Two-week Delay Research Articles

Seed-borne fungal detection differs with seed assay method and fungal diversity and abundance are impacted by fungicide treatment, harvest timing, and storage environment

Previous studies have shown that foliar fungicides increase the abundance of Diaporthe spp. in mature soybean seeds, thereby reducing seed quality and potentially increasing seedling, stem, and pod disease in subsequent plantings. To mitigate this, we examined a fungicide containing mefentrifluconazole, fluxapyroxad, and pyraclostrobin applied during the R3 growth stage. We compared the seedborne fungal community from soybeans harvested at full maturity and two to three weeks later to assess fungal colonization. Six trials were conducted in Iowa and South Dakota in 2021 and 2022. Asymptomatic, recently harvested seed was assayed using either an agar-plate or a seed-blotter test, and the results were compared. The agar-plate method involved disinfesting seeds in sodium hypochlorite and ethanol and then transferring them to acidified water agar plates. Fungal isolates were identified using morphology and DNA sequences. This method detected 562 fungal isolates from 25 species and 14 genera. Dry conditions reduced seed infection, but a two-week delay in harvest increased the likelihood of Alternaria and Cercospora infection in nontreated controls. The seed-blotter test involved disinfesting seeds, placing them on blotter paper, and incubating them. This assay detected higher numbers of fungal infected seed, with Aspergillus as the dominant genus. Storage conditions significantly impacted fungal presence, with more Aspergillus in seeds stored in a shed than in the cooler. Both assay methods showed that the fungicide treatment reduced the number of seeds infected with Alternaria, Cercospora, and Aspergillus.

A method for estimating the rotation errors of BDS broadcast ephemeris using global satellite laser ranging data

Abstract The BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) generates navigation messages from a regional ground tracking network and inter-satellite links, relying on predicted station coordinates and Earth rotation parameters (ERPs). These procedures, however, may lead to orientation errors in the broadcast ephemeris, termed constellation rotation errors. Traditionally, these errors are monitored through Helmert transformation analysis comparing broadcast and post-processed orbits, a method that highlights discrepancies between the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) terrestrial reference frame (TRF) and the International TRF (ITRF) but suffers from a two-week evaluation delay. This study proposes a near real-time approach for estimating constellation rotation errors using high-precision satellite laser ranging (SLR) data, representing the difference between GNSS TRF and ITRF through the International laser ranging service TRF. The impact of SLR data quantity and distribution on rotation estimation accuracy is investigated, and the effectiveness of this method on BDS-3 orbits with ERP-induced orientation deficiencies is validated. Results show that the root mean square of broadcast orbit errors and the orbit user ranging error reduce from 0.8/0.7/0.2 m to 0.1/0.1/0.1 m, respectively. This demonstrates the method’s capability for real-time monitoring and correcting orientation errors within BDS-3 navigation messages.

Effect of implicit and explicit learning on the dart throwing task in the morningness-eveningness people

The interaction of constraints causes learning. It was examined how explicit and implicit learning affected the dart-throwing task in morningness-eveningness people to test this claim. 120 morning-type individuals (AgeM ± SD = 23.38 ± 2.58) were chosen using the MESSi questionnaire. Then, randomly divided into four 30-person groups: explicit morning practice, implicit morning practice, explicit evening practice, and implicit evening practice. Each group received 10 training sessions (3 sets of 10 attempts). Mixed ANOVA (4x4) demonstrated significant main effects of different tests, group, and group test interaction. Additionally, Tukey's test demonstrated that explicit training groups outperformed implicit training groups in both immediate and delayed retention tests. The retention test with a two-week delay and transfer test outperformed explicit training groups. So, it can be said to some extent that implicit practice outperforms explicit. Learning will last longer if this practice is based on individual characteristics like circadian rhythm.

