Two-phase System Research Articles

Aqueous two-phase system based on hexafluoroisopropanol and acetonitrile for homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction of cationic dyes


 
 
 
 This work demonstrates that an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is formed when a small amount of acetonitrile (ACN) is added to the aqueous hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) solution. The effect of ACN amount on the volume of the formed HFIP/ACN phase was investigated. It was also shown that relatively hydrophilic methylene blue was completely extracted into the HFIP/ACN phase whereas its extractability with conventional solvents (hexane, CH2Cl2 and CHCl3) was significantly lower. The obtained results suggest that the HFIP/ACN phase exhibits a relatively high polarity and should be a good choice for the extraction of moderately or even highly polar compounds from aqueous samples. Finally, the developed ATPS was applied for the homogeneous liquidliquid microextraction of four cationic dyes from river water samples prior to HPLC analysis. Under optimised extraction conditions, the enrichment factors were around 150. Calibration curves were linear (R2 ≥ 0.9959) for the concentration level between 0.2–0.5 and 50.0 μg/L and the detection limits were in the range 0.05–0.18 μg/L. The recoveries of the dyes for the spiked water samples were 88.6–98.5%, with the relative standard deviation values less than 9.6%.
 
 
 

A fast and cost-effective integer restoring division hardware

In this work, the circuit for unsigned integer restoring division divides each bit in one clock cycle, resulting in total delay cycles equal to the number of bits (n) plus an extra cycle for the final result. Thus, the proposed n-bit division circuit has an access time of (n+1) clock cycles. The hardware cost includes a subtractor and six registers, aligned with a two-phase clocking system. The novelty lies in the shift register, which shifts to the left during the high phase and restores data during the low phase of the clock. Although there are two phases of operations, the subtractor completes a full cycle for computation. As a result, the subtractor's delay time determines the clock period. The control unit is a simple ring shifter triggered at the clock's low phase. The simulation results obtained from synthesized HDL and HSPICE at 90 nm TSMC technology validate the circuit's functionality and characteristic feature of a performance rate of O(n). Using a standard CMOS library component, the 32-bit arithmetic divider requires 33 ns to produce exact Quotient and Remainder values. The circuit operates at a 1 GHz clock cycle and consumes a power of 752 µW. The total number of transistors used in this circuit is 8,860.

Numerical simulation of non-spherical microparticles' deposition on single fiber

As a classical gas-solid two-phase flow system, the processes of fiber filtering microparticles are prevalent in nature and engineering. However, the impact of microparticle shape on fiber filtration processes is still largely unexplored. Herein, using the self-developed spheropolyhedral-based discrete element lattice Boltzmann method, the filtration process of non-spherical microparticles through a single fiber is investigated. Results show that the single fiber efficiency (SFE) for non-spherical particles exhibits a trend of initially increasing and subsequently decreasing trend with the increase in Stokes number (St), which is similar to the case of spherical particles. However, it is interesting to note that the peak values of SFE increase significantly with decreasing particle sphericity (ψ) and the corresponding St values become larger. As ψ decreases from 1.0 (sphere) to 0.671 (tetrahedron), the SFE increase from 0.205 to 0.49 and the corresponding St rises from 1.0 to 1.75. The enhanced SFE can be explained by elevated collision probability and adhesion probability, based on detailed particle kinematics and dynamics behavior analysis as well as microscopic depositional structure evaluation. The depositional structures of the non-spherical particles have larger capture areas, leading to higher initial collision probabilities. Meanwhile, the anisotropic collisions between non-spherical particles and fibers greatly contribute to higher secondary collision probabilities. In addition, compared to spherical particles of the same volume, the non-spherical particles experience greater fluid resistance, resulting in lower initial collision velocities and larger initial adhesion probabilities. The face-to-face contacts between non-spherical particles also lead to stronger interparticle adhesion and enhanced adhesion probabilities.

The Landscape of Exosomes Biogenesis to Clinical Applications.

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate from various cells and mediate intercellular communication, altering the behavior or fate of recipient cells. They carry diverse macromolecules, such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Environmental stressors can change the exosomal contents of many cells, making them useful for diagnosing many chronic disorders, especially neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, cancerous, and diabetic diseases. Moreover, exosomes can be engineered as therapeutic agents to modulate disease processes. State-of-art techniques are employed to separate exosomes including ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography and immunoaffinity. However, modern technologies such as aqueous two-phase system as well as microfluidics are gaining attention in the recent years. The article highlighted the composition, biogenesis, and implications of exosomes, as well as the standard and novel methods for isolating them and applying them as biomarkers and therapeutic cargo carriers.

