Two-volume Set Research Articles

Electromagnetic Compatibility in Power Systems (Lattarulo, F., ed.; 2007) - [Book Review

This two-volume set on electric generators is extremely timely because of rapid developments in renewable and distributed energy systems. The first volume offers authoritative, tightly focused treatment of the topologies, steady-state and transient modeling, performance, control, design, and testing of stand-alone and grid-connected synchronous generators. The second volume provides a comprehensive reference for the topologies, modeling, control, design, and testing of standard and emerging variable-speed generator systems. The set makes an attractive reference for research and development engineers who are interested in design of modern renewable energy and distributed power systems.

Vincenzo Bellini nel secondo centenario della nascita. Atti del Convegno internazionale (Catania, 8-11 novembre 2001)

It is by now almost obligatory that to commemorate the centenaries of the birth or the death of any well-known composer a conference be organized. Italian opera composers have been honoured in this way recently, with 2001 emerging as a particularly momentous year of convegni internazionali for the centenary of Verdi’s death and the bicentenary of Bellini’s birth. These events have led to substantial volumes of essays, both beautifully produced by the publisher Leo S. Olschki: the former, Verdi 2001 (Florence, 2003), is a 980-page hardback two-volume set of fifty-nine contributions in Italian and English; the latter a 703-page paperback two-volume set of twenty-nine essays all in Italian. Among the contributors to the Bellini collection, here under review, are both established and up-and-coming scholars in musicology and theatre studies mainly from Italy, but with a few authors hailing from France, Germany, the UK, and the USA. Most of the essays were presented at a conference held in the Teatro Massimo Bellini at Catania, Sicily, on 8–11 November 2001. A quick comparison of the conference programme (printed at the beginning of the first volume) with the table of contents (at the back of the second volume) reveals that two of the papers presented at the conference are not included (one owing to its author’s death) and that two new essays replace them. The essays are published in the order in which they were presented at the conference. Among the contributors are those who have long provided valuable insights of various kinds on Italian opera composers, e.g. Julian Budden, Paolo Fabbri, David Kimbell, and Friedrich Lippmann, along with a group of younger scholars whose varied perspectives are refreshing and imaginative, Alessandra Campana, Damien Colas, Emanuele Senici, Gloria Staffieri, and Luca Zoppelli among them.

Felipe V y su tiempo: Congreso internacional celebrado en Zaragoza, 15 al 19 de Enero de 2001 (review)

Reviewed by Allyson M. Poska University of Mary Washington Felipe V y su tiempo: Congreso internacional celebrado en Zaragoza, 15 al 19 de Enero de 2001. Edited by Eliseo Serrano. 2 vols. (Zaragoza: Institución "Fernando el Católico," C.S.I.C. 2004. Pp. 1062, 898. Paperback.) For decades, eighteenth-century Spain and the Spanish kingdoms during the first half of the century in particular have received little scholarly attention. The eighteenth century had neither the allure of early modern imperial power, nor the appeal of impending modernity. Indeed, to many historians, the War of the Spanish Succession and Philip of Anjou´s succession was a vague interim after the Habsburg decline but before the full expression of the Enlightenment under Charles III. However, as a recent spate of new monographs and these volumes reveal, historians have breathed new life into eighteenth-century studies. In January 2001, many of Spain's best scholars gathered to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Bourbon dynasty's ascent to the Spanish throne. The result is a remarkable two-volume set of seventy-five essays that provide detailed, useful discussions of nearly all aspects of Spanish history and culture during the reign of Philip V (r.1700-1746). Some essays provide broad overviews of the political, economic, and social contexts. For example, Elisa Torres Santana examines marginalized people, including gypsies, prostitutes, and slaves; José Manuel Pérez García lays out the changing demography of the period; and Manuel Lobo Cabrera provides a broad look at the Spanish economy. Other essays provide a glimpse into regional differences. As the conference was held in Zaragoza, the kingdom of Aragón is particularly well represented, but other regions including Galicia receive some attention as well. The most striking aspect of this collection is its topical and methodological range. In addition to political, economic, and social history, diplomatic history, literature, musicology, architecture, and ritual all receive interesting and up-to-date treatment. In terms of the readership of this journal, seven of the seventy-five essays deal directly with religion or the Catholic Church. Historians of eighteenth-century Spain, like their counterparts in other parts of Europe, have demonstrated greater interest in Enlightenment ideas and increased secularization [End Page 675] during the eighteenth century than what is often viewed as a stagnant or even declining Church. Nevertheless, this handful of articles offers much to the religious historian, and they provide the same variety of breadth and detail as the rest of the collection. Maximiliano Barrio Gozalo provides an excellent "state of the clergy." He includes statistical data and provides some basic analysis on an array of issues including the moral and intellectual state of the clergy and the effect of the ascent of the French dynasty on the Spanish church. Teófanes Egido takes up the impact of Gallicanism on the peninsula and whether the Spanish clergy formed a new relationship with the monarchy in the wake of Philip´s 1709 break with Rome. Ricardo García Cárcel argues that the Inquisition did not suffer any assumed decline during the eighteenth century. Rather, the tribunals pursued more than 3000 cases with heretical propositions, solicitation, superstition, and judaizing topping the list. Articles on religious discourse and the press in Barcelona and the Aragonese clergy's support of the Austrian candidate in the War of the Spanish Succession connect local issues to broader national concerns. Finally, an examination of Bishop Belluga of Cartagena's visitations ad limina and a piece on music in the Cathedral of Barbastro offer interesting views of the Church in its local context. These volumes will prove to be very useful for all scholars of the period. As we work to better understand this transitional century, these clearly written, up-to-date discussions will be critical references for a wide array of studies.

