Two-sided Relationship Research Articles

People perceive parasocial relationships to be effective at fulfilling emotional needs.

People regularly form one-sided, "parasocial" relationships (PSRs) with targets incapable of returning the sentiment. Past work has shown that people engage with PSRs to support complex psychological needs (e.g., feeling less lonely after watching a favorite movie). However, we do not know how people rate these relationships relative to traditional two-sided relationships in terms of their effectiveness in supporting psychological needs. The current research (Ntotal = 3085) examined how PSRs help people fulfil emotion regulation needs. In Studies 1 and 2, participants felt that both their YouTube creator and non-YouTube creator PSRs were more effective at fulfilling their emotional needs than in-person acquaintances, albeit less effective than close others. In Study 3, people with high self-esteem thought PSRs would be responsive to their needs when their sociometer was activated, just as they do with two-sided relationships.

The spatial heterogeneity of synergy and trade-off linkages between carbon and air pollutant mitigations in China's steel industry

The linkages between CO2 and air pollutant mitigations in the steel industry, including synergies and trade-offs, have significant spatial heterogeneities. Previous research has only investigated the linkages at the industrial level and overlooked the spatial heterogeneity features, which hinders the precise decision making on mitigation strategies. This study quantifies the linkages between CO2, SO2, NOx, and PM mitigations across cities in China's steel industry. A database of 3689 steel production units is established to calculate the emissions. Then, the linkages of mitigation targets of each city are quantified by setting the tailored mitigation pathways in 2019–2035. The results show that the emissions are highly spatially heterogeneous, as the top five contributing cities account for 27.7–33.2% of the total emissions of China's steel industry, but their emission efficiencies are not necessarily worse than the average. The mitigation pathways cause two-sided relationships, as 138 cities will earn mitigation co-benefits to varying degrees, but other 11 cities show the trade-offs. In addition, the mitigation pathway will lead to the highest economic costs as 51.2 billion CNY/a, bringing heavy economic burdens to some cities. This study enriches the co-mitigation management theory and supports the formulation of spatially differentiated mitigation targets and measures.

Preferences for an eHealth tool to support physical activity and exercise training in COPD: a qualitative study from the viewpoint of prospective users

BackgroundDespite well-known positive effects of pulmonary rehabilitation, access is limited. New strategies to improve access are advocated, including the use of eHealth tools.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to explore prospective users’ preferences for an eHealth tool to support the self-management of physical activity and exercise training in COPD.MethodsA qualitative research design was applied. Data was collected in six, audio recorded, digital co-creation workshops, which were guided by a participatory and appreciative action and reflection approach. A total of 17 prospective users took part in the process, including people with COPD (n = 10), relatives (n = 2), health care givers (n = 4) and a patient organization representative (n = 1). During the workshops, pre-selected relevant topics to exploring end-users’ preferences for eHealth support in self-management in COPD were discussed. The workshops were recorded and transcribed. Data was analysed using inductive qualitative content analysis.ResultsThe overarching theme “fusing with, rather than replacing existing support structures” was uncovered when the two-sided relationship between positive expectations towards digital solutions and the fear of losing access to established rehabilitation systems, emerged in the discussions. Three categories were identified, focused on wishes for an evidence-based support platform of information about COPD, a well-designed eHealth tool including functionalities to motivate in the self-management of physical activity and exercise training, and requirements of various forms of support. Co-creators believed that there were clear benefits in combining the best of digital and existing support systems.ConclusionsCo-creators viewed an eHealth tool including support for physical activity and exercise training as a valuable digital complement to the now existing rehabilitation services. A future eHealth tool needs to focus on user-friendliness and prospective users’s requests.

