Two-way Mixed ANOVA Research Articles

Design of a Tennis-Specific Agility Test (TAT) for Monitoring Tennis Players.

Agility is an important ability for tennis players. To be successful in the rallies, players must perform rapid, multidirectional movements in response to the ball and/or the position of the opponent. For a test to be representative in monitoring agility performance, it should capture a combination of the physical and cognitive agility performance. Considering that literature reports no reliable and valid sport-specific agility test for tennis, the aim of this article was to design and evaluate the measurement properties of a Tennis-specific Agility Test (TAT). To evaluate the TAT, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, and feasibility were assessed. For reproducibility, a two-way mixed ANOVA was performed. Concurrent validity was assessed using Pearson correlations. A total of 69 tennis players participated in this study of whom 16 competed at the international (22 ± 3.7 years, playing level (Dynamic Rating System): .8 ± .3), 43 at the national (14 ± 1.4 years, playing level: 4.6 ± 1.4), and 10 at the regional level (15 ± 0.8 years, playing level: 4.9 ± 1.1). Test-retest reliability was found to be moderate with an Intra-Class Correlation coefficient (ICC) of .74 (p < .01) and a percentual minimal detectable change (%MDC) of 6.2%. Concurrent validity was found to be moderate by comparison with a recognised agility test, the Spider Drill, which measures only the physical component (.70; p < .01), and by comparison with tennis performance for both boys (r = .67; p < .01) and girls (r = .72; p < .01). The feasibility was high with short time for preparation (five to ten minutes) and time per participant (<5 minutes). In conclusion, the TAT shows promising results for assessing sport-specific agility performance in tennis making it likely to be used in the practical setting.

Cerebellar Theta Burst Stimulation on Walking Function in Stroke Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore the efficacy of cerebellar intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on the walking function of stroke patients.Methods: Stroke patients with walking dysfunction aged 25–80 years who had suffered their first unilateral stroke were included. A total of 36 patients [mean (SD) age, 53 (7.93) years; 10 women (28%)] were enrolled in the study. All participants received the same conventional physical therapy, including transfer, balance, and ambulation training, during admission for 50 min per day during 2 weeks (10 sessions). Every session was preceded by 3 min procedure of cerebellar iTBS applyed over the contralesional cerebellum in the intervention group or by a similar sham iTBS in control group. The groups were formed randomly and the baseline characteristics showed no significant difference. The primary outcome measure was Fugl–Meyer Assessment–Lower Extremity scores. Secondary outcomes included walking performance and corticospinal excitability. Measures were performed before the intervention beginning (T0), after the first (T1) and the second (T2) weeks.Results: The Fugl–Meyer Assessment for lower extremity scores slightly improved with time in both groups with no significant difference between the groups and over the time. The walking performance significantly improved with time and between group. Two-way mixed measures ANOVA showed that there was significant interaction between time and group in comfortable walking time (F2,68 = 6.5242, P = 0.0080, η2partial = 0.276, ε = 0.641), between-group comparisons revealed significant differences at T1 (P = 0.0072) and T2 (P = 0.0133). The statistical analysis of maximum walking time showed that there was significant interaction between time and groups (F2,68 = 5.4354, P = 0.0115, η2partial = 0.198, ε = 0.734). Compared with T0, the differences of maximum walking time between the two groups at T1 (P = 0.0227) and T2 (P = 0.0127) were statistically significant. However, both the Timed up and go test and functional ambulation category scale did not yield significant differences between groups (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Our results revealed that applying iTBS over the contralesional cerebellum paired with physical therapy could improve walking performance in patients after stroke, implying that cerebellar iTBS intervention may be a noninvasive strategy to promote walking function in these patients. This study was registered at ChiCTR, number ChiCTR1900026450.

