Two-factor ANOVA Research Articles

The arsenic determination in glass beads for pavement marking by two-factor ANOVA via hydride generation high-resolution continuous light source atomic absorption spectrometry

The arsenic determination in glass beads for pavement marking by two-factor ANOVA via hydride generation high-resolution continuous light source atomic absorption spectrometry

Two-factor ANOVA Method for the Determination of Sb in Glass Beads used for Pavement Marking via HG-HRCS-AAS

Two-factor ANOVA Method for the Determination of Sb in Glass Beads used for Pavement Marking via HG-HRCS-AAS

POST-HARVEST EFFECTS OF VARIOUS EDIBLE COATINGS ON SHELF LIFE AND QUALITY OF BITTER GOURD

Due to various factors, including fungal infection, tissue weakening, yellowing, and mass reduction, bitter gourds are susceptible to postharvest losses, particularly when stored at room temperature. To preserve their quality, bitter gourds undergo several treatments during the postharvest stage. The research was designed to determine the effects of several edible coatings on the shelf life and quality of bitter gourd at room temperature. These coatings included Aloe Vera Gel extract, Neem leaf extract, Garlic extract, Ginger extract, and lemongrass leaf extract. Due to various factors, including fungal infection, tissue weakening, yellowing, and mass reduction, bitter gourds are susceptible to postharvest losses, particularly when stored at room temperature. To preserve their quality, bitter gourds undergo several technical treatments during the postharvest. The study was carried out to determine the effects of several edible coatings on the shelf life and quality of bitter gourd at room temperature. These coatings included Aloe Vera Gel extract, Neem leaf extract, Garlic extract, Ginger extract, and Lemongrass leaf extract. The findings showed that the postharvest quality and shelf life of bitter gourd were strongly impacted by edible coating. Coated bitter gourds showed a significant response in weight loss, extended shelf life and visual quality, and postponed color changes or yellowing after 8 days of storage. Furthermore, pH, TSS, titratable acidity, and ash contents respond better than non-treated fruits. These findings were verified by two-factor factorial ANOVA, and LSD examination was implemented to assess the outcomes with a probability of five percent level.

A069: People with Chronic Ankle Instability Sacrifice Sports Performance to Reduce Injury Risk in Dual Tasks

Background/Purpose: The people with chronic ankle instability (CAI) exhibit intricate neurophysiological changes, particularly evident during dual-task (DT) perturbations, reflecting altered movement strategies. However, there is limited and conflicting information regarding the relationship of sports performance and risk of injury among people with CAI in DT conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare the difference of sports performance and injury risk among people with and without chronic ankle CAI when performing 45° side-cutting in single task (ST) and DT conditions. Methods: Forty participants were recruited into CAI (n=20, age: 21.4±1.3years, height: 175.7±8.6cm, body mass: 71.7±12.4kg) or non-CAI (n=20, age: 21.1±2.0years, height: 176.2±7.7cm, body mass: 70.1±11.2kg) groups. Each participant completed five side-cutting trials in both ST (sole side-cutting) and DT (side-cutting combined with random three-digit minus three calculations) conditions. Kinematic data was recorded by a twelve-camera motion capture system at 100Hz. The ankle's maximum (max) inversion angle and velocity of center of gravity (COG) during the side-cutting phase were calculated. Two-factor ANOVA test with repeated measures was used for data analysis. Results: Significant interactions were detected in ankle's max inversion angle (p < 0.001, η2p=0.346) and COG velocity (p < 0.001, η2p=0.304). Compared with ST, people with and without CAI both showed a reduced ankle's max inversion angle (CAI: ST: 24.3±1.6°, DT: 18.8±1.6°, p < 0.001, d=4.11; non-CAI: ST: 27.1±1.6°, DT: 25.8±1.7°, p=0.05, d=0.77) and decreased COG velocity (CAI: ST: 2.5±0.1m/s, DT: 2.1±0.1m/s, p < 0.001, d=0.77; non-CAI: ST: 2.6±0.1m/s, DT: 2.5±0.1m/s, p < 0.001, d=1.43) under DT. The ankle's max inversion angle (CAI: ST: 24.3±1.6°, DT: 18.8±1.6°, p < 0.001, d=4.11; non-CAI: ST: 27.1±1.6°, DT: 25.8±1.7°, p=0.05, d=0.77) and COG velocity (CAI: ST: 2.5±0.1 m/s; DT: 2.1±0.1m/s, p < 0.001, d=0.77; non-CAI: ST: 2.6±0.1m/s, DT: 2.5±0.1m/s, p < 0.001, d=1.43) of people with CAI was lower than those without CAI under DT. Conclusion: The ankle's max inversion angle and COG velocity of people with CAI was lower than those without CAI under DT. Individuals with CAI sacrifice sports performance to reduce injury risk in DT.

