Cooperative Learning Model Type Research Articles

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Two Stay Two Stray Untuk Meningkatkan Aktivitas dan Hasil Belajar Siswa

In this research, there were problems that showed a low level of learning activity and also in the initial ability test of students showed that the learning outcomes of the cognitive domain of students on the material of the adjusting journal were still low. The purpose of this research was to determine the increase in students' accounting activities and learning outcomes in class XII IPS 2 at SMA Swasta Dharmawangsa Medan through the application of the Two Stay Two Stray type cooperative learning model on the material of the trading company's adjustment journal. This type of research is Classroom Action Research (PTK) which is carried out in two cycles. The subjects in this study were 27 students of class XII IPS 2. The instruments in this study consisted of knowledge tests and activity observation sheets. The results of the observation of student activity in cycle I there were 9 students (34%) who fell into the active and very active categories. In cycle II students who were included in the active and very active categories increased to 27 students (100%) and had met the success indicator >85%. And from the results of data analysis, the first cycle knowledge test was obtained with an average value of 62.2 with 15 students (56%) and an increase in the second cycle knowledge test with an average value of 84.1 with 26 students (96%) and has met the success indicator >85%. Based on these data, the indicators of this study have been met. So, it can be concluded that the application of the Two Stay Two Stray type cooperative learning model can improve student learning activities and outcomes at SMA Swasta Dharmawangsa Medan.

Literature Review: The Application of TPS Cooperative Learning Model In Improving Student Learning Outcomes

Cooperative learning can be defined as a method in which students work together in small groups to support each other's learning, with the goal of understanding class objectives and engaging in learning activities. An instructional approach that utilizes this new framework is known as Think Pair Share (TPS), a pedagogical model consisting of several learning stages that can increase student engagement and interaction. The Think Pair Share (TPS) cooperative learning model is a structured approach to group learning where students exchange ideas to improve their cognitive abilities, articulate their viewpoints, and foster collaboration among peers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of implementing the TPS (Think Pair Share) cooperative learning model to improve student learning outcomes. This study used a methodology by conducting a literature review. The methodology used in this literature review is based on a qualitative approach and uses data collection techniques from the literature review. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the application of the TPS (Think Pair Share) type cooperative learning model can improve students' cognitive learning outcomes. The TPS Learning Model is suitable for MIPA learning because it effectively meets students' learning needs through its implementation

The Effect of Cooperative Learning Model Type Think Pair Share (TPS) on Student Learning Outcomes

This study aims to examine the effect of the Think Pair Share (TPS) Cooperative Learning Model on the learning outcomes of Class X students in the Accounting Expertise program at SMK Negeri 1 Gowa. The research employs an experimental design with a posttest-only control group, involving two groups: an experimental group utilizing the TPS model and a control group receiving conventional instruction. The sample consists of 68 students, divided equally between the two groups, selected through purposive sampling. Data collection techniques include observation, documentation, and tests, while data analysis is performed using SPSS 27.0 for Windows, encompassing descriptive statistics, validity tests, and hypothesis testing. The findings indicate that the TPS Cooperative Learning Model was implemented effectively, with a high average score of 91.2% in the experimental group. Descriptive analysis reveals that the learning outcomes in the experimental group averaged 86.24, significantly higher than the control group’s average of 61.76. Regression analysis shows a significant positive effect of the TPS model on learning outcomes, with a regression equation of Y' = 40.312 + 0.499X and a determination coefficient of 44.1%, indicating that the TPS model accounts for 44.1% of the variance in learning outcomes. The t-test results confirm that the TPS model significantly enhances learning outcomes (p < 0.05). These results align with previous studies and support the theoretical framework that cooperative learning models, particularly TPS, enhance student engagement and academic performance.