Double Auction Mechanism for Resource Allocation in Satellite MEC

With the rapid popularity of IoT devices and smart city technologies, mobile edge computing considered as a promising technology appears, which can support real-time applications at the edge of the network. In this paper, we focus on the auction mechanism in mobile edge computing to allocate resources between IoT devices regarded as buyers and edge servers regarded as sellers and establish a two-sided relationship based on network economics to depict the process of resource allocation. Next, two double auction mechanisms named TMF and EMF are proposed, which aim at optimizing the rationality of resource allocation by considering successful trades and social welfare. Both TMF and EMF are applied to the scenario that each seller services to multi-buyers and each buyer also requests for multi-sellers with different sizes of resources requirements. The TMF mechanism we proposed is a truthful mechanism for both buyers and sellers and EMF is an efficient mechanism with high successful trades and social welfare. Then, a theoretical analysis is given and our proposed mechanisms are proved to be computational efficiency, individual rationality and incentive compatibility. Finally, the simulation results indicate that our mechanisms perform better than traditional mechanisms and improve successful trades and social welfare in mobile edge computing.

Carbon footprints and social carbon cost assessments in a perennial energy crop system: A comparison of fertilizer management practices in a Mediterranean area

Agriculture is strongly linked to climate change and has a two-sided relationship with climate change. Although climate change contributes to reducing agricultural productivity, the primary sector is responsible for the production of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; on the other hand, the primary sector could mitigate emissions to foster soil carbon sequestration. Specifically, perennial energy crop systems could produce relevant environmental and socio-economic benefits. This study aimed to highlight the potential efficacy of various fertilizer management strategies in reducing GHG emissions and increasing the social value obtained from carbon storage. Using two methodological approaches, namely, the carbon footprint (CF) and social carbon cost (SCC) methods, five nitrogen fertilization patterns (low input, LI; high input, HI; LI + biochar, LI + Bi; LI + cover crop, LI + CC; and LI + Bi + CC) were compared in an experiment on cardoon cultivation for three consecutive growing seasons. GHG release exceeded GHG removal and ranged from 0.20 (HI) to 0.14 (LI + CC) t CO2e per production unit. LI + CC reduced GHG emissions and optimized yield. The rates of carbon sequestration ranged from 72.7 (HI) to 26.2 (LI) t CO2e t −1 of biomass. Furthermore, the combined use of biochar and a cover crop had no positive effects on C sequestration or GHG emission reduction, unlike these treatments individually. In fact, LI + Bi provided the highest value for C storage (61.1 t CO2e t − 1 of biomass), and LI + CC had the best GHG balance (0.14 t CO2e per production unit). The monetary evaluation of C storage showed that HI would produce the greatest benefits until 2050 (i.e., 9 K US dollars per t CO2e). Although a single best option was not identified among the fertilizer management practices, identifying the optimal trade-offs among productivity, GHG emissions reduction and SCC value is important in ensuring that an energy crop will provide food security as well as environmental and socio-economic sustainability. Furthermore, a potential optimal solution could allow improvements in long-term crop system planning and land use and the development of effective strategies to combat climate change.

GAZE, SOUND AND CINEMATOGRAPHY AS THE ARCHITECT OF ALLEGORY, EXAMPLE OF MALENA

Allegorical structure expands the meaning universe of a movie. Exploring the elements indicating allegorical structure is the only way to define this new form of a meaning universe. If one can define the two-sided relationship between allegorical structure and these elements, the allegorical structure in the movie will become clear and the movie will be open to allegorical reading. In the present study, elements such as color, frame, sound, and character view in the movie Malena were considered as dynamic tools. The allegorical structure in the movie was analyzed by explaining the relationships between these dynamic tools. The code-based structure in a movie is based on these relationships and all the dramaturgy takes place in this universe. The present study investigates the whole process and reveals the movie's analyzable structure by giving examples from the movie itself as well as investigating the process of building allegory as a dramaturgical element. Keywords: allegory, gaze, Malena, cinematography, Italy, sound

Connecting pancreatic islet lipid metabolism with insulin secretion and the development of type 2 diabetes.

