Two-mode Squeezed State Research Articles

Manipulating the direction of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering

Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering exhibits an inherent asymmetric feature that differs from both entanglement and Bell nonlocality, which leads to one-way EPR steering. Although this one-way EPR steering phenomenon has been experimentally observed, the schemes to manipulate the direction of EPR steering have not been investigated thoroughly. In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate three schemes to manipulate the direction of EPR steering, either by varying the noise on one party of a two-mode squeezed state (TMSS) or transmitting the TMSS in a noisy channel. The dependence of the direction of EPR steering on the noise and transmission efficiency in the quantum channel is analyzed. The experimental results show that the direction of EPR steering of the TMSS can be changed in the presented schemes. Our work is helpful in understanding the fundamental asymmetry of quantum nonlocality and has potential applications in future asymmetric quantum information processing.

Light-mediated non-Gaussian entanglement of atomic ensembles

We analyze a similar scheme for producing light-mediated entanglement between atomic ensembles, as first realized by Julsgaard, Kozhekin, and Polzik [Nature (London) 413, 400 (2001)]. In the standard approach to modeling the scheme, a Holstein--Primakoff approximation is made, where the atomic ensembles are treated as bosonic modes, and is only valid for short interaction times. In this paper, we solve the time evolution without this approximation, which extends the region of validity of the interaction time. For short entangling times, we find that this produces a state with characteristics similar to those of a two-mode squeezed state, in agreement with standard predictions. For long entangling times, the state evolves into a non-Gaussian form, and the characteristics of the two-mode squeezed state start to diminish. This is attributed to more exotic types of entangled states being generated. We characterize the states by examining the Fock-state probability distributions, Husimi $Q$ distributions, and nonlocal entanglement between the ensembles. We compare and connect several quantities obtained by using the Holstein--Primakoff approach and our exact time evolution methods.

A Simple Method on Generating any Bi-Photon Superposition State with Linear Optics**Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 61475197, 61590932, 11274178, the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions under Grant No. 15KJA120002, the Outstanding Youth Project of Jiangsu Province under Grant No. BK20150039, and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher

We present a simple method on the generation of any bi-photon superposition state using only linear optics. In this scheme, the input states, a two-mode squeezed state and a bi-photon state, meet on a beam-splitter and the output states are post-selected with two threshold single-photon detectors. We carry out corresponding numerical simulations by accounting for practical experimental conditions, calculating both the Wigner function and the state fidelity of those generated bi-photon superposition states. Our simulation results demonstrate that not only distinct nonclassical characteristics but also very high state fidelities can be achieved even under imperfect experimental conditions.

A correlated electromechanical system

A correlation with phonons sustained by a pair of electromechanical resonators that differ both in size and frequency is demonstrated. In spite of the electromechanical resonators being spatially distinct, they can still be strongly dynamically coupled via a classical analogue of the beam splitter interaction with a cooperativity exceeding five, and parametric down-conversion which results in both resonators self-oscillating. This latter regime yields a classical variant of a two-mode squeezed state which is identified as perfectly correlated phase-locked vibrations between the two resonators. The creation of a correlation between two separate mechanical resonators suggests that extending this interaction to vacuum phonon states could enable a macroscopic two-mode squeezed state to be generated. Conversely, the ability to resolve the correlated state via the self-oscillations could be harnessed to build a new class of detector where an external stimulus neutralises the phase-locked vibrations.

Continuous-variable entanglement via multiphoton catalysis

We theoretically investigate the performance of multiphoton catalysis applied on the two-mode squeezed state by examining the entropy of entanglement, logarithmic negativity, Eistein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR), and Hillery-Zubairy (HZ) correlations, and the fidelity of teleportation. It is found that the entanglement increases with the number of catalysis operations if the squeezing parameter is low initially. Our comparisons show that the HZ correlation presents a better performance than the EPR correlation for detecting the entanglement, and the improvement of HZ correlation definitely results in the improvement of entropy of entanglement rather than negativity; the region of enhanced EPR correlation is a subregion of all other entanglement properties. In addition, we consider the performances of the fidelity by comparing such operations applied before or after the amplitude damping channel. It is shown that the catalysis operation of $m=n=1$ before the channel presents the best performance in the initial-low squeezing regime. This may provide a useful insight for a long-distance quantum communication.

Synthesis of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entanglement in a sequence of two single-mode squeezers.

We propose and implement a new scheme of generating the optical Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entangled state. Parametric down-conversion in two nonlinear crystals, positioned back-to-back in the waist of a pump beam, produces single-mode squeezed vacuum states in orthogonal polarization modes; a subsequent beam splitting entangles them and generates the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen state. The technique takes advantage of the strong nonlinearity associated with type-0 phase-matching configuration while, at the same time, eliminating the need for actively stabilizing the optical phase between the two single-mode squeezers. We demonstrate our method, preparing a 1.4 dB two-mode squeezed state and characterizing it via two-mode homodyne tomography.