The Effect of Jigsaw Type Cooperative Learning Model on Students Learning Outcomes In Social Studies Subjects

This study aims to: (1) provide an overview of the results of the analysis of learning tools for Social Studies (IPS), (2) provide an overview of the analysis of the Jigsaw-type cooperative learning model, and (3) determine the effect of the Jigsaw-type cooperative learning model on social studies learning outcomes of class VIII students at SMP Reformasi Makassar. This research is descriptive quantitative in nature. The population consists of all class VIII students, totaling 30, with a saturated sampling technique, meaning that the population equals the sample size of 30 students. The research location is SMP Reformasi Makassar, and a quantitative approach was used. Data collection techniques include written tests in the form of essay questions, observation, and documentation. Data analysis involved descriptive analysis, hypothesis testing (paired sample test), and validity and correlation tests. The results of the analysis of learning tools in this study indicate that, in general, they are valid, practical, and effective. The analysis of the Jigsaw-type cooperative learning model shows that it can: (a) improve cognitive learning outcomes, (b) increase student interest in learning Social Studies, (c) help students understand the learning material more quickly, and (d) encourage cooperation among students in understanding the material. The use of the Jigsaw-type cooperative model can also increase the level of student achievement. The probability value of X is < 0.01. The calculated t-value of 6.313 is greater than the estimated t-value of 2.045 (n-1 = 29, alpha 5%). Thus, it can be concluded that the Jigsaw-type cooperative learning model has a significant effect on the learning outcomes of class VIII students at SMP Reformasi Makassar.

Implementation of STAND Type Cooperative Learning Model Assisted by Kahoot Media to Increase Motivation in History Subjects for Class X.12 SMA Negeri 5 Medan

This study aims to improve students' learning motivation in history subjects by implementing of STAND Type Cooperatif learning model assisted by Kahoot Media at SMA Negeri 5 Medan. This research method adopts a qualitative approach by collecting data through questionnaires and observing student activities.. Cycle I showed poor results with a presentation of 60%, but in cycle II there was a significant increase with a presentation of 93%. The findings from this study show that application of this learning model and media has succeeded in increasing students' motivation in learning history subjects.

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Two Stay Two Stray untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa Kelas XI

The aim of this research is to determine the improvement in mathematics learning outcomes of class This type of research is PTK which is carried out in two cycles. The subjects in this research were 31 students in class XI MIPA at R.A Kartini Private High School, Tebing Tinggi City. The instruments in this research consisted of tests and observation sheets. The results of data analysis in cycle I obtained an average class percentage of 74.51% and experienced an increase in cycle II, namely obtaining an average class percentage of 85.80%. And the results of the classical completeness analysis in cycle I got a percentage of 70.97%, namely there were 22 students who had reached the KKM, then classical completeness in cycle II got a percentage of 87.09%, namely there were 27 students who had reached the KKM. From this data, it can be seen that there was an increase in diagnostic tests, cycle I tests, and cycle II tests. The observation results indicate that the learning process using the Two Stay Two Stray type cooperative learning model is classified in the good category with a score of 3.31. Based on these data, the indicators for this research have been fulfilled. It was concluded that the application of the Two Stay Two Stray type cooperative learning model could improve the mathematics learning outcomes of class XI MIPA students at R.A Kartini Private High School, Tebing Tinggi City.

The Effect of the Think Talk Write Type Cooperative Learning Model Assisted by Kosica Media on the Science Learning Outcomes of Grade IV Students of Balfai Kupang Tengah State Elementary School

Science learning aims to make students understand science concepts, have process skills, have an interest in studying the environment and be able to apply science concepts in daily life. However, there are still many students who do not understand the material and have not reached the KKM score. This can happen because the learning model used is still conventional and the use of learning media is not effective. Therefore, the researcher uses a think talk write type cooperative learning model assisted by KOSICA media to be able to improve science learning outcomes. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the think talk write (TTW) type cooperative learning model assisted by KOSICA media on the learning outcomes of science students in grade IV of Balfai Kupang Tengah State Elementary School. This type of research uses a Quasi experimental design in the form of a nonequivalent control group design, with a sample of 53 students and data collection techniques using observation and multiple-choice test questions. The data was analyzed using hypothesis tests and t-tests. The results of the study showed that the average post test of the experimental class and the control class. The results of this study show that the average post test of the experimental class and the control class using the hypothesis test is 85.37 > 60.77 with a difference of 24.6. The value of sig. (2-tailed) t-test for equality of means of o,ooo < 0.05 meaning Ha is accepted and HO is rejected. So it can be concluded that there is a significant influence of the use of the think talk write (TTW) type cooperative learning model assisted by KOSICA media on the learning outcomes of science students in grade IV of SD Negeri Balfai Kupang Tengah.