Evaluating the effectiveness of a computerised dynamic assessment of L2 English email requests

Automated writing evaluation can be effective in providing support for L2 English learners. However, little research to date has investigated its use in the teaching of pragmatics in relation to L2 email writing, grounded in a sociocultural perspective on learning. We employ a quasi-experimental approach, investigating the effectiveness of a computerised dynamic assessment programme (C-DA) of L2 email writing, focusing on pragmatic development. The C-DA employs a developmentally sensitive approach, providing automated, immediate mediation to learners. The C-DA was administered twice – with a two-week delay between administrations – to a single group of 17 Japanese English L2 learner participants at a Japanese university; participants were 19–22 years of age with intermediate L2 proficiency levels. Text, identified pragmatic failure and mediation data were elicited from both administrations. Analysis of pragmatic failure frequency and explicitness of the mediation necessary for successful resolution of the identified pragmatic failure shows both frequency and explicitness decreasing not only within a round of administration, but also between rounds. Evidence of learner development was found across all types of pragmatic failure, including the requesting head act, email openings and closings. The study provides evidence to support a sociocultural approach to assessment and learning with regards to the pragmatics aspect of L2 email writing, in which mediation is sensitive to individual learners’ developmental needs. Further, findings support the use of a computerised approach to DA focusing on pragmatic competence, allowing for wider access to DA methodology among large learner group contexts.

Development and validation of an episodic memory measure in the Mobile Toolbox (MTB): Arranging Pictures

ABSTRACT Introduction Arranging Pictures is a new episodic memory test based on the NIH Toolbox (NIHTB) Picture Sequence Memory measure and optimized for self-administration on a personal smartphone within the Mobile Toolbox (MTB). We describe evidence from three distinct validation studies. Method In Study 1, 92 participants self-administered Arranging Pictures on study-provided smartphones in the lab and were administered external measures of similar and dissimilar constructs by trained examiners to assess validity under controlled circumstances. In Study 2, 1,021 participants completed the external measures in the lab and self-administered Arranging Pictures remotely on their personal smartphones to assess validity in real-world contexts. In Study 3, 141 participants self-administered Arranging Pictures remotely twice with a two-week delay on personal iOS smartphones to assess test-retest reliability and practice effects. Results Internal consistency was good across samples (ρxx = .80 to .85, p < .001). Test-retest reliability was marginal (ICC = .49, p < .001) and there were significant practice effects after a two-week delay (ΔM = 3.21 (95% CI [2.56, 3.88]). As expected, correlations with convergent measures were significant and moderate to large in magnitude (ρ = .44 to .76, p < .001), while correlations with discriminant measures were small (ρ = .23 to .27, p < .05) or nonsignificant. Scores demonstrated significant negative correlations with age (ρ = -.32 to −.21, p < .001). Mean performance was slightly higher in the iOS compared to the Android group (MiOS = 18.80, NiOS = 635; MAndroid = 17.11, NAndroid = 386; t(757.73) = 4.17, p < .001), but device type did not significantly influence the psychometric properties of the measure. Indicators of potential cheating were mixed; average scores were significantly higher in the remote samples (F(2, 850) = 11.415, p < .001), but there were not significantly more perfect scores. Conclusion The MTB Arranging Pictures measure demonstrated evidence of reliability and validity when self-administered on personal device. Future research should examine the potential for cheating in remote settings and the properties of the measure in clinical samples.

Abstract 4037: Optimizing the efficacy of anti-VEGF/cytotoxics/anti-PD-1 scheduling in a lung cancer mice model through B and T cells monitoring