Hyoscine butylbromide in pain reduction associated with ultrasound-guided manual vacuum aspiration: a randomized placebo-controlled trial

Research questionWhat is the effect of adding an anti-spasmodic drug to an existing ultrasound-guided manual vacuum aspiration (USG-MVA) protocol to alleviate immediate post-procedure abdominal cramping pain in women treated for early pregnancy loss? DesignDouble-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trial conducted between February 2018 and January 2020. Participants were assigned to receive a 1-ml intravenous injection containing 20-mg hyoscine butylbromide (HBB) (n=55) or saline (n =56) as a control immediately before USG-MVA. Primary outcome was reduced abdominal pain after adding a 20-mg dose of HBB to the current pain control regimen. Secondary outcomes were vaginal pain, complications and side-effects, women's pre- and post-procedure psychological state, physiological stress (saliva alpha-amylase) and procedure pain control satisfaction. Two-way mixed ANOVA was used to evaluate the main effects and interactions. ResultsVAS abdominal pain scores in the HBB group were 16% lower immediately after and 21% lower 2 h after surgery (not statistically significant). Two-way ANOVA indicated that time (F[1108] = 83.41, P < 0.001) was the only significant main effect for reduced abdominal pain after the procedure and vaginal pain score (F[1108] = 180.1, P < 0.0001) but not drug received. No adverse events were reported. No significant difference was found for psychological state, physiological stress and procedure pain control satisfaction between the two groups. ConclusionsAnti-spasmodic drugs can help to reduce abdominal cramping pain associated with USG-MVA; HBB produced an insignificant decrease in abdominal pain score. Further studies with longer acting or larger doses of anti-spasmodic drugs are warranted.

THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAM FOR IMPROVING TEACHERS' DISASTER LITERACY: INTERDISCIPLINARY DISASTER EDUCATION PROGRAM (IDEP)

The interdisciplinary aspect of natural disasters requires their correlation with more than one discipline and orientation for understanding and teaching the inevitable nature of disasters. This study aimed to design a teacher training program called the Interdisciplinary Disaster Education Program (IDEP) and reveal its effect on improving teachers' natural disaster literacy. Furthermore, teachers' opinions about program were examined. The mixed-method design was used in the study. The study participants consisted of 36 teachers (science, classroom, and social studies teachers) working on different subjects. Data were obtained using the Natural Disaster Literacy Scale and the survey for the IDEP. The data collected from the scale were analyzed using two-way mixed ANOVA. The qualitative data collected from the survey were subjected to content analysis. The results indicated that the IDEP statistically improved teachers' natural disaster literacy. Moreover, the survey results highlighted that different instructional activities (experiments, modeling, workshops, rock/soil analysis, coding, augmented reality, and STEM applications, etc.) related to natural disasters contributed to a lot of professional and personal knowledge of teachers, particularly disaster management. Keywords: disaster literacy, interdisciplinary education, mixed method, natural disaster, teacher training program

The Effect of Combined Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation and XP–ENDO Finisher on Bacterial Biofilm using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy: a comparative study

Introduction: This study was to compare the effect of combining agitation techniques on bacterial biofilm eradication to their effect separately. Methods and Materials: Cleaning and shaping was performed on human premolars then divided randomly to four groups: passive syringe irrigation, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) , XP- endo Finisher (XPF) (FKG Dentaire, Swiss Endo, Switzerland) and combined (PUI and XPF). Bacterial biofilm was evaluated using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM). Two-way mixed model ANOVA to evaluate different tested variables along with interactions . Pairwise t-tests with Bonferroni correction compared main and simple effects. The statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results: There was no significant difference on combining agitation techniques (PUI and XPF) in comparison to single technique agitation. PUI showed highest significance in comparison to other irrigation techniques. Regardless of agitation technique apical third showed highest percentage of dead bacterial followed by middle and coronal thirds. Conclusion: Complete eradication of bacterial biofilm is impossible. Regardless of the agitation technique used bacterial elimination is better in comparison to passive syringe irrigation.