New optical field and its Wigner function obtained by partial tracing over one- and two-mode combinatorial squeezed state

Based on the one- and two-mode combinatorial squeezed state (H.Y. Fan, Phys. Rev. A. 41(3), 1526 (1990))which can enhance squeezing effect, we derive a new optical field by using partial tracing method, we not only obtain its density operator but also deduce its Wigner function by virtue of operators' Weyl ordering property. This new photon field possesses more photon numbers than the corresponding chaotic field, and can be applied to quantum controlling and quantum information processing.

English

Although the geometric phase for one-mode squeezed state had been studied in detail, the counterpart for two-mode squeezed state is vacant. In this paper, we aim at the special case, namely, two-mode squeezed vacuum state. Furthermore, the total phase factor is to be written in an elegant form, which is just identical to one term of product of two squeezed operators. In addition, when this system undergoes cyclic evolutions, the corresponding geometric phase is obtained, which is the sum of the counterparts of two isolated one-mode squeezed vacuum state. Finally, the relationship between the cyclic geometric phase and entanglement of two-mode squeezed vacuum state is established.   Key words: Quantum optics, Geometric phases, Entanglement

Laguerre-Polynomial-Weighted Two-Mode Squeezed State

We propose a new optical field named Laguerre-polynomial-weighted two-mode squeezed state. We find that such a state can be generated by passing the l-photon excited two-mode squeezed vacuum state Cla†lS2|00〉 through an single-mode amplitude damping channel. Physically, this paper actually is concerned what happens when both excitation and damping of photons co-exist for a two-mode squeezed state, e.g., dessipation of photon-added two-mode squeezed vacuum state. We employ the summation method within ordered product of operators and a new generating function formula about two-variable Hermite polynomials to proceed our discussion.

Multimode Raman light-atom interface in warm atomic ensemble as multiple three-mode quantum operations

We analyse the properties of a Raman quantum light-atom interface in long atomic ensemble and its applications as a quantum memory or two-mode squeezed state generator. We consider the weak-coupling regime and include both Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering and the effects of Doppler broadening in buffer gas assuming frequent velocity-averaging collisions. We find the Green functions describing multimode transformation from input to output fields of photons and atomic excitations. Proper mode basis is found via singular value decomposition for short interaction times. It reveals that triples of modes are coupled by a transformation equivalent to a combination of two beamsplitters and a two-mode squeezing operation. We analyse the possible transformations on an example of warm rubidium-87 vapour. The model we present bridges the gap between the Stokes only and anti-Stokes only interactions providing simple, universal description in a temporally and longitudinally multimode situation. Our results also provide an easy way to find an evolution of the states in a Schrödinger picture thus facilitating understanding and design.

Quantum estimation via parametric amplification in circuit-QED arrays

We propose a scheme for quantum estimation by means of parametric amplification in circuit Quantum Electrodynamics. The modulation of a SQUID interrupting a superconducting waveguide transforms an initial thermal two-mode squeezed state in such a way that the new state is sensitive to the features of the parametric amplifier. We find the optimal initial parameters which maximize the Quantum Fisher Information. In order to achieve a large number of independent measurements we propose to use an array of non-interacting resonators. We show that the combination of both large QFI and large number of measurements enables -in principle- the use of this setup for Quantum Metrology applications.

Thermal vacuum state corresponding to squeezed chaotic light and its application**Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11175113, 11447202, and 11574295).

For the density operator (mixed state) describing squeezed chaotic light (SCL) we search for its thermal vacuum state (a pure state) in the real-fictitious space. Using the method of integration within ordered product (IWOP) of operators we find that it is a kind of one- and two-mode combinatorial squeezed state. Its application in evaluating the quantum fluctuation of photon number reveals: the stronger the squeezing is, the larger a fluctuation appears. The second-order degree of coherence of SCL is also deduced which shows that SCL is classic. The new thermal vacuum state also helps to derive the Wigner function of SCL.

Temperature Effect of Measuring One of the Two Modes of a New Two-Mode Optical Field

We propose a new two-mode optical field which involves both squeezing and chaotic behaviour. We find that measuring one of the two modes of this new two-mode optical field (theoretically it is performed by partial tracing over one of the two modes of this optical field’s density operator) leads to different chaotic field with different temperature. This means that a different-mode measurement for the new optical field will cause a temperature effect which has been unnoticed before. Such kind of new photon field can be generated when a two-mode squeezed state is passing through a single-mode damping channel.

Effective thermodynamics of isolated entangled squeezed and coherent states

The Rényi entanglement entropy is calculated exactly for mode-partitioned isolated systems such as the two-mode squeezed state and the multi-mode Silbey–Harris polaron ansatz state. Effective thermodynamic descriptions of the correlated partitions are constructed to present quantum information theory concepts in the language of thermodynamics. Boltzmann weights are obtained from the entanglement spectrum by deriving the exact relationship between an effective temperature and the physical entanglement parameters. The partition function of the resulting effective thermal theory can be obtained directly from the single-copy entanglement.