Green and efficient method to acquire high-value phycobiliprotein from microalgal biomass involving deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted extraction

Phycoerythrin (PE) is a phycobiliprotein holding great potential as a high-value food colorant and medicine. Deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was applied to extract B-PE by disrupting the resistant polysaccharide cell wall of Porphyridium purpureum. The solubility of cell wall monomers in 31 DESs was predicted using COSMO-RS. Five glycerol-based DESs were tested for extraction, all of which showed significantly higher B-PE yields by up to 13.5 folds than water. The DES-dependent B-PE extraction efficiencies were proposedly associated with different cell disrupting capabilities and protein stabilizing effects of DESs. The DES-based UAE method could be considered green according to a metric assessment tool, AGREEprep. The crude extract containing DES was further subjected to aqueous two-phase system, two-step ammonium sulfate precipitation, and ultrafiltration processes. The final purified B-PE had a PE purity ratio of 3.60 and a PC purity ratio of 0.08, comparable to the purity of commercial products.

Determination of indoxyl sulfate by spectrofluorimetric method in human plasma through extraction with deep eutectic solvent

A rapid and efficient analytical method was established to quantify indoxyl sulfate (IS) in plasma through extraction technique with a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and spectrofluorimetric method. DES (choline chloride: urea) was mixed with plasma samples for the extraction of IS, followed by the addition of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) solution to form an aqueous two-phase system. The fluorescence intensity of IS which was first extracted to the DES-rich-phase and then back-extracted into the salt-rich-phase, was measured by spectrofluorimetric method. Some key factors such as pH, centrifugation speed and time, the volume ratio of DES/salt, and salt concentration were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the suggested method had a dynamic range between 20 and 160 µg/mL with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.99. Precision (relative standard deviation) was less than 15% and accuracy (% relative recovery) was ± 15% at the nominal concentration level. In addition, results showed that IS levels in real samples were higher than 40 µg/mL which was compatible with reported IS levels in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Overall, all the results reflect the fact that the presented analytical method can potentially be used for the determination of IS in real plasma samples.

Temperature dependence of liquid–liquid equilibria in nonaqueous two–phase systems based on formamide

The cloud–point method was used to determine temperatures located on the binodal surface for several nonaqueous two-phase systems containing formamide, and: {1–pentanol + NaBr} or {1–pentanol + NaNO3}, or {1–butanol + NaNO3}, or {1–butanol + D–sorbitol}, or {acetonitrile + D–fructose}. For comparison purposes, the measurements were made in the water + acetonitrile + D-fructose system. The measured temperatures ranged from about 0 to 90 °C. The experimental data were described by the NRTL model as well as through several empirical equations with the parameters depending on temperature. Finally, the paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of individual solutions.

Assessment of two-phase dissolution system as a guide in drug formulation: The furosemide case

The performance and the quality control of a drug may be evaluated using different approaches. Dissolution test is a corner stone in these processes. However, many issues appeared when using monophasic dissolution system like keeping the sink condition and/or described the in-vivo performance for Class II and IV drugs. Therefore, this study was to evaluate the biphasic dissolution system as discriminatory tool to differentiate between manufacture process and different excipient use for Class IV drug. Furosemide was prepared by two different methods: direct compression and wet granulation. Different excipients (acid and base) were used for each method. Furthermore, two commercially available products (Lasix® and generic product FA) were used for comparison with the prepared formulation. All formulations were evaluated for physical properties like hardness, friability and disintegration. Monophasic and biphasic dissolution tests were carried out for all formulas. All physical properties of the prepared tablets were within acceptable values. The dissolution rates of all three types of formulas (brand, generic, and prepared formulation) were identical under monophasic conditions. The similarity factor was more than 50 and difference factor less than 15. On the other hand, the biphasic dissolution profiles (aqueous phase, organic phase and overall dissolution media) showed significant differences between all prepared formulations and the brand product. Moreover, the two phase system still had the ability to show the similarity between brand and generic product. Furthermore, the direct compression method showed lower release than wet granulation method. Similarly, the acid excipients showed higher release than the basic one. As a conclusion, the biphasic dissolution system showed an excellent discriminatory power. Moreover, this approach was superior over conventional dissolution system regarding identifying variations in production processes and excipients content.

