Two-wave Field Research Articles

Spatiotemporal modulation instability as off-axis parametric amplification: insights from the phase.

The canonical linear-stability analysis of spatiotemporal modulation instability (MI), which treats MIs as instabilities of the steady-state solution of the field evolution equation with respect to weak complex harmonic perturbations, is shown to be physically equivalent to a coupled-wave analysis of off-axis parametric amplification of the Stokes and anti-Stokes fields by an intense pump wave. With an appropriate space-evolution transfer matrix, a complex harmonic trial function used in the standard MI model translates into a pair of coupled off-axis waves, of which one is exponentially growing, while the other is exponentially decreasing, thus recovering a two-wave field structure that is inherent in the fields undergoing parametric amplification through four-wave mixing. Analysis of the phase of these fields offers useful physical insights into high-order dispersion effects in spatiotemporal MIs, suggests a physically transparent and accurate method to include high-order dispersion in MI gain calculations, and reveals new spatiotemporal MI effects induced by high-order dispersion.

Leader UPB and Employee Unethical Conduct: A Moral Disengagement Perspective

Unethical behavior in organizations has attracted increasing attention among researchers, yet we know little about when and why unethical behavior conducted by leader that is intended to benefit organization (UPB) would translate into employee unethical behavior. Drawing upon moral disengagement and social learning theoretical perspectives, we proposed that leader UPB reflects leader moral disengagement practices which are modeled by employees, especially among those with high power distance orientations; employee moral disengagement, in turn, frees employee to engage in unethical behavior. We found support for our theoretical model across two studies. With an experimental design in Study 1, we found that leader UPB led employee to be more morally disengaged than leader unethical pro-self behavior, and employee moral disengagement mediated the positive effect of leader UPB on employee unethical behavior. With a two-wave field survey study conducted among a sample of real estate agents, Study 2 revealed that leader UPB was positively related to employee moral disengagement, and this positive relationship was stronger among high power distance orientation employees. Importantly, Study 2 revealed that employee moral disengagement mediated the interactive effect of leader UPB and employee power distance orientation on employee unethical behavior. We discussed theoretical and practical implications of our findings.

Interference control of transmittance and absorption in ultrathin metal films in the presence of a two-wave field

The focus of research in this article is the reflection, transmission and absorption of microwave radiation by nanometer metal films under oblique incidence of two counter-propagating coherent waves on the opposite surfaces of the film. We demonstrate that at certain values of the angle of incidence and of film thickness the film transmittance can be increased by several orders of magnitude which results in the “lightening” of the metal film. As part of this article’s analysis, we determine the values of film thickness and the angles of incidence at which the near total absorption of incident power is possible.

Is Seeing Believing?

Abstract. Islamophobia is a severe issue in Germany and other Western societies. To advance our understanding and contribute to possible solutions, the present two-wave field study investigated the role of TV consumption in the emergence and maintenance of Islamophobia in a weighted sample of non-Muslim Germans (N = 97; aged 14–33 years). Past research has indicated a negative bias in Islam-related news coverage, which is especially extreme on German private TV channels. The present study investigated the relationship between TV consumption and Islamophobia using Slater’s theory of reinforcing spirals of media selectivity and effects ( Slater, 2007 , Communication Theory, 17, 281–303). It sought to investigate the validity of and to refine Slater’s theory. Thus, TV consumption was differentiated between quantity and quality (divided between preference for public channels ARD/ZDF and private channels RTL/Sat.1). We hypothesized (a) a significant cross-sectional relationship of quantity and quality of TV consumption (preference for public/private channels) to the Islamophobia level, and (b) a mutual reinforcement of quantity/quality of TV consumption and Islamophobia over time. Results of step-wise linear regressions showed significant relations of private channel preference to levels of Islamophobia (cross-sectional) and a mutually reinforcing spiral process between the private channel preference and Islamophobia over time. The results emphasize (a) the importance of a specification of the construct of media use central to Slater's theory and (b) the need for an improvement of the Islam-related news coverage to decrease Islamophobia in Germany.

Transverse Spin and Momentum in Two-Wave Interference

We analyze the interference field formed by two electromagnetic plane waves (with the same frequency but different wave vectors), and find that such field reveals a rich and highly non-trivial structure of the local momentum and spin densities. Despite the seemingly-planar and extensively-studied character of the two-wave system, we find that it possesses a transverse (out-of-plane) helicity-independent spin density, and also a transverse polarization-dependent momentum density with unusual physical properties. The polarization-dependent transverse momentum represents the so-called Belinfante spin momentum, which does not exert the usual optical pressure and it is considered as `virtual' in field theory. We perform analytical estimations and exact numerical simulations of the interaction of the two-wave field with probe Mie particles. The results of these calculations clearly indicate the straightforward detectability of the unusual spin and momentum properties in the two-wave field and strongly motivate their future experimental verifications.