Optical Synthesis of Large-Amplitude Squeezed Coherent-State Superpositions with Minimal Resources.

We propose and experimentally realize a novel versatile protocol that allows the quantum state engineering of heralded optical coherent-state superpositions. This scheme relies on a two-mode squeezed state, linear mixing, and a n-photon detection. It is optimally using expensive non-Gaussian resources to build up only the key non-Gaussian part of the targeted state. In the experimental case of a two-photon detection based on high-efficiency superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors, the freely propagating state exhibits a 67% fidelity with a squeezed even coherent-state superposition with a size |α|(2)=3. The demonstrated procedure and the achieved rate will facilitate the use of such superpositions in subsequent protocols, including fundamental tests and optical hybrid quantum information implementations.

Research on mesoscopic inductance–capacitance coupling circuit employing an unitary operator and the IWOP technique

Employing a special unitary operator and the virtue of the technique of integration within an ordered product (IWOP), we research on the quantum effects for an inductance–capacitance coupling double L–C circuit. It is found that it is convenient to research on the mesoscopic circuit with such an operator. First, eliminating the coupling term of Hamiltonian becomes easier than other methods. Second, the system’s ground state can be easily generalized into a two-mode squeezed state. Thus, the quantum fluctuations of the circuit and the variances of current in each loop are calculated, the charge-current uncertainty relation is revealed. As a result, both the uncertainty relation and fluctuation of the current in each loop become larger when [Formula: see text] is larger or [Formula: see text] is smaller.

Decoherence of Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering

We consider two systems A and B that share Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering correlations and study how these correlations will decay, when each of the systems are independently coupled to a reservoir. EPR steering is a directional form of entanglement, and the measure of steering can change depending on whether the system A is steered by B, or vice versa. First, we examine the decay of the steering correlations of the two-mode squeezed state. We find that if the system B is coupled to a reservoir, then the decoherence of the steering of A by B is particularly marked, to the extent that there is a sudden death of steering after a finite time. We find a different directional effect, if the reservoirs are thermally excited. Second, we study the decoherence of the steering of a Schr\"odinger cat state, modeled as the entangled state of a spin and harmonic oscillator, when the macroscopic system (the cat) is coupled to a reservoir.

Quantum steering of multimode Gaussian states by Gaussian measurements: monogamy relations and the Peres conjecture

It is a topic of fundamental and practical importance how a quantum correlated state can be reliably distributed through a noisy channel for quantum information processing. The concept of quantum steering recently defined in a rigorous manner is relevant to study it under certain circumstances and here we address quantum steerability of Gaussian states to this aim. In particular, we attempt to reformulate the criterion for Gaussian steering in terms of local and global purities and show that it is sufficient and necessary for the case of steering a 1-mode system by an N-mode system. It subsequently enables us to reinforce a strong monogamy relation under which only one party can steer a local system of 1-mode. Moreover, we show that only a negative partial-transpose state can manifest quantum steerability by Gaussian measurements in relation to the Peres conjecture. We also discuss our formulation for the case of distributing a two-mode squeezed state via one-way quantum channels making dissipation and amplification effects, respectively. Finally, we extend our approach to include non-Gaussian measurements, more precisely, all orders of higher-order squeezing measurements, and find that this broad set of non-Gaussian measurements is not useful to demonstrate steering for Gaussian states beyond Gaussian measurements.

Investigating Mesoscopic Inductance-coupled Double L-C Circuits with Projection Operator and IWOP Technique

By employing a two-mode integral-form projection operator in coordinate representation and IWOP technique, we investigate the quantum fluctuations and variances of the current in each loop for an inductance-coupled double L-C circuit. It is found that investigating the mesoscopic circuit with the help of such an operator and IWOP technique can bring us the following conveniences. Firstly, it is easier to eliminate the coupling term of Hamiltonian, which comes from two-mode coupled harmonic oscillator system. Secondly, the system’s ground state is generalized a two-mode squeezed state. Thus, the quantum fluctuations of the squeezed state and the variances of current in each loop are calculated, the charge-current uncertainty relation is revealed. Both the uncertainty relation and fluctuation of the current in each loop become larger when L0 is larger.

Two-mode squeezing generation in hybrid chains of superconducting resonators and nitrogen-vacancy-center ensembles

We consider a hybrid quantum system consisting of two independent chains of nearest-neighbor linearly interacting superconducting transmission-line resonators, each of which a nitrogen-vacancy-center ensemble (NVE) is magnetically coupled to. In addition, the first-beginning pair of the resonators is locally driven by a two-mode microwave squeezed bath. We show that in the steady state a series of NVE pairs in the up and down chains is in a two-mode spin squeezed state. In the low excitation limit, collective excitation modes of the up- and down- NVE pairs are in the two-mode squeezed state of the driven field, i.e., realizing a perfect squeezed state replication.