Abstract The exact modalities of combinatorial regimens associating Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) with other treatments are yet to be defined. Understanding how and when cytotoxics best reshape tumor immunity could help optimizing the scheduling of ICI’s. In vivo studies were performed on C57BL/6 mice grafted with LL/2lung cancer cells. A longitudinal immunomonitoring study on tumor, spleen and blood after multiple treatments including Cisplatin, Pemetrexed and anti-VEGF as single agents and in combination was performed for up to 21 days to determine the best time-window during which immune checkpoint inhibitors should be added. Finally, an efficacy study was conducted comparing the antiproliferative performance of various schedules of anti-VEGF, Pemetrexed-Cisplatin doublet, plus anti-PD-1 (i.e., immunomonitoring-guided scheduling, concurrent dosing or a random sequence). Immunomonitoring showed marked differences between treatments, organs and time-points. However, harnessing tumor immunity (i.e., promoting CD8 lymphocytes or increasing the CD8/Treg ratio) started on D7 and peaked on D14 with the anti-VEGF followed by cytotoxics combination. Therefore, a two-week delay between anti-VEGF/cytotoxic and anti-PD1 administration was considered the best sequence to test. Efficacy studies then confirmed that this sequence achieved higher anti-proliferative efficacy compared to other treatment modalities (i.e. -71% in tumor volume compared to control at the end of the study). Anti-VEGF and cytotoxic agents show time-dependent immunomodulatory effects, suggesting that sequencing is a critical feature when combining these agents with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Our efficacy study confirmed that sequencing treatments further enhances anti-proliferative effects in lung cancer models compared to concurrent dosing. Citation Format: Guillaume Sicard, Dorian Protzenko, Sarah Giacometti, Raphaelle Fanciullino, Fabrice Barlesi, Joseph Ciccolini. Optimizing the efficacy of anti-VEGF/cytotoxics/anti-PD-1 scheduling in a lung cancer mice model through B and T cells monitoring [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4037.

Training of operators in the care of immigrants: a public health tool for containing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in this population group

The COVID-19 pandemic has modified the burden of disease in the population in various ways, depending on different social and economic conditions. Consequently, the pandemic has amplified health disparities, especially among the frail populations. During the pandemic, the incidence among immigrants showed a one- or two-week delay compared to natives, possibly due to delays in diagnosis and access to treatment. Health Authorities had to think new intervention strategies. As part of a project to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 among immigrants in Italy, training emerged as a strategic intervention objective. The training included project areas that assessed the impact of the pandemic and public health intervention on immigrants and incorporated best practices from local experiences. The training was addressed to healthcare and social workers and aimed at building institutional networks and skills in caring for vulnerable people. Additionally, the training course was designed to be adaptable and applicable in other emergency contexts.

Positivity Rate of Universal PCR Screening for COVID-19 Pre-Endoscopy and its Impact on Diagnosis and Management of New Cancer Patients at a Cancer Centre in Pakistan

Objective: To determine the positivity rate of COVID-19 on pre-procedure screening and its impact on diagnosis and management of new cancer patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from Sep 2020 to Aug 2021. Methodology: Data was retrospectively collected from electronic medical records of the patients, including their age, gender, PCR test result, date of first visit to the gastroenterology clinic, date of multidisciplinary team meeting and any adverse event reported due to delay in endoscopy procedure. Results: A total of 1273 patients underwent endoscopy procedures in the study period. Fifty-two patients were found to be COVID-positive (4.1%), and only one was symptomatic. The percentage of positivity in newly diagnosed 22 cancer patients was 1.72%. Of 52 patients, 31 were male (59.61%), and 21 were female (40.39%). Only 1 patient was presented with abdominal pain and revealed concealed perforation. No other adverse event was reported in any patient, and no new imaging was required before discussion in a multidisciplinary team meeting. Conclusion: The hospital policy of COVID PCR test 48 hours before the endoscopy procedure effectively isolates the asymptomatic positive COVID-19 patients. The two-week delay due to COVID-PCR positivity in newly diagnosed cancer patients was not associated with any adverse event, and no new imaging was required.

