had a diaphragm descent in only one intercostal space. ConclusionRTP is a feasible and effective minimally invasive option for the treatment of DE, with mid-term outcomes comparable to CTP, which has a great advantage in terms of easier suturing and free knotting. DE can serve as an ideal disease type to train robots for thoracoscopic surgery by young doctors. Level of evidenceLevel III.

Deconstructing giftedness: A relational analysis of the make-up of talent in theatrical dance

This article embarks on a sociological explanation of the genesis of talent as an embodied experience and as bodily hexis generated within a system of social and aesthetic relations which are characterised by symbolic oppositions. Using Bourdieu’s theory of artistic production, I argue that talent in theatrical dance constitutes an ideal type materialised through the construction of the dancing body as a site of excellence, only possible through access to specific forms of capital. Drawing on historical and contemporary empirical material to conceptualise talent in dance, the article critiques the notion of talent as an innate gift, contending that virtuoso physical performance is a product of history and practice and acquires meaning within such conditions of engagement.

Neoliberal feeling rules and political subjectivities in post-Soviet Latvia: narratives of emigrants and those who remain

This study integrates the literature on neoliberal subjectivities with the sociology of emotions, and particularly the notion of feeling rules, to understand the political subjectivity expressions in Latvia where the post-Soviet neoliberal development brought high income and wealth inequality. We specifically ask what the relationship between collective emotions and neoliberal political subjectivity in post-Soviet space is. Based on our empirical data, we construct three ideal types of political subjectivities wherein each holds a different narrative about the neoliberal state. We show the first two dominated among our respondents in Latvia while the third was prevalent among emigrant Latvians. We find that respondents’ narratives dominant at home were framed by neoliberal feeling rules which fostered optimistic thinking (narrative of resilience) and feelings of individual responsibility (narrative of legitimating) silencing the emotion of anger necessary to form a critical democratic dialogue with the state. Meanwhile, emigrant Latvians voiced a more socially and politically aware critique towards the Latvian state, austerity politics and social injustice (narrative of anger). We provide implications for this theory of post-Soviet political subjectivities at the end.

Circular settlements of the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia from the Neolithic to the early iron age

Circular in plan fortified settlements, or ring settlements, were an ideal type of lowland fortifications. One of their prototypes is unfortified settlements with a closed layout of dwellings in a circle and an oval. In the north of Eurasia, ring fortifications emerged in the Neolithic (6th–4th millennia BC), in the fisher-hunter-gatherers’ communities in the taiga area of the Ob’ River Basin and the mountain-forest Trans-Urals, during the mass settlement of these territories in the context of global warming. In the Bronze Age (late 3rd – early 1st millennium BC), such fortified settlements, as well as promontory and riverside fortified settlements, disappeared in the taiga giving way to large earth-timber fortified dwellings. At the beginning of the Bronze Age, during the next xerotherm, in the steppes of the Trans-Urals, pastoralists who migrated from South-Eastern Europe erected circular fortresses (the Sintashta culture of the 21st–18th centuries BC). Probably, the construction of circular in plan unfortified settlements of the Tashkovo culture in the forests of the Lower Tobol region in the 21st/20th – 16th centuries BC was influenced by the steppe defensive architecture. The earliest taiga fortified settlements were developing independently of the forest-steppe and steppe settlements. The former and the latter alike were economic, industrial, social and, possibly, cult centres of communities. A new mass distribution of ring settlements in the forest-steppe area of the Tobol-Irtysh region, and later in the taiga area of the Surgut and Lower Ob’ River region, took place at the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age (8th/7th centuries BC – 3rd/4th centuries AD). In the 6th/5th centuries BC – 3rd/4th centuries AD, the defensive systems of some West Siberian fortifications were supplemented with bastion-tower elements borrowed from the Saka people of the Aral Sea region.