Impact of S-PRG/Giomer and Bulk-fill technologies on the hygroscopic profile of resin composites under erosive condition

ObjectiveThe emergence of new resin composites (RCs) incorporating bioactive ingredients and/or used as bulk-fill materials aims to enhance restorative potential beyond just the mechanical properties. However, this innovation may affect their performance under clinically simulated conditions, such as erosive challenges (EC). This study evaluated the impact of different technologies on the hygroscopic properties of RCs. Materials and Methods: The evaluated materials were: Gold Label – GL (resin-modified glass-ionomer cement – control); Filtek Z350 – FZ (no bioactive control); Filtek One Bulk – FO (bulk-fill); Beautifil II – BII (bioactive/S-PRG); Beautifil Bulk – BB (bioactive/S-PRG + bulk-fill). Disk-shaped specimens (10 mm x1 mm) were prepared and evaluated by: 1) water sorption – WS and solubility – WSB (n = 10); 2) wettability – W (n = 6); 3) surface microhardness – SM (n = 6); 4) qualitative surface analysis by SEM (n = 3). Except for WS and WSB, tests were performed before and after EC. Data were analyzed by two-factor ANOVA and Tukey tests (p < 0.05). Results: Positive WS and negative WSB were observed for all materials. In terms of W, GL>BII>FZ>BB>FO. GL and BB exhibited similar/lower SM. EC hampered SM for all materials. Conclusions: It may be concluded that the composition and proportion of monomers have a greater influence on the hygroscopic profile of resin composites than the incorporation of bioactive components. Clinical significanceWhile renewed technologies have introduced components to enhance the performance and practicality of resin composites, actual clinical longevity depends on challenges such as erosive conditions. Bioactive ingredients seem to be beneficial without impairing the hygroscopic profile, whereas the monomers can interfere.

Elastic Band Training Versus Multicomponent Training and Group-Based Dance on Morphological Variables and Physical Performance in Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study aimed to analyze the effects of elastic band training (EBT) versus multicomponent training (MCT) and group-based dance (GBD) on waist circumference, body composition (body fat percentage and fat-free mass), and physical performance (handgrip strength, HGS; 30-s chair stand; timed up-and-go, TUG) in Chilean older women. This is a randomized controlled trial with three parallel groups: EBT (n = 10), MCT (n = 10), and GBD (n = 10). Two 60-min sessions per week for 8 weeks were dedicated to the interventions with pre- and post-assessments. A two-factor mixed ANOVA model with repeated measures was performed to measure the time × group effect. Multiple comparisons revealed significant differences between EBT and MCT in the body fat percentage (p = 0.001; ES = 2.488, large effect) in favor of MCT, while HGS in the non-dominant hand (p = 0.044; ES = 0.158) was in favor of EBT. In the intragroup results, only the MCT significantly decreased the body fat percentage (p = 0.044; ES = 0.426, small effect), and EBT significantly increased HGS in the dominant (p < 0.001; ES = 0.977, large effect) and non-dominant (p < 0.001; ES = 0.583, moderate effect) hands and improved the 30-s chair stand (p = 0.003; ES = 1.612, large effect) test. The GBD did not report significant changes. MCT significantly reduced the body fat percentage regarding EBT, and EBT significantly improved HGS in the non-dominant hand regarding MCT, with no differences reported in the rest of the analyzed variables between the groups.

