Two-layer Construction Research Articles

An Intelligent Model for Predictions of PIWI-Interacting RNAs and Their Functions

A documented class of short non-coding RNA molecules is known as PIWI interacting RNA (PiRNA). The creation of new drugs and the identification of various tumor types are linked to the PiRNA molecules. Additionally, it is related to controlling transcription of genes, squelching transposons, and preserving genomic stability. The discovery of piRNAs and their functionality has grown to be a significant research topic in bioinformatics because of the crucial influence that piRNAs play in biological processes. The 2L-piRNA-ML predictor is a strong two-layer predictor that is suggested in this research to enhance the prediction of PiRNA and their functionality. The suggested model uses Quadratic Discriminant Analysis Classifier, Linear Discriminant Analysis, Passive Aggressive Classifier, Extra Tree Classifier, Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Ridge Classifier CV for classification. It also employs DNC and TNC for extraction of features. The suggested model is created using a two-layer construction strategy. The 1st layer makes a prediction about a given sequence whether it is PiRNA or not, and the 2nd layer makes a prediction about a given PiRNA sequence whether it is having the function of instructing target mRNA deadenylation or not. Proposed model achieved 95.65 % accuracy at the first layer and 92.30% accuracy at the second layer.

Modeling of voltage-limiting kinetics in two-layer varistor–posistor structures

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to model the dependences of the output voltage, temperature, current and electrical power dissipation of a voltage limiter based on a two-layer varistor–posistor structure on time and analysis the influence of operating modes and design parameters of such a limiter on these characteristics.Design/methodology/approachThe behavior of the limiting voltage, temperature and other parameters of the voltage limiter when an input constant overvoltage is applied is studied by the simulation method. The voltage limiter was a two-layer construction. One layer was a zinc oxide ceramic varistor. The second layer was a posistor polymer composite with a nanocarbon filler of PolySwitch technology.FindingsThe output voltage across the varistor layer decreases and reaches some fixed value related to its breakdown voltage after applying a constant overvoltage to the structure over time. The temperature of the structure increases to some steady state value, while the current decreases significantly. The amplitude of the transient current pulse increases, its duration and energy of the transient process decrease with increasing overvoltage. An increase in the internal resistance of the overvoltage source can cause a decrease in the amplitude and an increase in the duration of transient currents.Originality/valueThe ranges of values for the activation energy of conduction of the varistor layer in weak electric fields, the intensity of heat exchange between the structure under study and the environment are determined to ensure the stable operation of this structure as a voltage limiter. The results obtained make it possible to select the necessary parameters of the indicated structures to ensure the required operating modes of the voltage limiter for various applications.

Roles and impacts of heat source/ sink and magnetic field on non-Darcy three-component Marangoni convection in a two-layer structure

In this study, the non-Darcy Three-Component Marangoni (NDTCM) convection issue is investigated in closed form using a non-Darcy model for the porous layer with constant heat source/ sink (HSS) and uniform vertical magnetic field in a two-layer system with a porous layer under a fluid layer. This two-layer construction has a rigid and adiabatic lower enclosure for the porous layer and a free adiabatic/ isothermal upper enclosure for the liquid layer. The thermal Marangoni numbers (TMNs) for lower rigid and upper free boundaries with surface tension, depending on both temperature and concentrations, are determined in closed form for two cases of temperature boundary conditions (TBCs), Case (i) Adiabatic–Adiabatic and Case (ii) Adiabatic–Isothermal. The ordinary differential equations are solved by an exact method of solution to attain an analytical expression for the Marangoni number. The impacts of applicable factors are discussed elaborately versus thermal ratio and shown graphically using MATHEMATICA. It is noticed that case (i) TBC is stable as the eigenvalue obtained is higher than that for case (ii) TBC for the fluid layer dominant (FLD) two-layer systems.