Effectiveness of hypnosis for pain and health-related quality-of-life among people with hemophilia: Three-month outcomes of a randomized controlled pilot trial

Background and purposePain is a common condition among people with hemophilia (PWH), negatively impacting quality of life. However, effective treatment remains a challenge. This two-arm, parallel randomized controlled pilot trial aimed to examine the three-month effects of hypnosis intervention on clinical and psychosocial variables, and on the inflammatory profile of PWH. Materials and methodsThe study was conducted between January and October 2018, in a Reference Center for Congenital Coagulopathies. Adult (age ≥18) patients were randomized to experimental group (EG) or control group (CG). The EG received four weekly hypnosis sessions plus treatment-as-usual, and the CG maintained treatment-as-usual only. Outcomes were evaluated at one week and three months post-intervention and included pain, joint status, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), emotional state and inflammatory profile (leukocytes, C-reactive protein, cytokines). The randomization sequence was computer-generated, and allocation was concealed until enrolment. The outcome assessor was blind to allocation, but blinding of the participants was not possible due to the differences in procedure. ResultsTwenty patients were randomized to EG (n = 10; 8 analyzed) or CG (n = 10; 10 analyzed). Two-way mixed ANOVA showed significant time × group interactions on pain interference with normal work and with relations with other people, and on perception of health status. The EG significantly improved in pain interference with normal work and perception of health status. There was no report of harm. ConclusionHypnosis may be a promising intervention to manage hemophilia-related pain and promote HRQoL, with benefits lasting up to three months.

The Effects of a Home-Based Combined Motor Control and Ergonomic Program on Functional Ability and Fear of Falling: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

ObjectivesPhysical exercise is a key intervention for improving functional ability and preventing falls in older people. However, the implemented interventions targeted balance, gait, and muscle strength, while little is known regarding motor control exercises in this population. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week home-based motor control exercise program combined with an ergonomic home modification (the McHeELP program).Patients and methodsFifty-two older people (aged ≥65 years), who had experienced at least one fall incident in the past 12 months, were randomly assigned into two groups; the McHeELP group (McHeELP-G) (n=26) that received the McHeELP program and the control group (CG) (n=26). Physical performance measures (PPMs) and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were used to evaluate participants. At baseline, 3rd month (post-intervention), and again at 6th month (follow up), balance control was assessed using the Tandem stance test (Tandem) and the Functional Reach Test (FRT). Functionality was assessed by the 4 meters walking test (4MWT), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, 30 seconds-Sit to stand test and the Greek version of Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS-Greek). The Greek version of the Falls Self-efficacy International scale (FES-I_GREEK) was used for the evaluation of "fear-of-falling" (FOF). The home falls and accidents screening tool (HOMEFAST) is used to identify home hazards. Two-way mixed ANOVA model, independent samples t-test, One-factor Repeated Measures ANOVA model and ANCOVA model were used for the statistical analysis of the data.ResultsHomogeneity was found between McHeELP-G and CG regarding the demographic and clinical characteristics, and no statistically significant difference was found at baseline measurements of PROs and PPMs, except HOMEFAST (p=0.031). Post-intervention (3rd month), the comparison of the absolute values between groups revealed that the McHeELP-G achieved statistically significant better balance control (longer Tandem stance test and higher values of FRT), better functionality [faster gait speed (4MWT), shorter TUG performance time, and a higher number of repetitions at 30 seconds-Sit to stand] (all p-values <0.05), while no difference was found for LEFS-Greek score (p=0.095), compared to CG. In addition, McHeELP-G reported lesser FOF than CG [lower FES-I_GREEK score (p=0.041)], and fewer home-hazards [lower HOMEFAST score (p=0.041)]. At follow up measurement (6th month), all PPMs scores of McHeELP-G, regarding balance control and functionality, were remained statistically significant (all p-values <0.005), and the FES-I_GREEK score (p=0.034), while no difference was found between groups for LEFS-Greek score (p=0.146) and HOMEFAST score (p=0.185). Sensitivity analysis (from baseline to 3rd and 6th month) revealed similar findings to the "comparison of the absolute values between groups" analysis. The within-group changes from baseline to 3rd month of McHeELP-G were statistically significant improved for all PPMs and PROs (all p-values <0.05), while in CG, statistical significant difference was found for TUG, FRT-right, and HOMEFAST (p<0.05). Those within-group changes were also preserved until 6th month.ConclusionsThe study's findings provide encouraging evidence that McHeELP program may increase functional ability and decrease FOF of older people. However, further research is required for a thorough understanding of the effect of McHeELP program.