Charity Publicity Strategy, Corporate Warmth and Consumer Response

In recent years, corporate philanthropy activities have made important contributions to helping the socially disadvantaged, narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor, strengthening emergency rescue and disaster relief, and promoting people's livelihood. On the one hand, enterprises have the appeal of economic interests, on the other hand, they also have the obligation to assume social responsibility, through charity activities can not only assume social responsibility, but also increase consumers' positive brand attitude and purchase intention, and improve the business conditions of enterprises. However, in real life, many companies do not pay attention to publicity work, resulting in charity activities that do not achieve the expected results of the enterprise, and even create the impression that consumers are "hypocritical". Although the company has paid the cost to undertake corporate social responsibility, it has not received the expected consumer response. Developing an effective publicity strategy for philanthropy can improve the situation and make corporate philanthropy work the most effective. So, what are the publicity factors that should be included in a corporate philanthropy publicity strategy? How do the various publicityl factors affect consumer response? The mechanism of its influence deserves in-depth study. First, three dimensions of corporate philanthropic publicity strategies are explored, publicity time, publicity media, and publicity initiative. From the consumer response perspective, the effects of corporate warmth on consumers' corporate attitudes and purchase intentions are also considered. Second, the impact of charity publicity strategy on consumer response under the regulation of corporate warmth is constructed. Applying two-factor ANOVA, it is found that the effects of publicity time and publicity initiative on consumer response are moderated by corporate warmth, while the effects of publicity media on consumer response are partially moderated. Finally, an orthogonal test is applied to find out the optimal combination of the three charitable publicity methods on consumer response. Aiming to help enterprises understand the mechanism of charitable publicity strategy on consumer response, and realize the purpose of effectively guiding consumer response and promoting consumers' recognition and support of corporate charitable activities

Performance of Hybrid and Inbred Rice Varieties under Vermicast Application

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of hybrid and inbred rice varieties using vermicast as fertilizer. Soil chemical properties, plant growth, and yield performance were observed and tested for significant differences. The experiment employed a Randomized, Completely Design-Factorial layout with three replications of 30 plots. Six check plots were also prepared as farmers fertilization practices for rice production. The total experimental area is 468 m², with a planting distance of 20m x 20m and a total plant population of 5,376. Factor A involved six rice varieties, and Factor B included varying vermicast levels. Growth parameters and yield components were assessed, and data were analyzed using two-factor ANOVA and LSD test. Results indicated significant differences among rice varieties in days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, and grain yield per hectare. However, no significant differences were observed in productive tillers, filled grains, and thousand-grain weight. No interactions were observed between rice varieties and vermicast levels. Soil analysis revealed an increase in available phosphorus but a decrease in total nitrogen and potassium content in the soil after the experimental study. Based on the observed results, the study recommends utilizing the NSIC Rc314H variety in rice production with a vermicast application rate of 5 tons per hectare for better crop yield. Future research on vermicast application in lowland rice is highly recommended for more conclusive findings and valuable insights into optimizing rice cultivation with specific varieties and application for improved yield and sustainable agricultural practices.

Influence of Natural Dentin Biomodification Agent on Push-Out Bond Strength and Nanoleakage of Self-Adhesive Resin Cement Luting of Glass-Fiber Posts.