The Effect of a Realistic Mathematics Education Approach with the Jigsaw Learning Model on Students' Creative Thinking Ability and Self-regulated Learning

This study aims to describe: (1) The effect of a Realistic Mathematics Education Approach with a Jigsaw Type Cooperative Learning Model on Students' Creative Thinking Abilities; (2) The effect of a Realistic Mathematics Education Approach with a Jigsaw Type Cooperative Learning Model on Students' Learning Independence; (3) The effect of a Realistic Mathematics Education Approach with a Jigsaw Type Cooperative Learning Model on Students' Creative Thinking Abilities and Self-regulated Learning. This research is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest design. The population in this study were all class VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Kota Bima for the 2023/2024 academic year, consisting of 10 classes. Two classes were randomly selected as the research sample, namely class VIII-2 as the experimental class I, which was treated with realistic mathematics education approach with a jigsaw type cooperative learning, and class VIII-3 as the experimental class II, which was given the realistic mathematics education approach. The instruments used to collect data were creative thinking ability tests and self-regulated learning questionnaires. The validity of the contents of the instrument was determined by asking for the assessment of two experts (expert judgment) who stated that the instrument was suitable for use after revision. The tests used were independent sample t-test and hottelling T2. The results of the study show: (1) Learning using realistic mathematics education approach with a jigsaw type cooperative learning model has a significant effect on students' creative thinking abilities; (2) Learning using a realistic mathematics education approach with a jigsaw type cooperative learning model has a significant effect on self-regulated learning; (3) Learning using a realistic mathematics education approach with a jigsaw type cooperative learning model has a significant effect on students' creative thinking abilities and self-regulated learning.

Pengaruh Model Kooperatif Tipe TGT Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Di UPT SD Negeri 174 Gresik

This research aims to determine whether or not there is an influence of using the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) type cooperative model on student learning outcomes in theme 8 Subtheme 3 class V UPT SD Negeri 174 Gresik. The research method used was quantitative with a pre-experimental research design in the form of one group pretest-posttest. The sample in this research was 22 class V students. The data collection techniques used are tests and observations. Based on the results of the hypothesis test which was carried out using the paired sample t-test, it shows that the 16,850 > 2,086. Based on the testing criteria, if > , then is rejected and is accepted. Similar results were also obtained from the significance value obtained, namely 0,000 < 0,05, which means that was rejected, so it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between before and after the implementation of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) type cooperative learning model. This significant difference proves that there is an influence of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) type cooperative learning model on student learning outcomes at UPT SD Negeri 174 Gresik.

Perbandingan Motivasi dan Hasil Belajar melalui Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Two Stay Two Stray (TSTS) dengan Tipe Group Investigation (GI) pada Siswa Kelas X SMAN 2 Bulukumba

This study aims to determine the differences in motivation and learning outcomes through the cooperative learning model types Two Stay Two Stray (TSTS) and Group Investigation (GI) among grade X students at SMAN 2 Bulukumba. The type of research used is Quasi-Experimental with a Nonequivalent Control Group design. The sampling technique used in this study is purposive sampling. The sample of this study consists of 2 classes: class X8 the experimental class I using the Two Stay Two Stray cooperative learning model, and class X9 the experimental class II using the Group Investigation cooperative learning model. The study results show that (1) Based on the hypothesis test with t-test, the results show that the t-value of 2.138 is greater than the t-table value of 1.995, or 2.138 > 1.995, and with a Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.029, which is smaller than 0.05 or 0.029 < 0.05. From these data, it can be concluded that there is a difference in students' learning motivation through the Two Stay Two Stray learning model compared to the Group Investigation learning model. (2) Based on the hypothesis test with t-test, the results show that the t-value of 0.106 is less than the t-table value of 1.995, or 0.106 < 1.995, and the Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.916 is greater than 0.05, therefore, it can be concluded that there is no difference in students' learning outcomes through the Two Stay Two Stray learning model compared to the Group Investigation learning model.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Make A Match Terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika Materi Luas Bangun Datar Kelas IV di SDN Kemayoran 2 Bangkalan