Deep learning algorithms for temperature prediction in two-phase immersion-cooled data centres

PurposeAs data centres grow in size and complexity, traditional air-cooling methods are becoming less effective and more expensive. Immersion cooling, where servers are submerged in a dielectric fluid, has emerged as a promising alternative. Ensuring reliable operations in data centre applications requires the development of an effective control framework for immersion cooling systems, which necessitates the prediction of server temperature. While deep learning-based temperature prediction models have shown effectiveness, further enhancement is needed to improve their prediction accuracy. This study aims to develop a temperature prediction model using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Networks based on recursive encoder-decoder architecture.Design/methodology/approachThis paper explores the use of deep learning algorithms to predict the temperature of a heater in a two-phase immersion-cooled system using NOVEC 7100. The performance of recursive-long short-term memory-encoder-decoder (R-LSTM-ED), recursive-convolutional neural network-LSTM (R-CNN-LSTM) and R-LSTM approaches are compared using mean absolute error, root mean square error, mean absolute percentage error and coefficient of determination (R2) as performance metrics. The impact of window size, sampling period and noise within training data on the performance of the model is investigated.FindingsThe R-LSTM-ED consistently outperforms the R-LSTM model by 6%, 15.8% and 12.5%, and R-CNN-LSTM model by 4%, 11% and 12.3% in all forecast ranges of 10, 30 and 60 s, respectively, averaged across all the workloads considered in the study. The optimum sampling period based on the study is found to be 2 s and the window size to be 60 s. The performance of the model deteriorates significantly as the noise level reaches 10%.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed models are currently trained on data collected from an experimental setup simulating data centre loads. Future research should seek to extend the applicability of the models by incorporating time series data from immersion-cooled servers.Originality/valueThe proposed multivariate-recursive-prediction models are trained and tested by using real Data Centre workload traces applied to the immersion-cooled system developed in the laboratory.

In situ ionic liquid-assisted mechanochemical extraction and aqueous two-phase system enrichment of hydrophobic flavonoids from rose

An effective in situ ionic liquid-assisted mechanochemical extraction (MCE) and aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) enrichment method was established. An ATPS can be formed to accomplish the enrichment of the compounds while realizing the MCE for medicinal crop, aiming to establish a pretreatment method for quantitative analysis of active compounds in complex matrices. The effects of ionic liquid amount, milling time, salt amount, vortex time and pH value were investigated, and the optimal conditions for the response surface method were obtained as follows: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide amount of 250.37 mg, milling time of 1.99 min and salt amount of 4.38 g. After obtaining the optimal conditions, the method has the correlation coefficients of 0.9963–0.9996, and the limits of detection for the analytes were ranged from 0.05 to 0.08 ng/mL. Besides, the recoveries of rose samples were 84–119% at spiked levels of 0.1 and 1 µg/mL. Compared with other extraction methods, this method synchronously combines MCE and ATPS enrichment techniques, which is environmentally friendly and shortens the extraction time, and can effectively extract hydrophobic flavonoids from roses without any organic solvents.

Efficient zero wastewater and salt-free of cotton fiber dyeing via hydrophobic organic chemical/water two-phase dyeing system

For cotton fabric dyeing, a significant quantity of salt and water are typically consumed in the conventional water dyeing bath. In this study, an environmentally friendly alternative was investigated that could eliminate water waste and salt usage, as well as reducing chemical consumption. This method, which employs a hydrophobic organic chemical/water two-phase dyeing system, solely involves fiber swelling, dye dissolution, and the use of alkaline agents. By substituting the water required for heat and mass with an organic chemical, 71.43% dye reduction can be achieved in dye consumption compared to traditional water-based dyeing method. Benefiting from the natural affinity between dyes and cotton fibers, without any interaction with hydrophobic organic chemicals, reactive dye can diffuse into the fiber surface, which can achieve above 98% dye uptake and 90% fixation rate. The K/S value of the dyed cotton fabric is much higher than that of conventional water bath at the same dye concentration, and it is the highest when the water content is 120 %. Moreover, the uniform distribution of dye and the color fastness of the dyed fabric are comparable to traditional water-based dyeing. Due to the influence of intermolecular forces, the aggregation of dye is changed to varying degrees in different hydrophilic and hydrophobic cotton fiber dyeing systems, which further influences the dyeing quality. This study not only improves the utilization of dye but achieves salt-free, no wastewater emission and reduces the dyeing cost, providing an economical and sustainable dyeing method for the industrial dyeing of cotton fabric.