8th International Kimberlite Conference: Selected Papers, Volume I: The C. Roger Clement Volume, Volume II: The J. Barry Hawthorne Volume.: R. H. MITCHELL, H. S. GRUTTER, L. M. HEAMAN, B. H. SCOTT-SMITH, AND T. STACHEL, EDITORS. Volume I: Pp. 593; Volume II: Pp. 949. Hardcover. Elsevier. 2006. reprinted from Lithos, v. 76-77 (1-4). ISBN 0070931097. Price US$235, two-volume set.

The 85 papers contained in this two-volume set and reprinted from the journal Lithos were presented at the 8th International Kimberlite Conference in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, in June 2003. They represent the most current published compendium of knowledge regarding the wide range of topics that the study of diamonds includes. Those economic geologists wishing to learn about the current state of knowledge in the diamond industry and in exploration for kimberlites will be compelled to read these papers, which cover subjects related to diamond growth, grade assessment, exploration methods, kimberlite petrogenesis, emplacement mechanisms, geochronology, mantle geochemistry, tectonics, and geometallurgy. Examples given are from Australia, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, China, Finland, India, Namibia, Russia, South Africa, Tanzania, USA, Venezuela, West Africa, and Zimbabwe, and from the deep mantle to the crust and the laboratory. These volumes address the interests of the mineral deposit and exploration community by providing the details of diamond formation, emplacement, exploration, and recovery, and then some. In exploration, target selection begins with analysis of craton architecture, regional geological terrain characteristics, prospectivity for kimberlite emplacement, and the potential for geologic diamond-producing or diamond-destructive factors at depth or at the surface. Techniques for indicator mineral analysis and diamond grade assessment, stone color, shape, and resorption characteristics, and resource estimation and geometallurgical factors all influence the viability of a project. Economic geologists will be interested to learn that the diamond business encompasses geology from the earth’s core (ultradeep diamonds) …