Obesity is the major contributing factor for the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in recent years. Sustained positive influx of lipids is considered to be a precipitating factor for beta cell dysfunction and serves as a connection between obesity and T2D. Importantly, fatty acids (FA), a key building block of lipids, are a double-edged sword for beta cells. FA acutely increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through cell-surface receptor and intracellular pathways. However, chronic exposure to FA, combined with elevated glucose, impair the viability and function of beta cells in vitro and in animal models of obesity (glucolipotoxicity), providing an experimental basis for the propensity of beta cell demise under obesity in humans. To better understand the two-sided relationship between lipids and beta cells, we present a current view of acute and chronic handling of lipids by beta cells and implications for beta cell function and health. We also discuss an emerging role for lipid droplets (LD) in the dynamic regulation of lipid metabolism in beta cells and insulin secretion, along with a potential role for LD under nutritional stress in beta cells, and incorporate recent advancement in the field of lipid droplet biology.

Mentor-mentee Relationship: A Win-Win Contract In Graduate Medical Education

Scholarly activities (i.e., the discovery of new knowledge; development of new technologies, methods, materials, or uses; integration of knowledge leading to new understanding) are intended to measure the quality and quantity of dissemination of knowledge. A successful mentorship program is necessary during residency to help residents achieve the six core competencies (patient care, medical knowledge, practice-based learning and improvement, systems-based practice, professionalism, interpersonal and communication skills) required by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). The role of the mentor in this process is pivotal in the advancement of the residents’ knowledge about evidence-based medicine. With this process, while mentees become more self-regulated, exhibit confidence in their performance, and demonstrate more insight and aptitude in their jobs, mentors also achieve elevated higher self-esteem, enhanced leadership skills, and personal gratification. As such, we may conclude that mentoring is a two-sided relationship; i.e., a 'win-win' style of commitment between the mentor and mentee. Hence, both parties will eventually advance academically, as well as professionally.

Impacts of neighboring countries on military expenditures

Using the latest spatial econometric techniques and data pertaining to 144 countries over the period 1993–2007, this article tests and compares four frequently used spatial econometric models and eight matrices describing the mutual relationships among the countries, all within a common framework, which helps clarify the impact of neighboring countries on military expenditures. Furthermore, it utilizes two different data sources. Due to this setup, it provides one of the most thorough spatial analyses of military expenditures so far. Furthermore, it confirms but also challenges the results of several previous studies. Military spending measured as a ratio of GDP in one country indeed depends primarily on the spending of other countries, but in a limited number of cases, it also depends on control variables that can be observed in other countries, among which are the level of GDP, the occurrence of international wars, and the political regime. The most likely specification of the matrix describing the relationships among countries is the first-order binary contiguity matrix based on land or maritime borders, extended to include two-sided relationships among the five countries that are permanent members of the UN Security Council and one-sided relationships to all other countries. Finally, cross-sectional approaches are rejected in favor of dynamic spatial panel data approaches due to their controls for habit persistence, country, and time-period fixed effects.

Optimal relationships between $$L^p$$ -norms for the Hardy operator and its dual

We obtain sharp two-sided inequalities between $$L^p$$ -norms $$(1<p<\infty )$$ of functions $$\textit{Hf}$$ and $$H^*f$$ , where $$H$$ is the Hardy operator, $$H^*$$ is its dual, and $$f$$ is a nonnegative measurable function on $$(0,\infty ).$$ In an equivalent form, it gives sharp constants in the two-sided relationships between $$L^p$$ -norms of functions $$H\varphi -\varphi $$ and $$\varphi $$ , where $$\varphi $$ is a nonnegative nonincreasing function on $$(0,+\infty )$$ with $$\varphi (+\infty )=0.$$ In particular, it provides an alternative proof of a result obtained by Kruglyak and Setterqvist (Proc Am Math Soc 136:2005–2013, 2008) for $$p=2k \,\,(k\in \mathbb N )$$ and by Boza and Soria (J Funct Anal 260:1020–1028, 2011) for all $$p\ge 2$$ , and gives a sharp version of this result for $$1<p<2$$ .