Accelerated loss of lean body mass in head and neck cancer patients during cisplatin-based chemoradiation

Background This study investigated changes in body weight, lean body mass (LBM), fat mass (FM), muscle strength and functional performance during radiation treatment in head and neck cancer (HNSCC) patients. Secondly, it investigated the impact of cisplatin-based chemoradiation (CCRT) on LBM loss compared with radiation alone. Methods 48 patients (all tumor sites) received either 6 weeks of radiation alone (n = 16) with 66–68 Gy in 33–34 Fx, 5-6 Fx/week or CCRT, adding weekly cisplatin or carboplatin (n = 32). LBM and FM was evaluated using Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry bi-weekly from pre- to two weeks post-treatment. Maximal muscle strength (knee extension, leg - and chest press) and functional performance (stair climb, chair rise, and arm curl) were assessed pre- and post-treatment. Results Body weight and LBM had declined significantly already week 2 into treatment and declined significantly further through week 4 and 6 before leveling off after week 6. Bi-weekly, from treatment start to week 2, 2–4, and 4–6, LBM declined 1.2 ± 0.4 kg (p = .002; 95% CI: 0.4;2.0), 2.0 ± 0.4 kg (p < .0001; 1.2;2.8) and 1.4 ± 0.4 kg (p = .001; 0.6;2.2). With a two-week delay, FM declined significantly from week 2–8. All measures of muscle strength declined significantly from pre- to post-treatment. Functional performance was unchanged. LBM loss from pre- to post-treatment was significantly associated with impaired muscle strength (R 2 = 0.3–0.5). CCRT patients lost 3.1 ± 0.8 kg of LBM (p = .0001; 1.5;4.7) more from pre- to post-treatment compared with patients receiving radiation alone. Analyses adjusting for nimorazole, tumor stage, baseline BMI, mean radiation dose to constrictor muscles and oral cavity confirmed this. Conclusion Accelerated and substantial LBM loss was already initiated within the first two weeks of treatment - before the onset of radiation-induced mucositis. LBM loss was associated with muscle strength impairment. Patients receiving CCRT experienced significantly larger LBM loss than patients receiving radiation alone. Registered on clinincaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT05890859).

Harnessing tumor immunity with cytotoxics: T cells monitoring in mice bearing lung tumors treated with anti-VEGF and pemetrexed-cisplatin doublet.

Successful immunotherapy is restricted to some cancers only, and combinatorial strategies with other drugs could help to improve their efficacy. Here, we monitor T cells in NSCLC model after treatment with cytotoxics (CT) and anti-VEGF drugs, to understand when immune checkpoint inhibitors should be best associated next. In vivo study was performed on BALB/c mice grafted with KLN205 cells. Eight treatments were tested including control, cisplatin and pemetrexed as low (LD CT) and full (MTD CT) dose as single agents, flat dose anti-VEGF and the association anti-VEGF + CT. Full immunomonitoring was performed by flow cytometry on tumor, spleen and blood over 3 weeks. Immunomodulatory effect was dependent upon both treatments and time. In tumors, combination groups shown numerical lower Treg cells on Day 21. In spleen, anti-VEGF and LD CT group shown higher CD8/Treg ratio on Day 7; on Day 14, higher T CD4 were observed in both combination groups. Finally, in blood, Tregs were lower and CD8/Treg ratio higher, on Day 14 in both combination groups. On Day 21, CD4 and CD8 T cells were higher in the anti-VEGF + MTD CT group. Anti-VEGF associated to CT triggers notable increase in CD8/Tregs ratio. Regarding the scheduling, a two-week delay after using anti-VEGF and CT could be the best sequence to optimize antitumor efficacy.

Effects of data time lag in a decision-making system using machine learning for pork price prediction

Spain is the third-largest producer of pork meat in the world, and many farms in several regions depend on the evolution of this market. However, the current pricing system is unfair, as some actors have better market information than others. In this context, historical pricing is an easy-to-find and affordable data source that can help all agents to be better informed. However, the time lag in data acquisition can affect their pricing decisions. In this paper, we study the effect that data acquisition delay has on a price prediction system using multiple prediction algorithms. We describe the integration of the best proposal into a decision support system prototype and test it in a real-case scenario. Specifically, we use public data from the most important regional pork meat markets in Spain published by the Ministry of Agriculture with a two-week delay and subscription-based data of the same markets obtained on the same day. The results show that the error difference between the best public and data subscription models is 0.6 Euro cents in favour of the data without delay. The market dimension makes these differences significant in the supply chain, giving pricing agents a better tool to negotiate market prices.