This research aims to determine the significant influence of the application of the make a match type cooperative learning model on mathematics learning outcomes regarding area of ​​flat figures for class IV SDN Kemayoran 2 Bangkalan. This research is a quantitative research type of experimental research, the research design used is quasi experimental design, and the form of design used is nonequivalent control group design, meaning that neither the experimental group nor the control group samples were chosen randomly. The sample used was 56 students at SDN Kemayoran 2 Bangkalan consisting of class IVA and class IVB. This research uses an experimental class and a control class. Data collected using observation, interviews and tests. Trials on test instruments use validity tests, reliability tests, level of difficulty of questions, and distinguishing power. The data analysis used is a prerequisite test using the normality test, homogeneity test, and hypothesis testing using the Mann Whitney test. Researchers used the Mann Whitney hypothesis test because based on the results of the normality test, the data was not normally distributed. So to compare data from two groups of data (experimental and control) you must use the non-parametric Mann Whitney test. Based on the results of data analysis in hypothesis testing using Mann Whitney, the posttest obtained on the Mann Whitney line was U = 269.5 and Pvalue = 0.039/2 = 0.02. According to Kadir (2015), if pvalue < 0.05 then Ho is rejected. So it can be concluded that there is a difference in the average value of mathematics learning outcomes between the control and experimental classes

Pengaruh Model Kooperatif Tipe Make A Match Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas V SDN Sumbertanggul 2 Kabupaten Mojokerto

This research is quantitative research. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of implementing the make a match type cooperative learning model on students' learning outcomes in mathematics in multiplication material for class V SDN Sumbertanggul 2. The design of this research is one group pre-test post-test. The sample used in this research was class V students at SDN Sumbertanggul 2, totaling 25 students, 13 male students and 12 female students. The sampling technique used is saturated sampling. Data collection techniques in research include interviews, questionnaires, tests, documentation, teacher and student observations. The results of this research show that there is an influence from the application of the make a match type cooperative learning model on student learning outcomes in mathematics in multiplication material for class V at SDN Sumbertanggul 2, Mojokerto Regency. This is shown in the t count results obtained in the paired sample t - test, namely the t count has a negative value which indicates rejection of h0, with t count results of -27, 107 and t table 2.068, so t count < - t table which means h0 is rejected and h1 is accepted. The significance value obtained is 0.00 < 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is an average difference between the pre-test and post-test results.

IMPROVING PERSONAL HEALTH LEARNING OUTCOMES THROUGH A JIGSAW TYPE COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL FOR FIFTH GRADE STUDENTS AT TELAGA PANGE PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Health is the most valuable asset, the expression is said when the person has fallen ill. Healthy at least a person is very dependent on the behavior of the person's daily life. Therefore, everyone needs to be given information about health so that they can lead a life in accordance with health principles. Health aims to improve people's standard of living optimally. In order to achieve this goal, the community is encouraged to know the problems and find ways to overcome the various problems that arise. So far, health development has focused more on efforts to cure diseases, so that the focus of government attention has been directed more towards the development of health facilities such as health centers and hospitals. Soekamto, et al in Titu, (2015) stated the purpose of the learning model is "a conceptual framework that describes a systematic procedure for organizing learning experiences to achieve certain learning goals, and serves as a guide for learning designers and teachers in planning learning activities." The jigsaw type cooperative learning model can improve personal health learning outcomes in fifth grade students of Talaga Pange Public Elementary School. Through the application of the jigsaw type cooperative method, it can improve personal health learning outcomes. -the average achievement of the results obtained by the subject or student.