To evaluate the plant-derived compound lignin (LIG) as a pretreatment of intraradicular dentin in combination with EDTA on push-out bond strength (PBS) and nanoleakage of the glass fiber posts (GFPs) cemented using adhesive resin cement. Twenty-eight human incisor roots were prepared for GFP cementation and divided based on dentin pretreatment: (1) CONTROL: no pretreatment, (2) EDTA: 17% EDTA for 3 min, (3) EDTA-LIG: 17% EDTA and 2% lignin for 3 min, (4) EDTA-PAC: 17% EDTA and 2% lignin for 3 min. The GFPs were cemented using the self-adhesive resin cement Multilink Speed. The roots (n = 7) were sectioned into 1 mm-thick discs and subjected to PBS testing after 1 week or 6 months. Nanoleakage was analyzed by SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using two-factor ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Higher PBS was identified for the CONTROL group (p < 0.001). After 6 months, the EDTA-LIG maintained the bond strength with a predominance of mixed failures, while the EDTA-PAC, EDTA, and CONTROL groups showed reduction of bond strength, with a predominance of adhesive failures along with severe silver infiltration in the interface. LIG associated with EDTA as a pretreatment for intraradicular dentin shows significant potential for attaining stable bond strength and interfacial integrity of self-adhesive resin cement to intraradicular dentin.

The Impact of Stroboscopic Visual Conditions on the Performance of Elite Curling Athletes.

In elite curling, precise time perception, speed control, and accuracy are critical components of performance. Stroboscopic training enhances visual processing speed, reaction time, motor skill control, and cognitive abilities by challenging the brain to make quick decisions with limited visual information. This study aimed to investigate the impact of stroboscopic visual conditions on the key performance aspects of elite athletes in curling to determine whether these effects can be leveraged in long-term training to enhance elite curling performance. This study involved the participation of 32 national-level male curling athletes (n = 32, age: 19.9 ± 2.2 years, height: 178.0 ± 6.2 cm, body mass: 71.9 ± 10.6 kg, and training age: 2.7 ± 0.9 years). A cross-over controlled experiment was conducted, with participants randomly assigned to either a stroboscopic-first group (n = 16) or a control-first group (n = 16). Each participant completed tests under both stroboscopic and normal visual conditions, including assessments of time perception error, speed control error, and curling accuracy. Paired sample t-tests were employed to analyse performance differences across conditions, and two-factor ANOVA was used to analyse sequence effects. Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to compare differences if the main effect was significant. Cohen's d was used for two-group comparisons, whereas ηp2 and Cohen's f were used for comparisons involving three or more groups. under stroboscopic conditions, participants experienced increased errors in time perception (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.143), delivery speed control (p = 0.016, Cohen's d = 0.448), and reduced accuracy (p = 0.029, Cohen's d = 0.404). The sequence main effect on speed control error was significant (p = 0.025, ηp2 = 0.081, Cohen's f = 0.297). Stroboscopic visual conditions negatively impacted cognition (especially time perception) and delivery performance focused on speed control and accuracy in elite curling, highlighting the potential and feasibility of using stroboscopic training to enhance elite curling performance.

When less is more for dietary Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501: The complex role gut microbiota play in energy budgets and allostasis of early juvenile Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)

In aquaculture, exposure to stressors results in heightened neuroendocrine responses, increasing metabolic activities and reducing growth to offset additional stressor-related energetic costs for allostasis. Supplementation with probiotics increases metabolic expenditures from elevated fish digestion and upregulated immune systems, but effects of the probiotics concentrations on energy budgets remains unknown. This study used respirometry to determine the effects of five different probiotic concentrations: T0 control (0 × 1011 CFU/g), T1 (5 × 1011 CFU/g), T2 (10 × 1011 CFU/g), T3 (15 × 1011 CFU/g), and T4 (20 × 1011 CFU/g) of a dietary single-strain probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501) on feed consumption, and the proportion of feed intake energy (C) allocated to growth (G), and routine metabolic rates (Rr), in the energy budgets of early juvenile (1-3 g wet weight) Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), weekly over a 28-day experimental period. Two-factor ANOVA analyses revealed that the amount of feed intake energy (C) increased in probiotic treatments over controls. Allocation of feed energy for growth (G) differed among treatments, but not with time, but for routine metabolic activities (Rr), allocation of feed energy differed among treatments and over time. Increases of somatic tissue (TTW) was highest in the T2 treatment (intermediate concentration), while Rr was highest in the T3 and T4 (highest concentration) treatments, but only after 14–21 days of supplementation. Within energy budgets, the highest proportion of feed energy was allocated to growth in all treatments (G; mean ± SE, 43.0 ± 3.1 %), followed by routine metabolic activities (Rr; mean ± SE, 26.12 ± 2.1 %). Overall, the mean net mass-specific cost of growth (cr) (mgO2l−1 g−1) was highest, and the net growth efficiency (% KN) was lowest, in the T3 and T4 treatments indicating that higher probiotic concentrations were related to higher allostatic loads (AL) compared to lower probiotic treatments (T1, T2). Overall, our results revealed that the proportion of C allocated to G and Rr varied differently with probiotic concentration, was tightly related to gut bacteria metabolic expenditures, and highlighted the importance of carefully evaluating the probiotic concentrations for optimization of growth performance in Mozambique tilapia aquaculture.