Evaluation of exotic soybean accessions and their use in developing improved soybean lines with resistance to Phomopsis seed decay.

Poor seed quality of soybean is often associated with Phomopsis seed decay (PSD), which is one of the most economically important seed diseases. Diaporthe longicolla (syn. Phomopsis longicolla) is the primary cause of PSD. Control of PSD is best accomplished by planting PSD-resistant cultivars. Sixteen exotic soybean accessions from the USDA soybean germplasm collection were screened for reaction to PSD at Stoneville, Mississippi. They consisted of maturity groups (MG) II, III and IV. Seeds from inoculated and non-inoculated plots harvested either promptly at maturity, or after a two-week delay in harvest, were assessed for infection by D. longicolla. Seed infection ranged from 0 to 36.7%. Overall, PI 417050 (MG II), PI 417017 (MG III), and PI 594692 (MG IV) had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower percentages of seed infected by D. longicolla and higher seed germinations than other genotypes in the same maturity groups. PI 587982A also performed well. As a result of these findings, these resistant accessions were used over multiple cycles of breeding to develop improved breeding lines with resistance to PSD and low seed damage. Breeding line 11043-225-72, with combined resistance from both PIs 417050 and 587982A, had low scores for PSD (6.7%) and seed damage (3.4%), while DS65-1, deriving resistance from PI 587982A, had the lowest seed damage score (1.1%) and the highest seed germination (85.6%) among all lines tested in 2017. DS65-1 and 11043-225-72, along with five other improved breeding lines, were provided to public soybean breeders for developing improved cultivars and germplasm lines. DS31-243 (PI 700941), derived from PI 587982A, was publicly released by the USDA in 2022. This research will lead to future releases of improved germplasm lines and cultivars with PSD resistance and high seed quality. It will also aid in disease management and be a benefit to soybean producers and the industry at large.

A Scalable Platform for Fabricating Biodegradable Microparticles with Pulsatile Drug Release.

Pulsatile drug delivery systems have the potential to improve patient adherence and therapeutic efficacy by providing a sequence of doses in a single injection. Herein, a novel platform, termed Particles Uniformly Liquified and Sealed to Encapsulate Drugs (PULSED) is developed, which enables the high-throughput fabrication of microparticles exhibiting pulsatile release. In PULSED, biodegradable polymeric microstructures with an open cavity are formed using high-resolution 3D printing and soft lithography, filled with drug, and sealed using a contactless heating step in which the polymer flows over the orifice to form a complete shell around a drug-loaded core. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) particles with this structure can rapidly release encapsulated material after delays of 10 ± 1, 15 ± 1, 17 ± 2, or 36 ± 1 days in vivo, depending on polymer molecular weight and end group. The system is even compatible with biologics, releasing over 90% of bevacizumab in its bioactive form after a two-week delay in vitro. The PULSED system is highly versatile, offering compatibility with crystalline and amorphous polymers, easily injectable particle sizes, and compatibility with several newly developed drug loading methods. Together, these results suggest that PULSED is a promising platform for creating long-acting drug formulations that improve patient outcomes due to its simplicity, low cost, and scalability.