A numerical investigation of interfacial and channelling crack growth rates under low-cycle fatigue in bi-layer materials relevant to cultural heritage

• Developed a novel computational model for estimation of crack damage in paintings. • Identified that channelling crack is the dominant failure mechanism in canvas painting. • Quantified the effect of the amplitude in Relative Humidity cycles on crack damage. In traditional and modern paintings on canvas or wood, two crack types have been identified, these are: (i) delamination between two of the many layers and (ii) channelling through the paint layer, terminating at the paint-substrate interface. One cause of this damage can be attributed to environment-induced low-cycle fatigue, specifically through relative humidity and temperature fluctuations. We present novel 2D as well as 3D finite element models that, for the first time, identify the time for each type of crack to initiate under a variety of realistic relative humidity (RH) cycles, as well as the corresponding crack growth rates. The focus is on modern paintings that have some layers executed in alkyd paint, found to be a vulnerable layer in a relatively short period of time. The paintings are idealised as a two-layer construction with a visco-hyperelastic alkyd paint layer on a linear elastic (acrylic) primed canvas substrate. Cracks, both interfacial and channelling, are represented using cohesive elements. To simulate the damage caused by a relative humidity cycle, a fatigue damage parameter was incorporated in the traction-separation law using a user-defined field. It was found that channelling cracks initiate slightly earlier than interfacial cracks for all the environmental conditions studied. Specifically, for an RH cycle of 35%–90%, channelling cracks initiate at 2.2 years and grow at an accelerating rate, while the interfacial crack initiates at 2.6 years and grows at a stable rate of approximately 0.1 mm/year. Narrower RH cycles lead to longer crack initiation times, e.g. the channelling crack initiates at 13.9 years under 40%–65% RH, and when the RH cycle was further narrowed to 45%–55%, the initiation time increased to 86 years. Our models are applicable to other painted or coated cultural heritage objects and can be used to inform preservation and environmental control strategies.

Tactile Robotic Skin with Pressure Direction Detection.

Tactile sensing is the current challenge in robotics and object manipulation by machines. The robot’s agile interaction with the environment requires pressure sensors to detect not only location and value, but also touch direction. The paper presents a new, two-layer construction of artificial robotic skin, which allows measuring the location, value, and direction of pressure from external force. The main advantages of the proposed solution are its low cost of implementation based on two FSR (Force Sensitive Resistor) matrices and real-time operation thanks to direction detection using fast matching algorithms. The main contribution is the idea of detecting the pressure direction by determining the shift between the pressure maps of the skin’s upper and lower layers. The pressure map of each layer is treated as an image and registered using a phase correlation (POC–Phase Only Correlation) method. The use of the developed device can be very wide. For example, in the field of cooperative robots, it can lead to the improvement of human machine interfaces and increased security of human–machine cooperation. The proposed construction can help meet the increasing requirements for robots in cooperation with humans, but also enable agile manipulation of objects from their surroundings.

Optimal Control by the Rigid Layer Size of a Construction

We study equilibrium of a two-layer construction of elastic and rigid layers with a crack along the line joining the layers. We consider the limit problem as the rigid layer size tends to zero and the optimal control problem where the cost functional is the derivative of the energy functional with respect to the crack length and the control parameter characterizes the rigid layer size.

The Performance of Insulating Tapes and Wrappers

The kinetics of water vapor permeability of insulating tapes of the Polyen, Poliken, Nitto, and Furukawa series was studied by the gravimetric method in the temperature range from 20 to 70°С. It is shown that for all the investigated tapes, in spite of their two-layer construction, normal Fikov kinetics of permeability is observed. Diffusion coefficients that vary in the range from 2.5 to 3.1 × 10–9 cm2/s are determined, the coefficients of vapor permeability vary in the range from 0.32 to 0.37 g/m2 s. Data on the kinetics of permeability, diffusion coefficients and solubility are of practical importance for predicting the barrier properties of insulating tapes during their operation.

Computer Simulation of Optimal Thickness of Polyurea Coating Using for Trenchless Renovation of Potable Water Pipes

The computer simulation of strength properties of two-layer pipe construction “old pipeline + protective coating” has been conducted for quick curing polyurea formulation – Scotchkote 169HB and Scotchkote 2400. The research objective was to determine the effective range of coatings thickness for trenchless renovation of water supply pressure pipelines during its long operation (up to 50 years). Simulation was utilized the developed computer strength model of two-layer construction with through defect in a form of a hole. This model was based on real physical and mechanical characteristics of the protective coatings, which were determined with taking into account the gradual aging of the polymer material during the 50 years operation of protective coatings.