Bupati or Regent? Martanagara of Bandung 1893–1918

This paper aims to unfold the dual roles of being local rulers in Indonesia during early twentieth century by reading closely various collections of colonial archives kept at the National Archives of the Netherlands, contemporary newspapers online provided by Delpher and onsite by the Library of Leiden University, and the autobiography of the man himself written in his own mother tongue, Sundanese. It is a rather common view that the Dutch government had been applied indirect ruling policy, but creative responds of the local rulers towards the one-sided policy were rarely considered to be important. By using concept of “middleman” the dual roles of Martanagara of Bandung might shed a light to understand some local rulers’ perspective. His roles both as regent and bupati put himself between two confusing and different worlds but he managed to do so. Ahead of Max Weber’s three ideal types, Martanagara succeeded applying his own ideal types by serving his foreign rulers and at the same time towards his local inhabitants.

Character Education in Korean Military

Purpose: This article is intended as a suggestion for the direction that the military character education system should pursue, which is suitable for changing the values of the young generation to the essential values of the military while respecting democratic values. The existing understanding and approaches to the military character education, which has been limited to solving the problems related to interpersonal relationships and military service adaptation within the group he or she belongs, must now be converted into a consistent system that meets the original purpose of military. The new military culture must respect the individuality of its members while integrating individual capabilities into the goals of the military organization. The changes of military culture should begin with changes in the aim and the methods of character education implemented in the military. Method: In that the concept of a soldier's character itself implies intersubjective universality, we would like to examine this article through Weber's ideal type (Idealtypus), which is a social scientific research methodology concepts, a standard concept established based on intrinsic values and universal standards to recognize the diverse and fluid social and cultural phenomena. Taking some into account the Weber’s assertion, the objective validity of all empirical knowledge is based solely on the fact that a given reality is in a certain sense ordered by subjective categories, this study will be conducted by a qualitative approach with literature analysis and materials review. Ideals are subjectivity, but the causality of those Ideals can be objective. Objectivity is the “intersubjective universality,” which refers to whether one's logical process can be valid or not. Objectivity can only be achieved when a value-neutral attitude is maintained, which Weber calls “value freedom (Werfreiheit).” Results: Despite the fact that the mental attitude based on an individual' value system and the externally manifested behavior are not independent of each other, there has been little interest in the relationship between the character of an individual soldier and his will to fight, to the extent that character and mental power are treated separately in military character education. In order to build a soldier's character with mental combat capabilities, the reason and purpose of the military's existence, or the functional characteristics and attributes of the military, must be reflected in military character education. The fact that, while the behavior pursued by a military organization should be purpose-rational, the desirable behavior required of individual soldiers who are members of the military organization is value-rational behavior must be taken into consideration when constructing a character education system. Conclusion: If the purpose of military character education is presented in line with the legitimate and essential values for which the military must exist, military character education will directly and indirectly contribute to improving military efficiency. For a soldier, his or her character is not simply a way of necessary for the adaptation in his or her barracks life and a kind of good interpersonal relationships in it, but also a moral competency that is demonstrated in the battle or the war he or she may carry out. As Weber defined society as a means/end rationality, military organizations also perform their unique functions and use the most efficient and rational means to achieve their specific end. Just as the means/end rationality destroys old traditions, military character education consistent with military identity can most effectively change military organizations.

The criminal in the prison-house of language: Conceptual writing to re-present Havelock Ellis’ use of “the criminal” in his book, The Criminal

Criminology has historically promoted positivism, a disciplinary orientation producing reward structures for some researchers committed to deductive work rooted in developing concepts, hypothesizing relationships, and empirical testing. Its is useful, then, to review where such tendencies were initially conceived and promoted. Havelock Ellis’ 1890 book The Criminal, a then-seminal review of literature in criminal anthropology, concerns many topics involving criminals and criminality. In the following conceptual writing, I present here, verbatim, all instances where Ellis uses the exact phrase “the criminal” in his book, along with any words following the phrase in the sentence. The resulting text then deconstructs and re-imagines the true object of Ellis’ work: the creation of the supposed object of his study as self-evidently Real, existing outside of linguistic and discursive parameters. Ellis as detective (searching for the criminal everywhere but right under his writing nose) could never fully apprehend his ever-escaping subject. Yet, through discourse, Ellis and his fellow criminal anthropologists laid claim as those best qualified for establishing the criminal’s essential identity, an ideal type still pursued through government funded criminological research.