The Principles of Moral and Christian Philosophy by George Turnbull

79 GEORGE TURNBULL. The Principles of Moral and Christian Philosophy, ed. Alexander Broadie. 2 vols. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2005. Pp. xxi, xvi ⫹ 935. $40; $24 (paper). Two hundred and sixty-five years after its first and only publication, Turnbull’s Principles returns in a handsomely produced two-volume set as part of a series ‘‘Natural Law and Enlightenment Classics .’’ Born in 1698, Turnbull was four years junior to Francis Hutcheson, whom he largely resembles, partly through a mutual dependence on Shaftesbury— Turnbull was by 1716 or 1717 a member of Edinburgh’s Rankenian Club, devoted to the discussion of Shaftesbury’s ideas —and partly through direct influence: Turnbull acknowledges a debt to Hutcheson (whose first work appeared in 1725), ‘‘the writer from whom I have borrowed most.’’ Turnbull developed his philosophy in 1721–1727 as a regent at Marischal College, Aberdeen, where he was, Mr. Broadie notes in his Introduction , ‘‘the first of a long line of Scottish moralists to speak explicitly about the introduction of the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects.’’ Leaving Scotland in 1727 and ordained in the Church of England in 1739, Turnbull spent much of his remaining twenty-one years as a private tutor to young gentlemen on the grand tour. Turnbull’s Principles seeks to ground moral philosophy on principles of natural religion. Invoking the authority of Shaftesbury and the ancient Stoics (Plutarch , Seneca, and above all Cicero), he argues with a confidence none of them shared that the immortality of the virtuous soul is ‘‘highly probable, nay, absolutely certain.’’ The ‘‘better ancients . . . had a very firm persuasion of an infinitely wise and good administration, actually prevailing at present throughout the whole of nature. . . . They were able to discern . . . that man is very well fitted and qualified for attaining to a very high degree of moral perfection even here.’’ Turnbull works within the classical virtue-ethics revived by Shaftesbury, a type of ethical theory that asks, what behavior would perfect the sort of being I am? Turnbull argues—never very clearly or persuasively—that such an ethics implies that our ‘‘moral perfection must be arrived to full maturity’’ in a future state. Differently stated, the moral fact that virtue is its own reward on earth shows ‘‘providence to be already most seriously concerned about her, and thoroughly interested on her side in her first probationary state,’’ a state which then becomes prognostic for ‘‘a succeeding life.’’ Turnbull’s Principles consists of two separate volumes, the first and most interesting being Principles of Moral Philosophy, the themes of which are amplified in volume two, Christian Philosophy . This later volume has little to do with Christian doctrine, which is adduced only insofar as it conforms to the ‘‘doctrine of reason.’’ Principles of Moral Philosophy is largely and by design a prose explication and elaboration of Pope’s Essay on Man. One of the volume ’s two epigraphs (the other is from Newton) is from I.162: ‘‘Account for Moral, as for Nat’ral Things.’’ His Preface praises Pope’s Essay—recently defended by Warburton—over two pages, concluding, ‘‘such a poet, indeed, deserves the ancient venerable name so justly appropriated to poets,’’ ‘‘divinus.’’ In all, by my count, Turnbull quotes 463 lines from Pope’s Essay, or 35% of the poem. Turnbull’s professed aim is ‘‘to vindicate human nature, and the ways of GOD to man.’’ He follows Pope in accounting for a cosmos in which certain 80 relative evils are necessary to the greater absolute good; in which the passions are a valuable part of our moral constitution; in which self-love and social are the same; and, finally, in which virtue alone is happiness below and—Turnbull emphasizes as Pope does not—above as well. Adam Potkay The College of William & Mary DAVID ORMROD. The Rise of Commercial Empires: England and The Netherlands in the Age of Mercantilism, 1650– 1770. New York: Cambridge, 2003. Pp. xvii ⫹ 400. $75. The Dutch and the English had much in common during the early modern period . So much was this the case that some historians have argued that the Glorious Revolution of 1689 was a conquest of England by the Dutch, who installed their own man as...

Gerald Ford and the Challenges of the 1970s by Yanek Mieczkowski

Book Reviews 137 Railroad Companies section must be consulted to understand abbreviations. The map of Calhoun County, for example, identifies the route of amajor interurban, marked "MUR-S," yet the reader will have to look elsewhere to understand that these letters stand for the Southern Division of the Michigan United Railways. But these are minor concerns. Therefore, itmakes sense for libraries inMichigan to acquire this two-volume set. Other research institutions, too, should add Meints's magnificent study to their holdings. H. Roger Grant Clemson University Yanek Mieczkowski. Gerald Ford and theChallenges of the 1970s. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2005. Pp. 472. Bibliography. Index. Notes. Cloth, $39.95. People liked President Ford, but by most accounts his presidency was ineffective. At the end of his term in office, theNew York Times summarized the prevailing criticism: "He never persuaded the public that he was firmly in charge or keenly determined to lead the nation toward specific objectives." In Gerald Ford and theChallenges of the 1970s, however, Yanek Mieczkowski concludes that Ford had "clear priorities and a guiding philosophy: He wanted to contain inflation, establish policies for sustained economic growth, calm the country after Watergate, repair relations with Capitol Hill, revitalize the Republican Party, and restore the nation's leadership role in the world" (pp. 6-7). In pursuing these goals Ford "gave the nation a presidency that, while not spectacular, was steady" (p. 46). Using extensive archival research and numerous interviews, Mieczkowski examines almost every aspect of Ford's term in office, including his foreign policy and leadership style. He places heavy emphasis on Ford's responses to the economic and energy problems the country faced during the mid-1970s, using them as prisms to distinguish his political outlook. Ford understood economic policy better than any postwar president, having spent fourteen years on the House Appropriations Committee in Congress. Facing unprecedented increases in inflation and the rate of unemployment, Ford insisted that controlling inflation would serve the country better in the long run than trying to reach full employment. So he fought hard to scale back government spending and deregulate industry rather than promoting jobs programs or accepting the Band-Aid solution of price controls advocated by many 138 Michigan Historical Review in Congress, which his predecessor had attempted with disastrous results. Before he left office, inflation had been cut by more than one half and the number of Americans without jobs was declining. Though initially unpopular, Ford's proposals had a lasting effect: After nearly a quarter-century of focusing primarily on obtaining full employment, Washington shifted its attention toward achieving steady economic growth. Subsequent presidents also followed the courses Ford plotted for decontrolling the price of oil and deregulating industries ranging from automobile manufacturing to communication. Though Ford's success in passing legislation was marginal, Mieczkowski suggests his oudook merits the label: "long-term president" (p. 355). At the time, however, Ford's pragmatic, moderately conservative agenda did not capture the public's enthusiasm. People craved dramatic presidential leadership. It seemed that "substance was not enough" (p. 345). Gerald Ford and the Challenges of the 1970s adds a great deal to our understanding of Ford's priorities and guiding philosophy for the nation's domestic and international policies. Mieczkowski shows within a broad historical context how Ford dealt with the challenges the country faced during the mid-1970s and how many of the suggestions and proposals he made had the effect of underwriting the subsequent growth of the GOP. Mieczkowski's analysis also points to the need to consider Ford's presidency in the context of other threads of conservative thought, such as the rise of the religious right. I would recommend this well-written and useful book to academic libraries as well as students of the 1970s. David W. Veenstra University of Illinois at Chicago Gijs Mom. The Electric Vehicle: Technology and Expectations in the Automobile Age. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Pp. 423. Bibliography. Illustrations. Index. Notes. Cloth, $54.95. In this era of rising oil prices and increased environmental concerns, the possibility of the electric vehicle as an alternative to the gasoline vehicle has resurfaced. Thus, itwould seem a fitting time for an in...