Synthesis, characterizations, and photocatalytic activity of ZnO/NiBi2O4

ZnO/NiBi2O4 was successfully synthesized using patikan kebo leaf extract (PKLE) in a two-phase system. The band gap value of ZnO/NiBi2O4 was 2.72 eV, which is actively in the visible region. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO/NiBi2O4 showed better degradation of malachite green than that of ZnO and NiBi2O4. The degradation efficiency over ZnO/NiBi2O4, NiBi2O4, and ZnO were 92.30 %, 77.33 %, and 55.99 %, respectively, under visible light for 120 min. The reaction rate constant using ZnO/NiBi2O4 was greater than that of ZnO and NiBi2O4, suggesting that the modification of ZnO with NiBi2O4 increased the photodegradation activity by hindering the photorecombination of electron-holes in ZnO. Notably, O2∙–, ∙OH, and h+ are identified as crucial species that play a vital role in the degradation process confirmed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis. This work studied potential ZnO/NiBi2O4 materials for photocatalytic dye degradation applications.

Multicomponent droplet evaporation in a geometric volume-of-fluid framework

This work proposes an innovative model for multicomponent phase change in interface-resolved simulations. The two-phase system is described by a geometric Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) approach, and considers multiple components in non-isothermal environments, relaxing the hypothesis of pure liquid droplets usually studied in the literature. The model includes the Stefan flow and implements the following solutions for the complications that arise when studying liquid mixtures: i) a coupled approach for solving the interface jump conditions; ii) a proper strategy to obtain a liquid velocity for the advection of the volume fraction field, also applicable to static droplets with strong density ratio; iii) and a geometric approach to discretize the scalar fields transport equations. This model was implemented in the open-source code Basilisk, and it was tested on a number of benchmark phase change problems, such as the fixed flux evaporation, the Stefan problem, Epstein Plesset, and the Scriven problem. These test cases demonstrate the convergence of the numerical methods to the analytical solutions. More complex configurations, such as multicomponent isothermal and non-isothermal droplets are compared using numerical benchmark solutions obtained assuming spherical symmetry. The code, as well as the simulation setups, are released on the Basilisk website, making it the first model and open-source implementation of multicomponent phase change in a VOF framework.

Engineering heterogeneous hierarchical hydrogels based on Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch polysaccharide/whey protein isolate fibrils aqueous two-phase emulsion

Emulsion-templating techniques have been used to develop structurally anisotropic hydrogels. This paper proposes a method to couple biopolymer assembly behavior with a phase-separated aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) to construct a hierarchical structure on protein-polysaccharide hydrogels. Based on the phase separation of Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch polysaccharide (ASKP) and whey protein isolate (WPI) fibrils, a bi-continuous hydrogel was fabricated through spontaneous iron-facilitated molecular chelation. The impact of WPI fibrils under ultrasonic treatment for varying durations on gel structurization and physicochemical properties was also exploited. Shorter length of WPI fibrils facilitated stepwise cross-linking gelation during the oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric ions. Specifically, ultrasonic treatment for 6 min and 8 min promoted the accumulation of shorter fibrils, resulting in the formation of a more intensive clockwise-oriented hierarchical network. Compared to the hydrogels with longer linear aggregates without the ultrasonic treatment, the incorporation of the shorter aggregates resulting from ultrasonic treatment for 6 min and 8 min significantly increased the gel's water holding capacity and mechanical properties. Additionally, the fibrils that underwent ultrasonic treatment for 6 min resulted in a more stable three-dimensional network with optimal elastic performance. This study presents a new water-in-water emulsion-templated strategy for structural regulation and stabilization of multiform hydrogel.