Efektivitas Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Team Games Tournament Dengan Media Number Card Terhadap Penguasaan Mufradat

The purpose of this study was to determine how effective the cooperative learning model using <em>Team Games Tournament</em> with the help of Number Cards on students' mastery of mufradat in class X A Madrasah Aliyah. With the subject matter of "yaumiyyah", this research was conducted at Madrasah Aliyah Class X A. This research is a type of quantitative experiment with a pre-test and post-test design. The purpose of the pre-test and post-test design is to determine whether or not the treatment has an influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable. In addition, the sample of this study was collected from class X A of Madrasah Aliyah, which consisted of 15 students. This sample was obtained through saturated sampling technique. In this study, all students of class X A Madrasah Aliyah were selected as the population because they were easily accessible to the researcher. The data analysis techniques used in this study were Normality Test and T Test. In this study, there was an effect of the application of the <em>Team Games Tournament</em> learning model assisted by <em>Number Card</em> media on students' mastery of mufradat. From the results of the Normality Test calculation shows a sig value of 0.200> 0.05. And from the results of the T test calculation shows a sig value of 0.001 <0.05, which if it is concluded that there is an effect of using the Team Games Tournament type cooperative learning model assisted by Number Card media on students' mastery of mufradat<strong> </strong>

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) terhadap Keaktifan Belajar Pendidikan Agama Kristen dan Budi Pekerti Siswa Kelas VII SMP Negeri 3 Siborongborong Tahun Pembelajaran 2023/2024.

The research aims to find out how much influence the application of the Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) type cooperative learning model has on the active learning of Christian Religious Education and Characteristics of class VII students at SMP Negeri 3 Siborongborong for the 2023/2024 academic year. The research hypothesis is that there is a positive and significant influence of the Student Teams Achievement (STAD) type cooperative learning model on the active learning of Christian Religious Education and Characteristics of class VII students at SMP Negeri 3 Siborongborong for the 2023/2024 academic year. Descriptive and inferential quantitative research methods. The population of all class VII students at SMP Negeri 3 Siborongborong for the 2023/2024 academic year who are Protestant Christians is 109 people. The sample was random (random sampling) namely 50% of the total population, namely 55 people. The research instrument is a closed questionnaire. The results of data analysis obtained: a) The value of rcount=0.574>rtabel=0.226 and tcount=5.103>ttable=2.00575 shows that there is a positive and significant relationship between the Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) type cooperative learning model and active learning in Christian Religious Education and student character. b) Regression equation. c) The determination test shows that the magnitude of the effect is 32.95%. d) Hypothesis testing obtained Fcount=25.751>Ftable=3.15 then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. The research concluded that there was a positive and significant influence between the Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) type cooperative learning model on the learning activity of Christian Religious Education and Characteristics for class VII students at SMP Negeri 3 Siborongborong for the 2023/2024 academic year.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Cooperative Learning Tipe Jigsaw terhadap Keaktifan Belajar Pendidikan Agama Kristen dan Budi Pekerti Peserta Didik Kelas XII SMK N 1 Siatas Barita Tahun Pembelajaran 2023/2024

The research aims to determine whether there is a positive and significant influence in the use of the jigsaw type copperative learning model on the active learning of Christian Religious Education and Character in class XI students at SMK Negeri 1 Siatas Barita for the 2023/2024 academic year. The research hypothesis is that there is a positive and significant influence between the jigsaw type cooperative learning model on the active learning of Christian Religious Education and Characteristics of class XI students at SMK Negeri 1 Siatas Barita for the 2023/2024 academic year. The population of class XI students at SMK Negeri 1 Siatas Barita Learning 2023/2024 who are Protestant Christians is 325 people. The research sample using random sampling technique was 18% of the total population, namely 58 people. The research instrument is a closed questionnaire. The results of data analysis obtained: The value rcount=0.673>rtabel=0.254 and tcount=6.809>ttable=2.00324 shows that there is a positive and significant relationship between the jigsaw type cooperative learning model and students' active learning in Christian Religious Education and Character. Regression equation . The determination test revealed that the magnitude of the effect was 45.29%. Hypothesis test Fcount=46.479>Ftable=3.15 then H0 (null hypothesis) is rejected and Ha (alternative hypothesis) is accepted. The research concluded that there was a positive and significant influence between the jigsaw cooperative learning model on the activeness of learning in Christian Religious Education and Character in class XI students at SMK Negeri 1 Siatas Barita for the 2023/2024 academic year.