Every sperm – and germ cell protocol – is sacred

Germ cell development is essential for sexually reproducing organisms and, with due respect to Monty Python, fertilization is just the culmination of a vast repertoire of developmental accomplishments by these cells. Upon fertilization, germ cells directly contribute to both the genetic and

Miller's Anesthesia, 6th Edition.

Miller's Anesthesia, 6th Edition.

Review of Environmental Hydraulics and Sustainable Water Management, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Environmental Hydraulics and the 14th Congress of Asia and Pacific Division, International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research, edited by J. H. W. Lee and K. M. LamEnvironmental Hydraulics and Sustainable Water Management, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Environmental Hydraulics and the 14th

This dual symposium and congress brings back wonderful memories from Hong Kong. The daily 8:00 p.m. Symphony of Lights from the Avenue of Stars surely enlightened all participants from over 35 countries. The venue was organized by the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Hong Kong. The organizing committee, and in particular J. H. W. Lee and K. M. Lam, are to be commended for this first-class venue. By joining the symposium with the congress, about 350 participants attended and shared research and application results in a multiple parallel sessions setting. The heavy two-volume set of printed proceedings was available at the registration desk, along with a poster showing an aerial view of Hong Kong. The objective of the joint conference of the International Symposium on Environmental Hydraulics and the International Association of Hydraulic Engineering Asia-Pacific Division was to bring together scientists, engineers, and researchers with a common interest in water environment and hydraulic problems. The conference aimed to provide forum for the exchange of ideas and experiences on recent developments in environmental hydraulics and water management issues. The main theme of the conference was “Sustainable Water Management in the Asia-Pacific Region.” The Asia-Pacific rim faces many water environment challenges in the new millennium. Examples include the assurance of an adequate and clean water supply, the prevention of urban and basin flooding, the search for a sensible sewage strategy, the achievement of sustainable water quality to enhance quality of life, and the protection of aquatic and coastal fisheries. Water problems will be associated with increasing complexity and wider scope brought about by issues like global climate change, massive urbanization, economic risks in infrastructure investments, crossborder pollution, and government policies. The proceedings include 300 papers selected from 400 abstract submissions, prepared in two volumes. Volume 1, entitled “Environmental Hydraulics,” contains 2 keynote lectures, 7 invited lectures, and 153 contributing papers. The papers cover a broad

Encyclopedia of social theory

The Encyclopedia of Social Theory, two-volume set, is an indispensable reference source for anyone interested in understanding the roots of contemporary social theory. It examines the global landscape of all the key theories and the theorists behind them and presents them in the context needed to understand the strengths and weaknesses of all the key areas of the discipline.These include: Structural fundamentalism; Marxist theory; Critical theory; Phenomenology; Ethnomethodology; Exchange theory; Rational choice; Feminism; Multiculturalism; and Postmodernism. The Encyclopedia of Social Theory draws together a team of international scholars led by the editor, George Ritzer, one of the most prolific social theorists. This is a benchmark reference tool for understanding the development, achievements and prospects of social theory. Key features and benefits include: over 280 entries; a master bibliography; a complete Reader's Guide; extensive biographical coverage of the major theorists; and extensive cross-referencing.

Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes

When Israel Charny edited ABC-CLIO’s 2-volume, 720-page Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity in 1999, it was not clear that such an extensive work was needed by the field, or that it would be welcome. Although admirable in containing contributions from about 100 contributors and forewords by Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Simon Wiesenthal, the two-volume set was a little too detailed at times and was somewhat cumbersome to use. Now, in its third printing, the work has found both its place and its stride. Despite its flaws, the encyclopedia fills avoid and is appreciated by scholars in the field.

Dietrichs Flucht: Textgeschichtliche Ausgabe by Elisabeth Lienert , Gertrud Beck (review)

MLRy 99.4, 2004 1083 author could have learnt from two works nowhere mentioned by him: Inventiones: Fiction and Referentiality in Twelfth-Century English Historical Writing by Monika Otter (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996) and Wahrheit und Fiktion : Der Status der Fiktionalitdtin der Artusliteratur des 12. Jahrhunderts by Brigitte Burrichter (Munich: Beck, 1996). The latter work is particularly relevant in view of Reuvekamp-Felber's suggestion that Wace could be a possible model for what is to be found in German literary history (pp. 168-70). One of the merits of this book is the immense amount of literary material that has been quarried for information. This makes it the more regrettable that the index, al? though broken down to some extent, makes retrieval ofthis information very difficult. The production of this book also betrays an annoying quirk with word-divisions at the end ofa line, producing such awkwardnesses as 'E-pen', 'ii-ber', 'a-mour', 'o-der'. On page 165, footnote 430 remains incomplete in the middle of a word. Trinity College, Cambridge D. H. Green Dietrichs Flucht: TextgeschichtlicheAusgabe. By Elisabeth Lienert and Gertrud Beck. (Texte und Studien zur mittelhochdeutschen Heldenepik, i) Tiibingen: Niemeyer. 2003. xxx + 352pp. ?56. ISBN 3-484-64501-6. For the present reviewer, whose first close acquaintance with the poems dealing with Dietrich von Bern goes back to the acquisition, more than fortyyears ago, of the two-volume set of Friedrich Heinrich von der Hagen's Heldenbuch: Altdeutsche Heldenlieder aus dem Sagenkreise Dietrichs von Bern und der Nibelungen (Leipzig: Schultze, 1855), the appearance of this, the firstvolume of a new series of editions of the historical epics, is most welcome, and indeed the book may expect a warm reception generally. For all the charm of von der Hagen's edition and the convenience of the five-volume Deutsches Heldenbuch, ed. by Oskar Janicke and others (Berlin: Weidmann, 1866-70; repr. 1963-68 and 2004), these nineteenth-century editions fall far short of twenty-first-century expectations. Dietrichs Flucht, telling of Dietrich's fruitless struggles with Ermenrich over his rightful inheritance (a literary reflex of a supposed conflict between the fourth-century Ermanaric and the late fifth-/early sixth-century Theodoricthe Great, clearly a chronological impossibility), was edited, together with Alpharts Tod and Die Rabenschlacht, by Ernst Martin in vol. 11,pp. 55215 , of the Deutsches Heldenbuch in 1866 (reprinted in 1967, 1975, and 2004), but that edition stands no comparison with the new one. Martin's text had a cramped appearance, printed two columns to the page, with variant readings set in very small type at the foot. The introduction, nearly thirty pages, though helpful, was much preoccupied with the widespread occurrence of impure rhymes in the poem. In contrast, the new edition, the work of Elisabeth Lienert and Gertrud Beck and a team of about a dozen helpers at the University of Bremen, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, is much more appealing and will assuredly provide a sound basis for future study. Solidly bound and reasonably priced, it is in a larger, more spacious format. The text of the poem is printed in a single column on the leftof the page, the right half being used to record whole-line variants. Substantive variants of less than a whole line are noted in the traditional way in smaller type below the text, and at the very foot of the page there are separate notes on editorial divergences from Martin's edition and on points of lexical and literary interest. The text is followed by a useful index of names (persons, places, horses, weapons) and a bibliography. As for the introduction, running to only twenty-two pages, this firstdescribes the four principal manuscripts: R (late thirteenth century,now in Berlin), W (early fourteenth century, Vienna), P (mid-fifteenth century, Heidelberg), and A (early sixteenth cen? tury,Vienna), together with the Innsbruck fragment K. They form two groups, #RW 1084 Reviews and #PA,with K related to A. K, discovered only in 1879, was unknown to Martin in 1866. Moreover, he had not seen R but had relied on a copy made by Wilhelm Grimm in 1831, after which the original disappeared from view...