High-performance photoanode for dye sensitized solar cells with graphene modified two-layer construction

Graphene modified dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) show high photovoltaic performances due to the fast electron transport capacity and the large BET area of the additive. However, the corresponding research on how to further improve the properties of DSSCs by optimizing the adopted graphene is insufficient. In this study, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets and three-dimensional graphene networks (3DG) are employed to build high performance photoanodes with a two-layer structure by taking full advantages of them, simultaneously. Residual functional groups of RGO support preconditions to construct an electron transport layer between conducting substrate and work layer of photoanode, which is beneficial to depress dark current on the interface. On the other hand, high integrity and continuity of 3DG provide a fast electrons transport network in the work layer, which suppresses the recombination of electron–hole pairs in the photoanode. After optimizing the structure of photoanode, the energy conversion efficiency reaches 8.87%.

An experimental and computational method for investigation of residual stresses in two-layer construction members using hole drilling

A technical approach to the evaluation of residual stresses in bimetallic members of spatial constructions, for which stress jump at the interface of heterogeneous materials is peculiar, is presented. It is shown based on the test problem solution that, when up-to-date methods providing the possibility of obtaining significant volumes of experimental information are used to obtain the experimental data, the suggested approach makes it possible to obtain the results with the accuracy necessary for practical use.

Multi-physics MRI-based two-layer fluid–structure interaction anisotropic models of human right and left ventricles with different patch materials: Cardiac function assessment and mechanical stress analysis

Multi-physics right and left ventricle (RV/LV) fluid –structure interaction (FSI) models were introduced to perform mechanical stress analysis and evaluate the effect of patch materials on RV function. The FSI models included three different patch materials (Dacron scaffold, treated pericardium, and contracting myocardium), two-layer construction, fiber orientation, and active anisotropic material properties. The models were constructed based on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images acquired from a patient with severe RV dilatation and solved by ADINA. Our results indicate that the patch model with contracting myocardium leads to decreased stress level in the patch area, improved RV function and patch area contractility.

Effect of Patch Mechanical Properties on Right Ventricle Function Using MRI-Based Two-Layer Anisotropic Models of Human Right and Left Ventricles.

Right and left ventricle (RV/LV) combination models with three different patch materials (Dacron scaffold, treated pericardium, and contracting myocardium), two-layer construction, fiber orientation, and active anisotropic material properties were introduced to evaluate the effects of patch materials on RV function. A material-stiffening approach was used to model active heart contraction. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging was performed to acquire patient-specific ventricular geometries and cardiac motion from a patient with severe RV dilatation due to pulmonary regurgitation needing RV remodeling and pulmonary valve replacement operation. Computational models were constructed and solved to obtain RV stroke volume, ejection fraction, patch area variations, and stress/strain data for patch comparisons. Our results indicate that the patch model with contracting myocardium leads to decreased stress level in the patch area, improved RV function and patch area contractility. Maximum Stress-P(1) (maximum principal stress) value at the center of the patch from the Dacron scaffold patch model was 350% higher than that from the other two models. Patch area reduction ratio was 0.3%, 3.1% and 27.4% for Dacron scaffold, pericardium, and contracting myocardium patches, respectively. These findings suggest that the contracting myocardium patch model may lead to improved recovery of RV function in patients with severe chronic pulmonary regurgitation.

Electromagnetic wave absorber using ferrite absorbing material dispersed with short metal fibers

A broad band electromagnetic wave absorber in GHz frequency range was newly developed by two-layer construction. Each layer operates as a low-impedance resonator and an impedance transformer. For the low-impedance resonator design, a ferrite/resin mixture incorporated with short metal fibers is used. The electromagnetic wave absorber presented in this paper has a broader operation bandwidth, nearly 50 % in relative bandwidth (bandwidth more than 20 dB absorption/center frequency), than the operation bandwidth for a conventional ferrite absorber. Broadband characteristics are achieved in oblique incidence, up to nearly 45 degrees of incident angle.