A low-threshold intervention to increase physical activity and reduce physical inactivity in a group of healthy elderly people in Germany: Results of the randomized controlled MOVING study.

Lack of physical activity (PA) and a high level of physical inactivity (PI) are associated with a higher risk for mortality and responsible for several non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular disease. Higher age is associated with a decrease of PA and an increasing level of PI. Studies have shown that interventions in the elderly have the potential to increase the amount of PA and to decrease the level of PI. However, most interventions are complex, elaborated, time- and resource-consuming. Here, we examined the effect of individual feedback-letters reporting the measured PA and PI in a sample of elderly people in Germany. Primary outcomes of the study were overall PA and PI after 6 months in the intervention group compared to a control group. We examined data from the MOVING intervention study (RCT) for people aged ≥ 65 years living in the northeast of Germany. At baseline, 3 and 6-months follow-up, all study participants wore a 3-axis accelerometer over a period of seven consecutive days. After the baseline measurement, the participants were randomized into intervention and control group. Participants in the intervention group received automatically generated, individualized feedback letters reporting their PA and PI by mail after the baseline measurement and after the 3-months follow-up. A Two-Way Mixed ANOVA with repeated measures was calculated with light, moderate and overall PA as well as PI as dependent variables, and group (between subject) and time (inner subject) as factors. The analysis based on retrospective data from the MOVING study (2016-2018). N = 258 patients were recruited. N = 166 participants could be included in the analysis, thereof N = 97 women (58.4%). The mean age was 70.8 years (SD 4.8). At baseline, the participants had a mean wearing time of 5,934.5 minutes (SD = 789.5) per week, which corresponds to about 14 hours daily on average. The overall PA in the intervention group at the 6-months follow up was 2488.8 (95% CI 2358.9-2618.2) minutes and 2408.2 (95% CI 2263.0-2553.4) minutes in the control group. There was no statistically significant interaction effect (time*group) between the intervention and control group for the depending variables. Sensitivity analyses showed significant small positive effects of the interaction time*partnership, F(2, 300) = 3.020, p = 0.05, partial η2 = 0.020. On average, study participants had high levels of PA at baseline and showed a good adherence in wearing the accelerometer. Both is likely due to selection in the convenience study sample. Thus, some ceiling effect reduced the overall intervention effect somewhat. At baseline, the weekly average of PI was 3436.7 minutes, which correspondents to about 8.2 hours per day and about 57% of participants' daily waking time. The average level of PI could be slightly decreased in both study groups. DRKS00010410, 17 May 2017.

Multidisciplinary Evaluation of Pacifier Removal on Oro-Dentofacial Structures: A Controlled Clinical Trial.

It is well recognized that pacifier habit leads to occlusal and orofacial functional changes in children. However, the effects of the interruption of prolonged pacifier habit on the development of the dento-facial complex has not yet been fully characterized. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of pacifier removal on aspects of oro-dentofacial morphology and function in preschool children. For that, a pacifier group (n = 28) and a control group (n = 32) of 4-year-old children with and without pacifier habit, respectively, were followed up by a group of dentists and speech therapists at baseline, 6 and 12 months after habit removal. Bite force and lip pressure were assessed using digital systems, and the evaluation of breathing and speech functions was performed using validated protocols, together with the measurements of dental casts and facial anthropometry. The Two-way mixed model ANOVA was used in data analysis. After 12 months, a decrease in malocclusion frequency was observed in pacifier group. Additionally, a change over time was observed in facial, intermolar and palate depth measurements, as well in bite and lip forces and speech function scores, increasing in both groups (p < 0.01). The upper and lower intercanine widths and breathing scores differed between groups at baseline and changed over time reducing the differences. The presence of speech distortions was more frequent in the pacifier group at baseline and decreased over time (p < 0.05). The interruption of pacifier habit improved the maxillary and mandibular intercanine widths, as well as the breathing and speech functions, overcoming the oro-dentofacial changes found.Trial Registration: This clinical trial was registered in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ReBEC; http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/), protocol no. RBR-728MJ2.