Encyclopedia of health & behavior

The current level of popular interest in health and behaviour reinforces the urgent need for better information so practitioners, academics, and the public can perform research and make lifestyle choices based on sound science. From adherence to a doctor's advice, to emotions and health, to obesity treatment and prevention, to women's health and all topics in between, the of Health and Behaviour comprehensively covers all aspects of what has become the dynamic domain of behavioural medicine.This A-to-Z Encyclopaedia was designed with the overarching goal to collect together in a single resource the knowledge generated by this interdisciplinary field, highlighting the links between science and practice. In it, scholars, health care practitioners, and the general public will find a wealth of information on topics such as physical activity, stress and health, smoking, pain management, social support and health, cardiovascular health, health promotion, and HIV//AIDS. This two-volume set includes over 200 entries on topics covering all aspects of health and behaviour. In addition, the of Health and Behaviour includes a comprehensive set of additional resources with both entries on selected organizations and an appendix with a detailed annotated listing of such organizations as well as Web sites of interest.The features are: an A-to-Z organization along with a Reader's Guide that groups entries by broad topic areas, a comprehensive index, and cross-references between and among entries make this a resource that is easy to access and use; six Associate Editors and six Senior Advisors of prominent experts involved in all aspects of health psychology and behavioural medicine assisted in developing the encyclopaedia to ensure comprehensive, authoritative coverage readers can rely on; and appendices provide a comprehensive reference list and annotated listings of organizations and online resources on health and behaviour.

Encyclopedia of Psychotherapy, Volumes 1 and 2

Encyclopedia of Psychotherapy, Volumes 1 and 2

Masses (review)

Johannes Martini (ca. 1430/40-1497) is a composer much more talked about than heard. While this fact does not in itself distinguish him from many other fifteenth-century composers, in Martini's case the discrepancy is particularly acute. Detailed studies by Elaine Moohan ("Sources of Sacred Music for the Chapel Choir of Ercole I d'Este, 1471-1505, and the Masses of Johannes Martini" [Ph.D. diss., University of Manchester, 1993]) and Murray Steib ("A Composer Looks at His Model: Polyphonic Borrowing in Masses from the Late Fifteenth Century," Tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis 46 [1996]: 5-41), the editors of the two volumes under review, along with the work of several other scholars, most notably J. Peter Burkholder ("Johannes Martini and the Imitation Mass of the Late Fifteenth Century," Journal of the American Musicological Society 38 [1985]: 470-523) and the late Adelyn Peck Leverett ("A Paleographical and Repertorial Study of the Manuscript Trento, Castello del Buonconsiglio, 91 (1378)" [Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1990]), have testified strongly to his historical importance. Thus it is all the more surprising that this new edition is the first time most of Martini's Masses have appeared in print. To have all of his Masses together in a uniform edition is thus long overdue and very welcome, and this publication should prove the spur to a closer understanding of Martini's style and, one hopes, more performances. A-R Editions is to be congratulated for adding this two-volume set to its series Recent Researches in the Music of the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance, nicely complementing the volume of the same composer's secular pieces, edited by Edward G. Evans, that formed the first volume in the series published way back in 1975.