Diatom and Dinocyst Production, Composition and Flux from the Annual Cycle Sediment Trap Study in the Barents Sea

This paper presents the diatom and palynomorph data from a sediment trap deployed in the northern part of the East Barents Sea for an annual cycle from August 2017 to August 2018. The average monthly fluxes of diatoms and dinoflagellate cysts in the photic layer of the northeastern part of the Barents Sea varies from 10.4 × 103 to 640.8 × 103 valves m−2 day−1 and from 0.3 × 103 to 90.0 × 103 cysts m−2 day−1, respectively. Their fluxes are related to the low irradiance of the photic layer during the sea-ice cover period, dominance of southward currents, modern climate, and nepheloid layer conditions. Based on redundancy analysis of the relationship between the fluxes of diatoms and dinoflagellate cysts and organic carbon fluxes, sea-ice covers, and the seasonal cycle of light availability we determined the following. First, sea-ice-associated diatoms and dinocysts are exported to the sediment trap from the melting sea ice with a two-week delay. Second, the appearance of freshwater diatoms and green algae in the sinking material accumulating from March 2018 to July 2018 is also related to the melting of sea ice. And third, the presence of Coscinodiscus radiatus, C. perforatus, Shionodiscus oestrupii and Operculodinium centrocarpum in the diatoms and dinocysts species composition throughout the year indicates the advection of Atlantic waters into the Barents Sea up to 80° N.

Cognitive skills, individual differences, and nonverbal interview methods in children’s eyewitness recall

ABSTRACT This study investigated the interaction between internal characteristics and external prompts (drawing and dramatisation) in children’s eyewitness recall. Eighty-one 3- to 6- year old children witnessed a live event involving an altercation between two actors in their schools. They were asked to tell what happened (Verbal condition), draw what happened while talking about it (Drawing condition), or show and tell by using gestures and mime (Dramatisation condition), one day, two weeks, and approximately six months after the event. Independent measures of temperament, mood, symbolic skills, and language ability were taken. Children in the Drawing condition reported significantly more details about objects than children in the Verbal condition after a two-week delay. Symbolic skills and shyness affected children’s recall. Our findings suggest that considering young children’s cognitive skills and temperamental traits may help facilitate their eyewitness recall.

Variabilities of biochemical properties of the sea surface microlayer: Insights to the atmospheric deposition impacts

Atmospheric deposition (AD) of nutrients and its impact on the sea surface requires consideration of interfacial processes within the sea surface microlayer (SML), the ocean-atmosphere boundary layer of major importance for many global biogeochemical and climate-related processes. This study comprised a comprehensive dataset, including dissolved NO3−, NH4+ and PO43− in ambient aerosol particles, wet deposition and sea surface samples collected from February to July 2019 at a central Adriatic coastal site. The aerosol mean concentration of dissolved nitrogen (DIN = NO3− + NH4+) and PO43− were 48.8 ± 82.8 μmol m−3 and 0.8 ± 0.6 μmol m−3, respectively, while their total fluxes (dry + wet) ranged from 24.2 to 212.3 μmol m−2 d−1 (mean 123.2 ± 53.2 μmol m−2 d−1) and from 1.2 to 2.1 μmol m−2 d−1 (mean 1.5 ± 0.3 μmol m−2 d−1), respectively. Intensive local episodes of open biomass burning (BB) significantly increased aerosol DIN concentrations as well as DIN deposition fluxes, particularly altering the molar DIN/PO43− ratio of atmospheric samples. The DIN temporal patterns showed high variability in the SML (range 0.2–24.6 μmol L−1, mean 5.0 ± 7.1 μmol L−1) in contrast to the underlying water samples (range 0.5–4.2 μmol L−1, mean 1.9 ± 1.2 μmol L−1), with significant increases during BB periods. Variability in abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and autotrophs in the SML along with concentrations of bulk dissolved and particulate organic carbon as well as dissolved and particulate lipids and carbohydrates, gel particles and surfactants followed DIN enhancements with a two-week delay. This study showed that AD can affect the short-term scale enrichments of organic matter in the SML, especially when accompanied by BB emissions typical of the overall Mediterranean coastal environment. This could have strong implications for global air-sea exchange processes, including those of climate relevant gases, mediated by the SML.