Loyalty Expectations from Employers

Within the study of Business Ethics, the topic of employee loyalty seems to have undergone thorough reflection, e.g. Ewin (1993), Haughey (1993), Pfeiffer (1992), Rosanas and Velilla (2003). Conversely, the other side of the coin has not been often considered: employer loyalty. Loyalty is a trait expected by both parties in a relationship of trust. Business relationships are relationships based on trust. Hence, as in all two-sided relationships the loyalty or disloyalty of one party boosts or mars the loyalty of the other party. Loyalty is a trait that enriches the humanity of the one who practices it (Mele, 2001). For this reason, it is important that employers also are encouraged to practice this virtue in order to develop themselves as better people humanly speaking. If they are not loyal, they do harm to themselves and also to the people who work for them by violating the mutual trust that ought to sustain the relationship. Besides this personal gain of becoming better persons, there is also an economic gain. If owners of businesses wish their employees to be loyal to them, they need to raise their levels of loyalty to their employees. They need to study deeply their business systems and remove elements of disloyalty that inhibit the productivity of the system because of gaps in meeting legitimate loyalty expectations of the people who work in the organization. Besides, employers are better persons if they are loyal employers. This paper examines the above propositions and attempts to identify the indicators of employer loyalty.

Political Hazards, Corporate Financing, and International Investment Decisions - Empirical Evidence for German Firms

This paper discusses the two-sided relationship between political risks of international activities and a company's financial structure. In addition to earlier studies, looking at political risk exposures as predictors of financial structure only, the analyses explicitly take into consideration the reciprocal relationship. Results indicate that companies respond to increased political risks with a reduction in total leverage. The effect is almost completely offset if companies use foreign capital markets to naturally hedge their risk exposures. Although the probability of international market entries is positively related to their ability to generate discretionary funds, and thus negatively to firms' leverage, no cross-relationship between political risks and financial structure could be detected for international market entries.

Hold-up and the evolution of investment and bargaining norms

The purpose of this paper is to explore the evolution of bargaining norms in a simple production problem with two-sided relationship specific investments and competition. The puzzle we wish to address is why efficient bargaining norms do not evolve even though there exist efficient sequential equilibria. Conditions under which stochastically stable bargaining conventions exist are characterized, and it is shown that there is a hierarchy of norms, with a stochastically stable division rule that is independent of the long run investment strategy. Due to this independence, efficient sequential equilibria are not in general stochastically stable. This result may help us understand why institutions, such as firms, may be needed to ensure efficient relationship specific investments.

The Structure of Post-Keynesian Economics: The Core Contributions of the Pioneers

This paper summarises the key elements of Geoffrey Harcourt’s (2006) book of the same title. Special emphasis is given to the contribution of the Cambridge pioneers, such as John Maynard Keynes, Richard Kahn, Joan Robinson, Nicholas Kaldor, Michal Kalecki, Richard Goodwin, Piero Sraffa, Luigi Pasinetti, and Dennis Robertson. The objective of their approaches is to comprehend the dynamics of an advanced capitalist economy, particularly in the context of a monetary system of production. Here, investment leads and saving follows, while the marginal propensity to save of capitalists is greater than that of workers. The economic surplus is produced in the consumption goods sector, and utilised in the capital goods sector. Mark-up pricing is important for the determination of the surplus, as is the trade off between profit-margins and sales. Kalecki’s principle of increasing risk plays a role in the cyclical dynamics, as does the two-sided relationship between profitability and accumulation. The prevailing business climate is important in determining future expectations, while endogenous money and credit help to finance investment. Growth is thus endogenous in these models of finance, accumulation and profit, while potential conflict plays a role in the pricing and investment decisions and in the process of inflation. A general policy vision emanates from these foundations.