Neighborhood Poverty: Context and Consequences for Children, Volume 1

Children, Youth and Environments Vol. 14 No. 1 (2004) ISSN: 1546-2250 Neighborhood Poverty: Context and Consequences for Children, Volume 1 Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne and Aber, J. Lawrence and Duncan, Greg (1991). New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 334 pages. $55.00. ISBN 0871541882. While there is a long-standing tradition of social research that associates the concentration of poverty within children’s residential areas with a host of negative outcomes, prior to the publication of the Neighborhood Poverty texts in 1997, little systematic research existed to explain the neighborhood characteristics that affect children, youth, and their families. In response to this need, an interdisciplinary group of leading social scientists convened with the goal of better understanding the ways in which neighborhoods and communities influence the development of poor children and adolescents. This working group aimed to develop theory, concepts, methods, and empirical findings to guide future research in the field of neighborhood studies. Using a common conceptual and analytical framework and employing six different data sets that include both national and local site studies, they analyzed the separate and combined effects of families and neighborhood residence on child and adolescent development. Their findings are described in the two-volume set. Although the questions and hypotheses that the authors generate are not fully answered in these volumes, they clearly identify the theoretical and methodological issues involved in neighborhood research and provide valuable recommendations for future research. Volume 1 focuses on the conceptual framework and the findings from the quantitative analyses undertaken by the research group. Volume 2 emphasizes the methodological and policy implications involved in studying neighborhood effects. Also included in Volume 2 are examples 381 of other neighborhood research and suggestions for the next generation of neighborhood studies. By developing and testing a conceptual framework that combines neighborhood and community influences with an integrative model of child and youth development, Volume 1 breaks important theoretical ground. The model draws most heavily on the developmental-ecological framework and on social disorganization theory. According to the developmentalecological framework, child development takes place within a set of embedded contexts that include both micro- and macrolevel systems and their interactions. From this perspective, how the neighborhood influences children and youth is likely to vary across developmental stages. Focusing on two broad areas of child and adolescent development – cognitiveacademic and social-emotional – these texts examine the effects of the neighborhood throughout four general developmental epochs: (1) preschool childhood, (2) school-age childhood, (3) younger adolescents, and (4) older adolescents. To explain the social processes by which the neighborhood is expected to influence child and youth development, the authors base their theoretical model on previous research in the tradition of social disorganization theory. Consistent with social disorganization theory, the framework they outline includes the following elements: neighborhood socioeconomic composition (e.g., the physical environment, community socioeconomic status, age, gender, residential stability, housing density, ethnic heterogeneity, and institutional resources), social organization (e.g., organizational participation, informal social networks, and collective supervision of youth), and cultural processes (e.g., clarity and consensus of norms and values). The main findings from the studies presented in these texts suggest that neighborhood does matter for child and youth development. Results from data sets spanning across the stages of child development showed the strongest neighborhood effects in early childhood years and late 382 adolescence, while less powerful effects were found in between. However, the size of the neighborhood effects was usually much smaller than the effects of family-level conditions. Given that the authors candidly acknowledge the limitations of their research, it is important to view these studies as a preliminary attempt to understand the relationship between the neighborhood and child and youth development. The limitations of these studies are clearly identified in Chapter 9 of Volume 1 and should be taken into account when interpreting their results. For example, since the data sets were not originally designed to study neighborhood effects, the neighborhood level measures are limited to structuralcompositional factors using census data. Consequently, critically important institutional and organizational factors and social processes (e.g., resources, informal social networks and controls, and delinquent opportunity structures) are not measured. Other limitations concern selection bias because the analyses fail to adjust fully for...

Neighborhood Poverty: Context and Consequences for Children, Volume 1

Children, Youth and Environments Vol. 14 No. 1 (2004) ISSN: 1546-2250 Neighborhood Poverty: Context and Consequences for Children, Volume 1 Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne and Aber, J. Lawrence and Duncan, Greg (1991). New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 334 pages. $55.00. ISBN 0871541882. While there is a long-standing tradition of social research that associates the concentration of poverty within children’s residential areas with a host of negative outcomes, prior to the publication of the Neighborhood Poverty texts in 1997, little systematic research existed to explain the neighborhood characteristics that affect children, youth, and their families. In response to this need, an interdisciplinary group of leading social scientists convened with the goal of better understanding the ways in which neighborhoods and communities influence the development of poor children and adolescents. This working group aimed to develop theory, concepts, methods, and empirical findings to guide future research in the field of neighborhood studies. Using a common conceptual and analytical framework and employing six different data sets that include both national and local site studies, they analyzed the separate and combined effects of families and neighborhood residence on child and adolescent development. Their findings are described in the two-volume set. Although the questions and hypotheses that the authors generate are not fully answered in these volumes, they clearly identify the theoretical and methodological issues involved in neighborhood research and provide valuable recommendations for future research. Volume 1 focuses on the conceptual framework and the findings from the quantitative analyses undertaken by the research group. Volume 2 emphasizes the methodological and policy implications involved in studying neighborhood effects. Also included in Volume 2 are examples of other neighborhood research and suggestions for the next generation of neighborhood studies. By developing and testing a conceptual framework that combines neighborhood and community influences with an integrative model 300 of child and youth development, Volume 1 breaks important theoretical ground. The model draws most heavily on the developmental-ecological framework and on social disorganization theory. According to the developmental-ecological framework, child development takes place within a set of embedded contexts that include both micro- and macro-level systems and their interactions. From this perspective, how the neighborhood influences children and youth is likely to vary across developmental stages. Focusing on two broad areas of child and adolescent development – cognitiveacademic and social-emotional – these texts examine the effects of the neighborhood throughout four general developmental epochs: (1) preschool childhood, (2) school-age childhood, (3) younger adolescents, and (4) older adolescents. To explain the social processes by which the neighborhood is expected to influence child and youth development, the authors base their theoretical model on previous research in the tradition of social disorganization theory. Consistent with social disorganization theory, the framework they outline includes the following elements: neighborhood socioeconomic composition (e.g., the physical environment, community socioeconomic status, age, gender, residential stability, housing density, ethnic heterogeneity, and institutional resources), social organization (e.g., organizational participation, informal social networks, and collective supervision of youth), and cultural processes (e.g., clarity and consensus of norms and values). The main findings from the studies presented in these texts suggest that neighborhood does matter for child and youth development. Results from data sets spanning across the stages of child development showed the strongest neighborhood effects in early childhood years and late adolescence, while less powerful effects were found in between. However, the size of the neighborhood effects was usually much smaller than the effects of family-level conditions. Given that the authors candidly acknowledge the limitations of their research, it is important to view these studies as a preliminary attempt to understand the relationship between the neighborhood and child and youth development. 301 The limitations of these studies are clearly identified in Chapter 9 of Volume 1 and should be taken into account when interpreting their results. For example, since the data sets were not originally designed to study neighborhood effects, the neighborhood level measures are limited to structural-compositional factors using census data. Consequently, critically important institutional and organizational factors and social processes (e.g., resources, informal social networks and controls, and delinquent opportunity structures) are not measured. Other limitations concern selection bias because the analyses fail to...

