Two-level Trade Credit Policy Research Articles

Optimal strategy for an integrated inventory system involving variable production and defective items under retailer partial trade credit policy

This paper investigates an integrated inventory model with variable production rate and price-sensitive demand rate under two-level trade credit. The model considers two-level trade credit policy in which the retailer receives a full trade credit from its supplier, and offers partial trade credit to its customers. It is assumed that an arrival order lot may contain some defective items and the number of defective items is a random variable. This study attempts to offer a best policy for retail price, the replenishment cycle, and the number of shipment from the supplier to the retailer in one production run that aims at maximizing the joint expected total profit per unit time. An algorithm is designed to identify the optimum solution of the proposed model. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the algorithmic procedure and the effect of key parameters is studied to analyze the behavior of the model.

The integrated inventory model with the transportation cost and two-level trade credit in supply chain management

This paper takes the transportation cost into account to develop the new supplier–retailer inventory model under the condition that both supplier and retailer have adopted the two-level trade credit policy. Moreover, this paper presents the integrated total profit per unit time Π(n,T) of two decision variables n (the number of shipments from supplier to retailer per production run, a positive integer) and T (retailer’s replenishment cycle length). The main purpose of this paper not only derives the closed-form formulations for the optimal solution (n∗,T∗) of Π(n,T) but also simplifies the algorithm to determine the optimal solution described by Su et al. (2007) [36]. Finally, numerical examples are used to compare with those by Su et al. (2007) [36].

Inventory Policy with Stock, Price and Credit-Linked Demand

An inventory control problem under two-level trade-credit policy with fuzzy inventory costs is proposed where supplier provides not only a credit-period for settling account but also a cash discount to the retailers. Due to this advantage the retailer also offers a fixed credit period to all its customers to boost the demand. Demand also depends on stock and selling price. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) with chromosome’s life-time dependent varying population size is used to solve the model where, at the time of generation of initial population, diversity in the population is maintained using information entropy theory. In the algorithm crossover probability of a pair of parents is a function of their age-type (young, middle-aged, old, etc.) and is obtained using a fuzzy rule base and possibility theory. A fuzzy possibility/necessity based evolution process is proposed to deal with fuzzy objective function.

Vendor-Buyer Deteriorating Inventory Model When Two-Level Trade Credit Policy Is Offered During Recession

In this paper, an integrated inventory model for deteriorating items is analyzed when buyer’s demand decreases with time and price. The supply chain considers the two-level trade credit policy in the vendor-buyer and buyer-customer setup. A simple algorithm is outlined for the joint models to determine the buyer’s optimal pricing and production/ordering strategy. The total profit of the chain increases but that of buyer decreases. To compensate the buyer’s loss due to the cooperative relationship, a negotiation factor is introduced to distribute the profit increase to the vendor and buyer. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis are provided to illustrate the developed model. The result depicts that the total profit of the supply chain increases, although a price discount is offered to the buyer.

An Inventory System for Deteriorating Products with Ramp-Type Demand Rate under Two-Level Trade Credit Financing

An inventory system for deteriorating products, with ramp-type demand rate, under two-level trade credit policy is considered. Shortages are allowed and partially backlogged. Sufficient conditions of the existence and uniqueness of the optimal replenishment policy are provided, and an algorithm, for its determination, is proposed. Numerical examples highlight the obtained results, and sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution with respect to major parameters of the system is carried out.

Optimal replenishment decision in an EPQ model with defective items under supply chain trade credit policy

The traditional inventory of the economic order quantity model assumes perfect items in an ordered lot and an infinite replenishment rate. However, such conditions are rare in actual production environments. Additionally, most studies of this problem have only considered suppliers offering the wholesaler a grace period. In practice, wholesalers often extend a fixed credit period to downstream customers as well. This study therefore proposes a production model for a lot-size inventory system with finite production rate and defective quality under the condition of two-level trade credit policy and the condition that defective items involve both imperfect quality and scrap items. Thus, optimal wholesaler replenishment decisions can be determined for defective items under two-level trade credit policy in the EPQ framework. Four theorems for determining the optimal cycle time and the results in this study can be deduced as a special case of earlier models. Finally, illustrative examples are provided to verify the theoretical results.

Coordinate inventory models with two-level credit policy and a price negotiation scheme in declining market

In this study, the coordinated inventory models with allowable trade credit are developed. The demand is considered to be price-sensitive and decreasing function of time. The models consider the two-level trade credit policy, i.e., vendor offers some credit period to buyer and buyer in turn offers partial credit period to the customer. An iterative procedure is developed for the integrated models to determine the buyer's optimal price and production/order strategy. It is observed that even if buyer's share is less, the total joint profit of the supply chain increases. To counter balance, the buyer's loss due to the joint decision, a negotiation scheme is introduced to distribute the extra profit between the vendor and the buyer. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis are given to validate the proposed problem. It is observed that price discount policy is beneficial and increases the total joint profit.

The optimal integrated inventory policy with price-and-credit-linked demand under two-level trade credit

In this paper, we proposed a generalized, integrated, supplier–retailer inventory model using a trade credit policy. The trade credit policy adopted here is a two-level trade credit policy in which the supplier offers the retailer a permissible delay period M, and the retailer in turn provides customers a permissible delay period N. Cases where M > N and M ⩽ N are explored thoroughly. In addition, the demand rate is assumed to be a function of both retail price and the customers’ credit period. Consequently, this paper deals with the problem of determining the optimal retail price, economic order quantity, and the number of shipments from the supplier to the retailer in one production run for an integrated inventory system under both two-level trade credit and price-and-credit-linked demand rate. Algorithms are developed in order to determine the joint optimal policies. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed models, as well as sensitivity analysis of key parameters.

Integrated inventory models considering the two-level trade credit policy and a price-negotiation scheme

This paper develops the integrated inventory models with permissible delay in payment, in which customers’ demand is sensitive to the buyer’s price. The models consider the two-level trade credit policy in the vendor–buyer and buyer–customer relationships in supply chain management. A simple recursive solution procedure is proposed for the integrated models to determine the buyer’s optimal pricing and production/order strategy. Although the total profit from the buyer and vendor increases together, the buyer’s share lessens. To compensate the buyer’s loss due to the cooperative relationship, a negotiation system is presented in order to allocate the profit increase to the vendor and buyer to determine the pricing and production/order strategy. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis are provided to illustrate the proposed model. The results indicate that the total profit from the buyer and vendor together can increase, although a price discount is given to the buyer in the proposed models.