Design for Living

W hen a child sees a bird flying past or the fluttering wings of a butterfly, does it inspire thoughts about how to build airplanes? Or does it simply convey the idea that flight is possible? We are immersed in the natural world, so it is not surprising that it inspires the design of engineered structures, or that we would like to probe this world further to learn all its secrets. The four Reviews in this issue highlight this two-sided relationship as it applies to the development of new materials. From nature we have learned how soft brittle materials like chalk are made tougher through composite structures. Some of these same design principles have been applied to the much wider range of building blocks available to the engineer (Mayer, p. [1144][1]). Advances in materials processing, particularly in the area of polymers, are also making it possible to fabricate systems with advanced optical capabilities (Lee and Szema, p. [1148][2]), inspired by living eyes and by creatures that we have recently learned can see even though they appear to lack eyes. On the flip side, new material systems have been designed to probe and manipulate biological interactions. Two Reviews examine highly complementary questions. The first summarizes what has been learned about the interactions of cells with surfaces that possess features at different size scales (Stevens and George, p. [1135][3]). The second explores how cells sense the stiffness and strength of underlying substrates (Discher et al. , p. [1139][4]). From both we see how new materials are being used to probe cell cycles and interactions and to coax cells to grow in desired ways. The drive toward medical applications is helping push research at the biology/materials interface. On the small scale, nanotechnology is being explored to find new methods for cancer detection and treatment (Service, p. [1132][5]). A Science of Aging Knowledge Environment (SAGE KE) feature story by Davenport explores the progress and problems of engineering tissues in the lab. This endeavor could revolutionize medicine, potentially reversing illnesses such as diabetes, heart disease, and liver failure. As research at the interface between materials and biology increasingly overlaps, we look forward to seeing how each continues to inspire developments in the other. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1116994 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1115248 [3]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1106587 [4]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1116995 [5]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.310.5751.1132

An Exploratory Study of Attitudes of Negro Professionals toward Competition with Whites

An Exploratory Study of Attitudes of Negro Professionals toward Competition with Whites

The Public Seal of Athens

PROFESSOR WALLACE has raised some most interesting questions in his article on this subject,1 but I am not altogether happy about some of his answers. He has generously asked me to raise my doubts in public. If they stimulate anyone to further comment or investigation, we will both be very glad. First, what does avupl3oXov mean? Its primary meaning is quite clear from its etymology and the passages collected in Liddell and Scott. Something is broken irregularly, and the two parties each take half. test of whether the two parts belong together is whether they join exactly. It is exactly the principle of the indenture or the tally. Since Wallace wrote, examples of such aibfl,oXa, roughly contemporary with the Kleinias decree and used for internal Athenian purposes at which we can only guess, have been found in the Athenian Agora.2 Clay plaques were inscribed, divided carefully but irregularly, and then fired. materials used may have differed, but every other meaning of the word down to our own 'symbol' is secondary to this. If we can leave the word with its original meaning, we should, particularly in the fifth century. rviuloXa, then, involve a two-sided relationship, and, though it is a minor point, I cannot accept Wallace's paraphrase of the phrase in the Kleinias decree {iu8oXa 68 orotiaaOaat 7rpos rTas roIXEc as will make seals for the allied cities, for this should be raovLL roXEaL. In fact, he cannot accept it himself, for when exactly the same phrase occurs in the decree for the King of Sidon he paraphrases, The Athenian demos and the Sidonian king are to exchange cuil3loXa. Dictation is out of place here, and so it is in the Kleinias decree. precaution is against the individuals who bring the tribute and is for the benefit of both Athens and the ally. Now, in this case, something is happening which is perhaps a little abnormal. tablet, on which is inscribed the amount of tribute being sent, is to be sealed, not with any pictorial or other device, but with the impression of the jagged avbfoXov. When the tablet arrived at Athens, the sealing would be checked by putting the corresponding half beside the impression. Why aOfioXa and not ordinary seals (a0opayLyTes)? Firstly, it is possible that not all the allies may have public seals. Secondly, it might be a cumbersome process to collect official copies of all the different state-seals involved. How would they be certified? Thirdly, this is something essentially private between the allied magistrates and the officials at Athens, and it would be a good deal less easy for a defaulting tribute-