Predicting Risk-Mitigating Behaviors From Indecisiveness and Trait Anxiety: Two Cognitive Pathways to Task Avoidance.

Past research suggests that indecisiveness and trait anxiety may both decrease the likelihood of performing risk-mitigating preparatory behaviors (e.g., preparing for natural hazards) and suggests two cognitive processes (perceived control and worrying) as potential mediators. However, no single study to date has examined the influence of these traits and processes together. Examining them simultaneously is necessary to gain an integrated understanding of their relationship with risk-mitigating behaviors. We therefore examined these traits and mediators in relation to wildfire preparedness in a two-wave field study among residents of wildfire-prone areas in Western Australia (total N = 223). Structural equation modeling results showed that indecisiveness uniquely predicted preparedness, with higher indecisiveness predicting lower preparedness. This relationship was fully mediated by perceived control over wildfire-related outcomes. Trait anxiety did not uniquely predict preparedness or perceived control, but it did uniquely predict worry, with higher trait anxiety predicting more worrying. Also, worry trended toward uniquely predicting preparedness, albeit in an unpredicted positive direction. This shows how the lack of performing risk-mitigating behaviors can result from distinct cognitive processes that are linked to distinct personality traits. It also highlights how simultaneous examination of multiple pathways to behavior creates a fuller understanding of its antecedents.

Interference heat emission in an absorbing layer in the presence of a two-wave field

The control of the interference heat emission upon the oblique incidence of two counterpropagating (with respect to the transverse component of the wavevector) identically linearly polarized coherent waves on the opposite sides of an absorbing layer is considered. The dependences of the interference heat emission on the angle of incidence and the layer thickness are established for various refractive indices and absorption coefficients in weakly and strongly absorbing media. The conditions for the maximum interference heat emission are determined.

Do impersonal mobilisation methods work? Evidence from a nationwide Get-Out-the-Vote experiment in England

While face-to-face mobilisation has a demonstrable effect on voter turnout, a series of field experiments show that impersonal methods, such as telephoning and direct mail, are less effective. This paper provides a new test of the effectiveness of telephone and direct mail on voter turnout, which uses a large nationally representative Get-Out-the-Vote two-wave field experiment. We find that impersonal methods are more effective, though the magnitude depends on electoral context. Moreover, these effects accumulate both within and across elections as voters are exposed to multiple contacts. However this is an incremental and cumulative process, not the product of synergy.

The impact of role modeling on protégés' personal learning and work-to-family enrichment

The present study investigates the impact of role modeling as perceived by protégés on their personal learning (i.e., relational job learning and personal skill development) and work-to-family enrichment (WFE). Results from a two-wave field survey of 173 protégés in the People's Republic of China indicate that role modeling positively affects relational job learning and personal skill development. However, personal skill development rather than relational job learning was found to be positively related to WFE and to mediate the relationship between role modeling and WFE. The theoretical and managerial implications of these findings are discussed.

How effortful decisions get enacted: the motivating role of decision processes, desires, and anticipated emotions

AbstractBuilding on recent research examining the influence of decision making on subsequent goal striving and decision enactment, we consider and elaborate on the mechanisms through which effortful decisions are made, maintained, and enacted. Our proposed framework builds on the Dholakia and Bagozzi (2002) model, distinguishes between two important types of intentions and desires, and shows that the motivation‐mustering function of the decision process is mediated by goal and implementation desires. In addition to decision processes, the roles of goal feasibility, anticipated emotions, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are also elaborated on. Through a two‐wave field study tracking real decisions and their pursuit by participants, we find empirical support for our model of effortful decision making and enactment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Scaling properties and anomalous transport of particles inside the stochastic layer.

Particle motion in a two-wave field is considered as a model for studying the kinetic (transport) properties inside the stochastic layer. The existence of an exact renormalization invariance of the separatrix with respect to the perturbation parameter and the approximate renormalization invariance for the exact equation of motion near a saddle point is shown. High accuracy symplectic integration is used to obtain the distribution function, its moments, and transport exponents. Scaling properties and anomalous transport have been found. It is shown that, depending on the parameters of the system, there is a possibility of modifying the fine (islands) structure of the stochastic layer, which leads to variations of the transport properties from the anomalous to the normal (Gaussian) ones.