Thermally-resilient, phase-invertible, ultra-stable all-aqueous compartments by pH-modulated protein colloidal particles

The essence of compartmentalization in cells is the inspiration behind the engineering of synthetic counterparts, which has emerged as a significant engineering theme. Here, we report the formation of ultra-stable water-in-water (W/W) emulsion droplets. These W/W droplets demonstrate previously unattained stability across a broad pH spectrum and exhibit resilience at temperatures up to 80℃, overcoming the challenge of insufficient robustness in dispersed droplets of aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS). The exceptional robustness is attributed to the strong anchoring of micelle-like casein colloidal particles at the PEO/DEX interface, which maintains stability under varying environmental conditions. The increased surface hydrophobicity of these particles at high temperatures contributes to the formation of thermally-stable droplets, enduring temperatures as high as 80℃. Furthermore, our study illustrates the adaptable affinity of micelle-like casein colloidal particles towards the PEO/DEX-rich phase, enabling the formation of stable DEX-in-PEO emulsions at lower pH levels, and PEO-in-DEX emulsions as the pH rises above the isoelectric point. The robust nature of these W/W emulsions unlocks new possibilities for exploring various biochemical reactions within synthetic subcellular modules and lays a solid foundation for the development of novel biomimetic materials.

Abstract 3624: A low-cost kit for gentle, effective and timely extracellular vesicle (GET EVs) isolation: Accelerating development of RNA-based liquid biopsies for neuroendocrine neoplasms

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell fragments released by all cells, making them promising platforms for cancer biomarker development. Effective isolation of ultra-pure EVs for downstream analyses is key for EV-based liquid biopsy development. However, current EV isolation methods such as ultracentrifugation (UC) and other commercialized EV isolation kits are lackluster because of damage to EVs, length of time required, and low EV recovery rates. In response, we developed an “GET EV” kit which is based on the principles of lipid energy states, also known as the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) to isolate EVs from any media. Nanoscale flow cytometry (nFC) analysis revealed that ATPS has greater EV enrichment capability (21.4 × vs. 10.9 × times fold enrichment) and higher EV recovery efficiency (97.6% vs. 69.3% recovery) than UC. Other EV isolation kits were tested and were inferior to ATPS in terms of EV recovery and EV-RNA recovery. EV subpopulations as determined by EV biomarkers (CD9, CD63, CD81, etc.) were confirmed by nFC. “Omics” studies (small RNA sequencing and proteomics) also confirmed the presence of expected EV markers. We developed an RNA-based liquid biopsy for Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NENs) by quantitating the presence of EVs containing miR-375, an established biomarker for NENs. Using the GET EVs kit, we isolated EVs from healthy volunteer and patient plasma samples of NEN patients. RT-qPCR demonstrated enriched expression of miR-375 in EVs isolated from Lung and GI NEN patient plasma samples. Our study establishes the use of GET EV kits to efficiently, rapidly, and gently isolate EVs from small plasma samples (250 uL). This is a low-cost innovation that will finally enable the development of other RNA-based Liquid Biopsies for other disease sites with significant diagnostic and prognostic implications. Citation Format: Boyang Su, Morteza Jeyhani, Xiaojing Yang, Jina Nanayakkara, Reese Wunsche, Neil Renwich, Scott Tsai, Hon Leong. A low-cost kit for gentle, effective and timely extracellular vesicle (GET EVs) isolation: Accelerating development of RNA-based liquid biopsies for neuroendocrine neoplasms [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3624.

In situ extraction and enrichment of multiple amino acids by integrated mechanochemical extraction and aqueous two-phase system

A highly efficient and environment-friendly extraction technology was established to extract and enrich multiple amino acids (AAs) in situ by deep eutectic solvent (DES)-assisted mechanochemical extraction (MCE) and aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). Firstly, the DES was prepared from betaine and ethylene glycol in a 1:2 M ratio. Then, a series of conditions were evaluated by single-factor and multifactor experiments to select the optimum experimental parameters. The highest extraction yields of AAs were obtained by DES-assisted MCE and ATPS enrichment, including that the amount of DES was 0.97 mL, the milling time was 4.88 min, the amount of salt was 8 g, and the solid-to-liquid ratio was 0.055 g mL−1. After extracting, the diluted AA extracts were analyzed by a high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector after pre-column derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysccinimidyl carbamate. The methodological validation demonstrated the proposed method exhibited satisfactory limits of detection ranged from 0.11 to 0.82 ng mL−1, reliable interday precision (%RSD) of 0.014–0.067 % for retention time and 1.29–3.34 % for the peak area, acceptable reproducibility with %RSD below 4.1 %, and good %recovery between 90.3 % and 122.5 % at three spiked concentrations. The surface morphology of raw, only ground, and DES-ground sample powders was tested by scanning electron microscopy to further explore the changes in the physicochemical properties of samples. By comparing with other AAs extraction methods, the developed method is not only eco-friendly, but greatly improves the yield of free AAs extracted from chrysanthemum.