Impact Of Higher Aerobic Fitness On Neurocognitive Function During Simulated Military Operational Stress

Modern warfare involves a greater reliance on executive functions such as memory, recognition, and reasoning. Greater aerobic fitness has been associated with minimizing decrements in cognitive function during physical stress scenarios. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of aerobic fitness on higher order neurocognitive function during simulated military operational stress (SMOS). METHODS: Fifty-four male service members (SMs) (age: 26.4 ± 5.4 years, height: 177.9 ± 6.5 cm, weight: 85.2 ± 14.0 kg) took part in the 5 day/night protocol. After a day of familiarization testing (D0) including a treadmill VO2peak test, SMs completed one day of baseline testing (D1). On D2 and D3, sleep was restricted to 0100-0300 and 0500-0700 and SMs were allotted 50% of caloric needs based on estimated total energy expenditure. SMs were permitted to sleep from 2300-0700 and received 100% of their caloric needs all other days. Each afternoon after completion of a physical testing battery, SMs completed a neurocognitive test battery: Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME) to measure emotional recognition, Match to Sample (MATCH) to assess short-term spatial memory, and Grammatical Reasoning (GRAM) to evaluate language-based logical reasoning. SMs were split into aerobic fitness tertiles based on VO2peak (LOW: < 45.0; MOD: 45.0-51.54; HIGH: > 51.54 mL·kg·min-1). Two-way mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons were used to analyze group*day interaction on average reaction time (RT) and accuracy (ACC) for MATCH and GRAM, as well as RME ACC, across D1, D3, and D4 of the SMOS. RESULTS: There were no significant group*day interaction effects. However, a significant main effect of group was observed in both MATCH ACC (p = 0.023, ηp2 = 0.145) and GRAM ACC (p = 0.032, ηp2 = 0.131). On average, HIGH SMs exhibited 20% higher MATCH ACC (p = 0.046) and 25% higher GRAM ACC (p = 0.036) scores compared to LOW SMs. A main effect of time indicated MATCH (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.263) and GRAM (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.290) RT decreased throughout the SMOS. RME remained stable through the 5-day protocol. CONCLUSION: SMs with high aerobic fitness performed better at logical reasoning and spatial memory tasks. Increased aerobic fitness is influential to maintaining cognitive functions in response to the physical and cognitive stress observed in military operations.

B-PO04-059 MEDICATION NONADHERENCE: A PREVIOUSLY UNIDENTIFIED CONFOUNDER UNDERLYING ICD THERAPY

ICD shocks are associated with an increased risk of mortality. However, prospective analyses have failed to establish a correlation between ICD shocks and direct myocardial injury. Therefore, the reasons for worse outcomes associated with ICD shocks remain unclear. The majority of data for ICD shocks and worse outcomes is derived from observational studies and subgroup analysis which often have unidentified confounding factors. The goal of this study is to highlight one potential confounder not usually accounted for in observational trials and case controlled matched cohorts, namely guideline directed medication compliance. We hypothesized that patients who receive ICD shocks are more likely to be non-adherent with medications when compared with patients who do not receive shocks. In a single center retrospective analysis we compiled a database of all patients who underwent ICD implantation. We matched patients who received ICD shocks to a group of patients who did not receive shocks. Patients were matched by co-morbidities, NYHA class heart failure and ejection fraction. Medication adherence was expressed as doses dispensed in relation to the number of doses required in the dispensing period. We used a two-way mixed ANOVA using PROC GLM to see if there was a significant difference in adherence of betablockers between those who received an ICD shock and those who did not. We found 88 matched patients (27 with shocks and 61 without shocks). Patients who received ICD shocks were significantly less likely to be adherent to betablockers (60% versus 72%, P < 0.025) at three different time points. Non adherence with GDMT is associated with an increase in ICD shocks. This data suggests that the increased ICD shocks may not be responsible for the reported worsened outcome, but instead are a marker for medical non-adherence, which is associated with worsened outcomes.