A Fetus with 17q23.1-q23.2 Microdeletion Presents with Primary Bilateral Lung Hypoplasia in Utero

Background:Patients with 17q23.1-q23.2 microdeletion syndrome have common features, including mild to moderate developmental delay; microcephaly; heart defects; and hand, foot, and limb abnormalities. Case Report: We describe a fetus with 2.14 Mb microdeletion involving 17q23.1-q23.2 and presenting with primary bilateral lung hypoplasia in utero. The fetal biometry measurement and estimated fetal weight had a two-week delay but they were still above the 10th percentile. There were no other structural abnormalities. Primary lung hypoplasia is infrequent and has a poor prognosis, especially when bilateral. There are no reports of fetal survival with primary bilateral lung hypoplasia. Conclusion: This is the first report of the coexistence of primary lung hypoplasia and chromosome 17q23.1-q23.2 microdeletion detected during fetal life.

Late monsoon threatens coral refugia in the Andaman Sea

Internal waves (IWs) mitigate thermal stress and provide refugia for corals against increasingly frequent mass bleaching. However, climate events may bring uncertainty regarding the resistance of such refugia. Here, using in situ observation data in the Andaman Sea (AS), we conduct a case study in which a monsoon anomaly associated with an El Niño event threatens IW coral refugia. IW cooling in the AS coral reefs is modulated by the thermocline depth variation, which is driven, to a significant extent, by Kelvin wave signals from the equator. In the pre-monsoon period, distinct variations in IW cooling and surface heating form a time window of quickly-growing cumulative heat exposure. The El Niño induces a typical two-week delay of summer monsoon onset, which prolongs the duration of thermal stress growth and brings severe bleaching risk to corals. As global warming increases the frequency of extreme El Niño events, IW coral refugia will face great challenges in the future.

Two Decades of Match-Mismatch in Northeast Arctic Cod – Feeding Conditions and Survival

The successful recruitment of Northeast Arctic (NEA) cod is thought to depend on sufficient and suitable prey for the newly hatched larvae, in particular the nauplii stages of the lipid-rich calanoid copepod species Calanus finmarchicus. The role of spatial and temporal variations in prey availability in combination with temperature and other factors in influencing growth and survival of cod larvae is, however, incompletely understood. By combining an individual based model for NEA cod larvae at the Norwegian coast with a high-resolution ocean model and a nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritus model providing 18 years of daily environmental conditions and prey availability we assessed larval growth and survival until they settle in their feeding habitat in the Barents Sea in early fall. We find on average a two-week delay from the peak timing of first-feeding cod larvae to the peak in prey availability. In warm years, more larvae experience food limitation than in normal years. The positive effects of high temperature on growth, survival and ultimately recruitment are nonetheless larger than the negative effects of food limitation. Food limitation mainly affects larvae spawned in southern areas or late in the spawning season as these larvae experience the highest temperatures and have the highest energy requirements. Our findings highlight the spatial and temporal differences in mechanisms that regulate growth and survival of early life stages of NEA cod and suggest that spatially resolved data may be essential for understanding match-mismatch dynamics.

The Effects of Brand Placement Disclosures in Fiction

The present study is the first to explore the effects of brand placement disclosures in fiction. Prior to reading a short story featuring an unfamiliar brand, participants were exposed to either a brand-unspecific, brand-specific, or no placement disclosure. A longitudinal design was employed, such that conceptual persuasion knowledge (advertising recognition) and author-related perceptions (trustworthiness, intrinsic and ulterior motives for inserting the brand) were measured immediately (Time 1), while brand purchase intention was measured both immediately (Time 1) and after a two-week delay (Time 2). Mediation analyses showed that (especially specific) disclosures enhance advertising recognition and increase perceptions of the author’s ulterior (commercial) motives (both directly and via advertising recognition). Although disclosures did not influence purchase intention directly at either measurement point, they exerted an indirect negative effect on purchase intention at Time 2 via decreasing author trustworthiness.