Abstract 4421: Intracellular cytomatrix actin and the Warburg effect

Abstract Introduction: The cytoplasm of living cells is dynamic and the motion arising from fluctuating forces in cells is an active process, rather than being thermally induced. Motor proteins could be the primary causative force of intracellular movement. However, which motor protein is involved in the intracellular dynamics, what process requires fluctuational intracellular activity, and where the energy source comes from is unknown. To address the impact of intracellular motion in cellular processes, we chemically separated the viscous fluid (cytosol) and elastic solid (cytomatrix) phases of cytoplasm. The multiomic analysis was used to dissect the compositional differences between the liquid and solid phases. LC-MS/MS-based proteome analysis was used to identify the composition of the HCT-15 colon cancer cell cytomatrix. The mRNA translation was measured by Ribosome footprinting. Results: Since the kinesis of the solid phase can trigger liquid phase flux, the composition of the cytomatrix was the primary focus of the study of cytoplasmic motion. The systemic analysis of the cytomatrix constituency allowed the identification of a diverse functional group of proteomes that included cytoskeletal and structural elements of organoids, metabolic enzymes, and normal- and proto-oncogenic signaling pathways. The two-phase system elucidated how diverse chemical reactions can occur simultaneously within the cell cytoplasm. Namely, the immobilization of catalytic complexes on the solid cytomatrix physically segregates biochemical reactants, thereby overcoming spatial impediments and allowing diverse metabolic reactions to coincide. Actomyosin and other actin-binding proteins of cytomatrix were the most abundant and diverse proteome, indicating that the primary machinery driving cytomatrix mobility consists of actomyosin, actin-binding, and actin-regulating proteins of cytomatrix. The cytomatrix dynamics trigger the cytosolic motion that carries substrates to immobilized catalytic complexes of the cytomatrix, thereby increasing product output, which appears to be a more intense process in cancer cells due to genetic and epigenetic aberrations. Under normal physiological conditions, mitochondrial respiration can deliver the energy requirements of cytomatrix micromechanics, but in cancer cells, additional energy of ATP is supplied by the aerobic glycolysis known as the Warburg effect to provide the ATP surplus for actomyosin mechanics. Conclusion: The intracellular motion is supported through non-muscle actomyosin action of the solid phase (cytomatrix), permitting increased glycolytic pathway activity in tumor cells. This novel concept of cancer links the Warburg effect with the bioenergetics of cytomatrix micromechanics and the dynamics of metabolic processes in tumors. Thus, two of the mysteries in cancer cell biology, how chemical reactions occur in the cytoplasm and energy is generated by tumor cells, have now been linked. Citation Format: Tattym E. Shaiken. Intracellular cytomatrix actin and the Warburg effect [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4421.

Simulating ion transfer across a liquid–liquid interface and electrocapillarity based on the electrochemical potential of all ions in the system

The liquid–liquid interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions is an important subject in electrochemistry because ion-transfer reactions can be controlled externally. The electrochemical potentials of ions determine their behavior in a liquid–liquid two-phase system. The electrochemical potential is a continuous function of the system assuming a linear transition region at the interface. A simulation model that considers the electrochemical potential of all ions in the system was constructed for the liquid–liquid interface under electrochemical-measurement conditions. This model facilitates evaluating ion-transfer voltammograms affected by IR drops and separating charging currents from Faraday currents. Moreover, the model enables electrocapillary curves to be determined.

Water-Doped Brønsted Acidic Protic Ionic Liquids for Enhanced Tributyl Citrate Synthesis in a Two-Phase Esterification System.

Tributyl citrate (TBC) plays a crucial role as a plasticizer, enhancing the flexibility of polymers such as polyvinyl chloride. Its biodegradability and non-toxic nature contribute to eco-friendly appeal, making it a preferred additive in diverse industries, including food packaging, medical devices, toys, and consumer goods. Herein, a method for the synthesis of TBC using inexpensive Brønsted acidic protic ionic liquids (ILs) in a two-phase reaction system is presented. The esterification process is carried out with high yield (>99 %), selectivity (up to 98 %) and short reaction time of 2 h. The catalyst in the form of IL shows excellent performance and stability, desirable for industrial applications.