CHANGES IN DUAL-TASK GAIT VELOCITY COST FOLLOWING CONCUSSION

Background:Changes in gait velocity have been identified in the literature between concussed and non-concussed individuals. Concussed patients demonstrate slower gait speed; the gait velocity cost has not been evaluated as extensively.Hypothesis:Hypothesis 1: Dual-task gait velocity cost will decrease at time of clearance compared to initial testing.Hypothesis 2: Subjects with a SRC will demonstrate greater decreases in gait velocity costs than those with non-SRC.Hypothesis 3: Symptom severity will be positively correlated to dual-task gait costs within the first 5 days after concussion.Methods:Patients evaluated for concussion in primary care sports medicine clinic within five days of injury were recruited between October 2017 and May 2019. The mechanism of injury was documented and used to classify sport-related (SRC) versus non sport-related (non-SRC) concussion. A standard concussion evaluation was performed at each visit to assess history, symptoms, neurocognitive, neuromuscular and vestibular dysfunction. Dual-task walking trials were incorporated with a cognitive task such as reciting the months of the year in reverse order or spelling words backwards. During the walking trials, gait velocity was measured using an Xsens MVN BIOMCH system (Xsens Technologies BV, Enschede, The Netherlands). A two-way mixed ANOVA with one within-subjects factor (time) and one between-groups factor (mechanism of injury) was used to determine if dual-task gait velocity costs differed over time and between those with a SRC versus those with a non-SRC. A Pearson’s product-moment correlation was used to assess the relationship between symptom severity scores and dual-task gait costs at initial visit.Results:There was no statistically significant interaction between the mechanism of injury and time on gait velocity cost, F(1, 79) = .033, p = .86. The main effect of time showed a statistically significant difference in mean gait velocity cost from initial to clearance, F(1, 79) = 6.19, p = 0.015, generalized η2 = .0.013. There was no main effect of mechanism of injury in mean gait velocity costs, F(1, 79) = 0.800, p = 0.374, generalized η2 = 0.008.There was a statistically significant, small positive correlation between symptom severity and dual-task gait velocity costs, r = .30, p < .007, with symptom severity explaining 9 % of the variation in dual-task gait velocity costs.Conclusion:The gait velocity cost demonstrates a statistically significant change from the time of injury to clearance in concussion patients. A small but significant relationship also exists between symptom severity and gait velocity cost.

Feasibility and outcome of an online streamed yoga intervention on stress and wellbeing of people working from home during COVID-19.

The outbreak of COVID-19 and its associated measures has resulted in a sizeable working population transitioning to working from home (WFH), bringing additional challenges, and increasing work-related stress. Research has indicated that yoga has promising potential in reducing stress in the workplace. However, there are very few studies exploring the impact of online streamed yoga on stress management for people-WFH. To investigate the feasibility and outcome of an online streamed yoga intervention on stress and wellbeing of people-WFH during COVID-19. A six-week pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) yoga intervention was designed with yoga (n = 26) and a wait-list control group (n = 26). A mixed two-way ANOVA was used to assess changes in standardised outcome measures at baseline and post-intervention. Likert and open-ended questions assessed enjoyment, acceptability and perceived benefits of the program, which were analysed thematically. Compared with the control, the yoga group reported significant improvements in perceived stress, mental wellbeing, depression and coping self-efficacy, but not stress and anxiety. Participants experienced physical and mental health benefits and reported high acceptability and enjoyment of the intervention. An online yoga intervention can help people WFH manage stress and enhance wellbeing and coping abilities.

Older drivers’ experience with automated vehicle technology

Adults 65 years of age and older make up a fifth of the US population, prefer driving as their primary mode of transportation, and may derive health and safety benefits from using automated vehicles (AVs), assuming they accept and adopt these technologies. This study used a repeated measures crossover design, with random allocation of 104 older drivers who were exposed to an automated shuttle and a driving simulator in automated mode (Level 4, Society of Automotive Engineers). Participants completed pre- and post-exposure surveys, to report their perceptions via the Automated Vehicle User Perception Survey. Researchers utilized a two-way mixed ANOVA to analyze time effect, group effect, and time by group interaction effects. No group effects were evident, but older drivers’ perceptions of safety, trust and perceived usefulness of AV technology increased after being exposed to the AV technology. The group by time interaction effects indicated significant perceptions pertaining to intention to use, trust, perceived usefulness, control/driving efficacy, and safety. This study contributes to the body of knowledge regarding the determinants of older adult AV technology acceptance practices. Yet, it is recommended that future studies build on this work to identify the role of different regulatory systems, levels of technology, geographical contexts, and policies–that may influence older drivers’ perceptions of AV technology, before targeted policy and/or practice recommendations can be made. • Older drivers' perceived safety increased after exposure to the automated shuttle and simulator. • Older drivers' trust increased after exposure to the automated shuttle. • Older drivers' perceived usefulness increased after exposure to the simulator in automated mode. • Automated vehicles may provide health and safety benefits if older drivers accept it.