The systematics of sponges

Review of: Systema Porifera, edited by J. N. A. Hooper and R. W. M. van Soest. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2002, 1708 pp., ISBN 0-306-47260-0 This seems to be a time for the publication of big compendia. One would have thought that in this age of the internet one would be turning to convenient web-sites to find the latest catalogues of data and information about biodiversity of animal groups. Indeed, such do exist, and many of them are remarkably detailed and informative. Nevertheless, there has been a steady stream lately of traditional hardcopy volumes presenting systematic and taxonomic overviews of various groups of animals. This handsome two-volume set is amongst the latest example of these kinds of books to appear.

The expanding scope of bioinformatics: sequence analysis and beyond

The precise definition of bioinformatics has always been a matter of some debate. Although some use a narrow definition which limits it to the analysis of genome sequences (and more recently microarray analysis), it is probably wiser to be inclusive, and include a wide variety of issues relating to the analysis of nucleic acid and protein sequences, structure, expression and networked function. This is the approach taken by Lengauer and co-authors in this impressive two-volume set that offers a useful annotated introduction to the primary molecular biological challenges and algorithmic approaches currently facing the field of bioinformatics. An additional advantage of this collection is that there is a bias towards the use of technologies toward drug development, which helps to explain some of the choices in content that are made. The relevance of informatics technologies to drug discovery is often left implicit, and so the authors provide a service by trying to make this connection explicit. The two-volume set is divided logically into the first entitled 'Basic technologies', which reviews the general landscape of bioinformatics, and then algorithms for sequence alignment, gene identification, characterization of regulatory regions, modelling protein structures, predicting structures, and docking structures. The second volume entitled 'Applications' introduces the problems of data-base integration, support for genome sequencing efforts, sequence variation analysis, proteome analysis, finding drug targets, and screening drugs. Taken together, these two volumes provide a very good set of descriptions and references for the interested reader who wants to enter these fields. The quality of the writing is clear and concise, although the great advances in bioinformatics over the last 10 years makes it difficult to treat all topics fully. Not surprisingly, therefore, some discussions are remarkably short or absent (for example, there is no discussion of RNA secondary structure, RNA three-dimensional structural modelling, and the discussion of Gibbs Sampling and EM for sequence motif detection is very short), while others reflect the biases of the authors (for example, the discussion of data-base integration focuses chiefly on the SRS technology, and the extended discussion of complexes and docking reflect the research interests of the editors). The other challenge facing the authors is the emergence of entirely new areas that dominate the landscape. Thus, for example, there is very little discussion of the analysis of microarray expression data (clustering, classification, learning genetic networks), despite the fact that these data have taken the bioinformatics world by storm, and even dominated recent meetings. There is little the editors can do to anticipate such swings of interest, except start planning for a revised version. To their credit, however, there is a very cogent introduction to the methods of proteomics, which is widely considered to be the next wave in bioinformatics data-analysis challenges. Despite this somewhat uneven treatment (no perfect treatment exists), the focus of the book on broad coverage, and the attempt to relate technologies to drug discovery (not the only reason for bioinformatics, but a major driving force) makes it a valuable reference book, introduction for those entering the field, and text for courses in computational molecular biology and bioinformatics.

Deverll & Hyde, Eds., The West In The History Of The Nation - A Reader

The West in the History of the Nation is an excellent new primary source document collection that uses "western" examples to illuminate national themes-"western" with quotation marks, because much of the action in volume one takes place east of the one-hundredth meridian, where most western regionalists insist the "real West" begins. The two-volume set, which makes the standard break at Reconstruction, is intended primarily for accompaniment with the United States history survey course, but would also work quite well for courses on the American West.