ENHANCING THE SHELF LIFE OF BELL PEPPERS THROUGH DIFFERENT NATURAL EXTRACTS

Bell pepper is a highly valued vegetable for its rich nutritional profile, containing essential vitamins. Similar to other perishable items, it starts to degrade after being harvested. For the improvement of the quality and shelf life of bell pepper vegetables, this experiment was conducted at the “Postharvest Lab. of Department of Horticulture, University of the Punjab, Lahore” study was comprised of various edible coatings of natural extracts, including aloe vera gel, neem leaf extract, garlic extract, ginger extract, and lemongrass leaf extract applied on capsicum vegetable at room temperature for 8 days, and data was recorded regularly. Various parameters such as weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), total phenolics, ash content, pH, color, and appearance were measured. Bell pepper treated with edible aloe vera gel extract and ginger extract coatings showed significant improvements in firmness and minimum weight loss compared to untreated (control T0). The data were analyzed using a two-factor factorial ANOVA, and treatment means were compared using the LSD test at the 5% probability level.

Blunted anticipatory stress responses on competition day in team sports athletes compared to individual sports athletes

Knowledge of anticipatory stress responses before sports competitions is limited, thus this study examined the relationship between anticipatory stress in terms of salivary cortisol secretion in athletes on the morning of a competition and a comparison baseline day. Thirty-seven athletes collected three saliva samples over a 45-min period post-awakening (0, 30 and 45 min). Anticipatory stress was expressed as Area Under the Curve compared to ground (AUCg; total cortisol secretion). There was no significant difference in AUCg between baseline and competition days. However, a mixed two-factor ANOVA with day and sport type (individual vs. team) revealed a significant main effect of sport type (p < 0.01) and a significant interaction (p = 0.001). Individual athletes demonstrated increased AUCg on competition day compared to baseline, while team athletes demonstrated decreased AUCg on competition day compared to baseline. This blunting response was also observed when analysing the raw cortisol secretion levels upon awakening. These findings suggest there may be substantive differences in anticipatory stress between individual and team sport athletes.

Flow-controlled expiration ventilation using a piston ventilator: effects of expiration time and speed on respiratory and pulmonary mechanics with focus on hysteresis and compliance in healthy horses.

To investigate the effects of FLow-controlled EXpiration (FLEX) ventilation expiration time and speed on respiratory and pulmonary mechanics in anesthetized horses in dorsal recumbency. 6 healthy adult research horses. In this randomized crossover experimental study, horses were anesthetized 3 times and were ventilated each time for 60 minutes using conventional volume-controlled ventilation (VCV), linear emptying of the lung over 50% of the expiratory time (FLEX50), or linear emptying of the lung over 100% of the expiratory time (FLEX100) in a randomized order. The primary outcome variables were dynamic compliance (Cdyn), hysteresis, and alveolar dead space. The data was analyzed using two-factor ANOVA. Significance was set to P < .05. Horses ventilated using FLEX50 and FLEX100 showed significantly higher Cdyn and significantly lower hysteresis values compared to horses ventilated using VCV. Horses ventilated using FLEX50 had significantly lower alveolar dead space compared to horses ventilated using FLEX100 or VCV. Horses ventilated using FLEX100 had significantly lower alveolar dead space compared to VCV horses. Our results demonstrate improved Cdyn, hysteresis, and alveolar dead space in horses ventilated with either FLEX50 or FLEX100 relative to traditional VCV. The use of FLEX with a faster exhalation speed (FLEX50) offers additional respiratory advantages.