The influence of age group and match period on tactical performance in youth soccer: A full season study

Recently developed technological approaches using positional data and network analysis were adopted in this study to investigate the existence of drops in tactical performance from the first to the second half of official matches in two different age groups. Fifty outfield players from U-17 ( n = 25) and U-20 ( n = 25) youth academies were monitored over the 2020 competitive season. Players’ positional data were collected by GPS devices, and all matches were recorded for adoption of the Social Network Analysis approach. The individual and collective performances were monitored for both halves of the matches and compared between age group and match period using a mixed two-way ANOVA. Results indicated the absence of drops in collective tactical performance over the halves, although, on the individual scale, players reduced the spatial exploration from the first half to the second half. Older players presented higher density, LPWRatio and lower spatial exploration than younger players. Teams showed stable collective performance within the match, although drops in individual tactical performance were observed and were not age-dependent. Finally, older players tended to present a higher individual and collective performance.

The Role of Premorbid IQ and Age of Onset as Useful Predictors of Clinical, Functional Outcomes, and Recovery of Individuals with a First Episode of Psychosis.

Background: premorbid IQ (pIQ) and age of onset are predictors of clinical severity and long-term functioning after a first episode of psychosis. However, the additive influence of these variables on clinical, functional, and recovery rates outcomes is largely unknown. Methods: we characterized 255 individuals who have experienced a first episode of psychosis in four a priori defined subgroups based on pIQ (low pIQ < 85; average pIQ ≥ 85) and age of onset (early onset < 18 years; adult onset ≥ 18 years). We conducted clinical and functional assessments at baseline and at two-year follow-up. We calculated symptom remission and recovery rates using the Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia Schedule (PANSS) and the Global Assessment Functioning (GAF or Children-GAF). We examined clinical and functional changes with pair-wise comparisons and two-way mixed ANOVA. We built hierarchical lineal and logistic regression models to estimate the predictive value of the independent variables over functioning or recovery rates. Results: early-onset patients had more severe positive symptoms and poorer functioning than adult-onset patients. At two-year follow-up, only early-onset with low pIQ and adult-onset with average pIQ subgroups differed consistently, with the former having more negative symptoms (d = 0.59), poorer functioning (d = 0.82), lower remission (61% vs. 81.1%), and clinical recovery (34.1% vs. 62.2%). Conclusions: early-onset individuals with low pIQ may present persistent negative symptoms, lower functioning, and less recovery likelihood at two-year follow-up. Intensive cognitive and functional programs for these individuals merit testing to improve long-term recovery rates in this subgroup.

Effect of cement space on marginal discrepancy and retention of CAD/CAM crown.

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of cement space on the marginal discrepancy and retention of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) crowns. A total of 30 premolar Frasaco teeth were machined to receive crowns with cement spaces of 70, 90, and 110 μm. The marginal discrepancy measurements were done before and after cementation. Pull-off test was conducted using universal testing machine (UTM). Data was analyzed using two-way mixed ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni test and Kruskal-Wallis test. The crowns with cement space of 70 μm showed a significantly higher absolute marginal discrepancy than those with 90 and 110 μm. No significant effect on the crown retention was found. Within the limitations of this study, modifying cement space to 90 μm and 110 μm may improve the marginal adaptation of CAD/CAM crown, whereas adjusting cement space from 70 to 110 μm did not significantly affect the crown retention.