Use of the TGT Type Cooperative Learning Model TGT on National Disintegration Material in Indonesian History Lessons in Class XII MIA 7

This research is background based on students during collaborative learning or discussions, because not all students have the same learning abilities and active participation. Therefore, researchers have a strategy to overcome this problem. In this research, the researcher used Classroom Action Research (PTK) as a method. Improving the learning outcomes of class XII MIA 7 students at SMA Negeri 3 Medan is the aim of this research by implementing the TGT learning model. The subjects at this were 36 students in class XII MIA 7, consisting of 22 female and 14 male students. The research implementation followed the PTK flow referring to Kemmis and McTaggart, with stages of pre-action, action, observation and reflection. This research was carried out in 2 cycles. Results of the application of learning in cycle I were student activity 72.31, teacher activity 76.13, classical absorption 74.30% and classical completeness 73.39. The learning outcomes of cycle I students do not meet the specified indicators of completeness, namely a minimum of 80% classical completeness. Then proceed to cycle II, by reflecting and correcting the shortcomings that occurred in cycle I. Application of this TGT model in cycle 2 after reflection, namely student activity 82.30, teacher activity 85.28, power classical absorption 79.97% and classical completeness 81.65. Results of using the TGT model in cycle II prove that TGT model is able to improve the quality of learning outcomes for class XII MIA 7 students at SMA Negeri 3 Medan

Implementation of Cooperative Learning Model Type TAI (Team Assisted Individualization) to the Clothing Sewing Element of a Stand Collar in Class XI SMKN 3 Probolinggo

Implementation of Cooperative Learning Model Type TAI (Team Assisted Individualization) to the Clothing Sewing Element of a Stand Collar in Class XI SMKN 3 Probolinggo

Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Dengan Penerapan Model Kooperatif Tipe TGT Dengan Quick And Smart Berbantuan Aplikasi Quizizz

This research is motivated by the problems that occur at SMAN 1 Sindangkasih, namely the low critical thinking skills of students. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the application of the teams games tournament type cooperative learning model with quick and smart assisted by the quizizz application in improving students' critical thinking skills in economic subjects. The method used is an experimental method with a type of quasi experiment, the research design uses a non-equivalent control group design, and the data collection technique is through a description test. The population in this study were all XI social studies classes at SMAN 1 Sindangkasih in the 2023/2024 school year totalling 143 students. The sample used was class XI IPS 4 which numbered 36 students as an experimental class and class XI IPS 3 as a control class with sampling using purposive sampling technique. Based on the results of the study, it shows that there is an effect of the team games tournament type cooperative learning model with quick and smart assisted by the quizizz application on students' critical thinking skills in the experimental class, where Ha is accepted if the sig. (2-tailed) value ≤0.05 and based on research obtained a sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.000 <0.05. The average value of the experimental class is higher than the control class, it can be concluded in this study that the learning model used in the experimental class can improve students' critical thinking skills.

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe STAD dalam Peningkatan Keterampilan Literasi Pantun pada Siswa Kelas V SD Negeri Cileguk

Qualitative methods used by researchers in research "The Application of the STAD Type Cooperative Learning Model in Improving Poetry Literacy Skills in Grade V Students of SD Negeri Cileguk" pantun is an old Malay poem native to Indonesia consisting of sampiran and a-b-a-b content. The purpose of this research is to improve the literacy skills of poetry. The model used in this study is a STAD-type cooperative model. The data collection technique used is the literature technique, while the data analysis technique uses the content analysis technique. Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that the types of poems based on their content in the book "Mantra Poetry and Pantun di Tengah Modern World Life by Korrie Layun Rampan in 2014" there are several types of poems, namely young poems, old people's poems, puzzle poems, longing poems, advice poems..