Study on Association of Brand Identity Showing Limited Edition of Cosmetics: Focusing on domestic cosmetics

This With rapid changes in cosmetics market, a marketing strategy for brand survival has become essential. Under these circumstances, a limited edition could be a useful means to convey brand identity to consumers effectively. This study aimed to investigate the types of limited edition cosmetics and brand identity and analyze how brand identity is associated in the limited-edition package. For this, domestic cosmetics brands with high brand awareness and sales, which have been releasing limited editions ‘Sulwhasoo’, ‘The History of Whoo’ and ‘HERA’ were chosen. Through analysis of previous studies, a visit to their websites and a web search, the identities of the three cosmetics brands and limited edition packages for the past 5 years were divided by type. Then, cases were analyzed and reviewed by visual factor, and the results found the followings: First, the concept of each brand was used in designing a limited edition. Second, visual factors were efficiently applied to limited editions, having an influence on identity association. Third, even though colors varied depending on a type of the limited edition package, they were best used according to purposes and characteristics, associating image and identity colors according to each brand concept. As stated above, it was possible to associate brand identity in the concept and design of limited-edition cosmetics. It is anticipated that the study results would be helpful in studying relationships between limited editions and brand identity.

Impact of ownership structure, underwriter reputation and IPO proceed size to the level of IPO underpricing

The research aims to examine and confirm whether the underpricing phenomena exist in the Indonesia IPOs during the observation period Year 2017 to 2021 and explain its variations. This research investigate the effect of key determinants factors that have influenced the level of IPO underpricing. The research used the secondary data analysis with cross sectional studies of the observation data of 254 IPO companies. The analysis were applied with several trading period time frame i.e. 1 day, 1 month, 3 month and 6 month. The result shows that the underpricing phenomenon is confirmed in Indonesia’s IPO with number of companies that experience underpricing has reached 85% on the first of trading day. Underwriter reputation is positively related to the level of underpricing in the first trading day period. Companies with larger size of IPOs are underpriced less than the smaller ones. Meanwhile the ownership retention is negatively related with the level of underpricing. The ownership identity and ownership type are not associated to the level of underpricing. In addition, the research find that these variables are not associated to the level of underpricing for period other than 1 trading day.

Empirical Assessment of Ethnic Identity and Ethnic Attitudes of the Russian Students (Case Study of Humanities Degree Programmes taught at National Research Mordovia State University)

Introduction. Currently, there is a tendency of steady decline in the value of ethnic identity in the self-consciousness of young people. The assessment and study of the dynamics of ethnic self-awareness are related to the need for a comprehensive approach to the problem of patriotism development of modern Russian youth. The purpose of this article is to analyze the ethnic self-consciousness and ethnic attitudes among Russian youth enrolled in humanities degree programmes at the National Research Mordovia State University. Materials and Methods. 150 junior students took part in the empirical research. The following methods were used: the 16PF questionnaire by R. Cattell (form C), the “Types of Ethnic Identity” method by G. U. Soldatova and S. V. Ryzhova, the Method for assessing the positivity and uncertainty of ethnic identity by A. N. Tatarko, N. M. Lebedeva, ethnic affiliation questionnaire by G. U. Soldatova, S. V. Ryzhova. The authors used methods of correlation and factor analysis. Results. The study revealed a high level of positive ethnic identity in the majority of Russian students. The greater part of students have an average level of ethnic identity. The results of correlation analysis showed the presence of significant relationships between types of ethnic identity and ethnic attitudes. As a result of factor analysis, five groups of factors reflecting the relationship between types of ethnic identity and personal qualities of students were identified. Discussion and Conclusion. The authorsʼ findings contribute to the study of the problem of ethnic identity and its relationship with ethnic attitudes and personality traits of Russian students. The materials of the article can be useful for specialists in the field of ethnic psychology to study and develop studentsʼ deep understanding of their own ethnic identity.