How language background impacts learners studying International Financial Reporting Standards: a cognitive load theory perspective

ABSTRACT This study offers evidence of the impact of language background on the performance of students enrolled in an accounting study unit. It aims to quantify the effects of language background on performance in essay questions, compared to calculation questions requiring an application of procedures. Marks were collected from 2850 students. The results were examined using a two-way mixed ANOVA. A significant interaction was found. There was no significant difference in performance on calculation questions between those students with an English language background and students with a language background other than English. Students with an English language background performed better on essay questions. Cognitive load theory suggests that these differences in results are due to the burden of additional cognitive translation processes taking up restricted working memory resources for students with a language background other than English on questions with a heavy language component. Implications for accounting educators are discussed.

Knee strength deficits following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction differ between quadriceps and hamstring tendon autografts.

To compare patient reported outcomes and functional knee recovery following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using either a quadriceps tendon (QT) or hamstring tendon (HT) autograft. Thirty-five QT patients (age 20; range 15-34years) participated in this study and were matched for gender, age and pre-injury activity level to 70 HT (age 20; range 15-32years) patients. The following assessments were performed at 6 and 12months post-operatively; standardized patient-reported outcome measures (IKDC, KOOS-QOL, ACL-RSI, Marx activity, anterior knee pain), knee range of motion (passive and active), anterior knee laxity, hop tests (single and triple crossover hop for distance), and isokinetic strength of the knee extensors and flexors. All dependent variables were analysed using a two-way mixed ANOVA model, with within (Time; 6 and 12months) and between-subject (Graft; QT and HT) factors. Patient reported outcome measures and hop performance improved between 6 and 12months (p < 0.001), however no significant differences in either patient-reported outcomes or hop performance were found between the two grafts. Isokinetic strength testing showed both groups improved their peak knee extensor strength in the operated limb between 6 and 12months (p < 0.001), but the QT group had significantly lower knee extensor strength symmetry at both time points compared to HT at 60deg/s (p < 0.001) and 180deg/s (p < 0.01). In contrast, the QT group had significantly greater knee flexor strength symmetry at both time points compared to HT at 60deg/s (p < 0.01) and 180deg/s (p = 0.01), but knee flexor strength limb symmetry did not significantly improve over time in either group. Recovery of knee function following either QT or HT ACL reconstruction continues between 6 and 12months after surgery. However, knee extensor strength deficits in the QT group and knee flexor strength deficits in the HT persisted at 12months. This may have implications for decisions regarding return to sport. III.

Effects of occupational therapy - led fine motor centers on fine motor skills of preschool-aged children: An evidence-based program evaluation

ABSTRACT Aim: This program evaluation examined the effects of occupational therapy (OT)-led fine motor centers (FMCs) on the fine motor skills of typically-developing preschool-aged children. Methods: This program evaluation was completed with 29 children from two preschool Great Start Readiness Program classrooms. The experimental group received OT-led FMCs twice per week for 8 weeks; the control group continued with their regular curriculum. The fine motor subtest of the Miller Function and Participation Scales (M-FUN) was used to collect data regarding fine motor skills pre- and post- intervention and 6 weeks post-intervention. A two-way mixed ANOVA was utilized for data analysis. Results: Baseline M-FUN scores of the control and experimental group at pre-test were not significantly different (p>0.067). There was a significant difference between the groups at post-test and follow-up testing (p<0.006, p<0.001). The experimental group demonstrated significant differences in M-FUN scores pre- to post-test, post-test to follow-up, and pre-test to follow-up (p<0.000, p<0.000, p<0.026); there was no significant difference in control group M-FUN scores pre- to post-test or post-test to follow-up (p>0.090, p>0.060). There was a significant difference in control group scores pre-test to follow-up (p<0.011). Additionally, 85.7% of participants in the experimental group had fine motor delays at pre-test; at follow-up testing, only 7% had delays. Eighty-six percent of control group participants had fine motor delays at pre-test; 53.3% of participants still had delays at follow-up testing. Conclusion: OT-led FMCs in preschool classrooms may improve fine motor skills of preschool-aged students; additional research with a larger sample size is suggested.