EFFECTS OF AN EXERCISE AND MINDFULNESS PROGRAMME ON SYMPTOMS OF ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN BOYS AGED 9-11 YEARS

ADHD is the most common behavioral disorder in children. Some professional therapeutic treatment (PTT) of ADHD includes also physical exercise (PE) and mindfulness training (MT). In this study we have combined both. The sample included 20 subjects in the experimental (EG) and 19 in the control group (CG). All subjects were ADHD diagnosed boys, aged 10(±1) years. The intervention of the EG used PE and MT, while the CG intervention used unsystematic emotion education. The intervention took place twice a week for 60 minutes over the 3 months. The subjects' expression of ADHD symptoms was measured with the ASEBA CBCL/6-18 protocol (2023). Statistical analyses were calculated using IBM SPSS 25. Differences in the expression of ADHD symptoms between the groups were calculated using the Mann-Whitney rank test for independent samples. There were found no statistically significant differences (p=0.378). The short-term effect of the intervention was calculated using a two-factor ANOVA. On the symptom expression measures we found SSD (p&lt;0.001) in both groups. There were significantly lower ADHD symptom expression in the EG. The same method was used to determine the long-term intervention effect. On both measures symptoms were a statistically significant (p&lt;0.001) lower expressed in the EG. The magnitude of ADHD symptom expression was statistically significant (p&lt;0.001) in both groups on both post-intervention measurements, but the symptom magnitude was significantly higher in the CG. Based on the findings, we suggest that such a systematic intervention could be used in modern PTT of children with ADHD.

The Relationship Between Teachers' Web 2.0 Tools Usage Competency Levels and Self-Efficacy Perceptions

The research aims to determine Web 2.0 tools usage levels of teachers teaching at preschool, primary and secondary school levels, in terms of school levels and educational backgrounds, and to reveal the possible relationship between teachers' use of Web 2.0 tools and their self-efficacy levels. The study comprised 203 instructors from Zonguldak province with various education levels and teaching at various school levels. The data in this study was collected through “Competency in Using Web 2.0 Tools" and "Teachers' Self-Efficacy Perceptions" scales. Correlation and two-factor ANOVA analyses were used to determine the outcomes after verifying the data's normal distribution and the scales' fit indices. According to the study's findings, scores on the "Web 2.0 Tools Usage Competency Scale" were higher in favor of teachers with a master's degree. It was concluded that teachers' usage levels of Web 2.0 tools were significantly related to classroom management, one of the sub-dimensions of the teachers' self-efficacy perception scale, and their educational level, one of the demographic characteristics of the teachers. Furthermore, when the self-efficacy measure sub-dimensions were examined, it can be concluded that teachers' levels of the use of Web 2.0 tools did not differ significantly by school level or educational level, but they did differ significantly in terms of classroom management. The research findings also offer suggestions.

Research on The Effectiveness of Psychological Counseling Programs on Internet Addiction of Individuals Via Positive Psychology - Positive Psychotherapy-Oriented Group

This research aims to examine the effectiveness of the Psychological Counseling Program via Positive Psychology – Positive Psychotherapy Oriented Group, developed by the researcher, on individuals' internet addiction levels, emotional intelligence, and happiness enhancement strategies. The hybrid test method was used in the research process. The experimental and control groups are the first factors in the model used. The second factor is the preliminary test, the final test, and the follow-up research. A total of 24 undergraduate students participated in the research, including 12 students in the experimental group and 12 students in the control group. The independent variable of the research is the Psychological Counseling Program with Positive Psychology and Positive Psychotherapy Oriented Group. The dependent variable of the research is the levels of “Internet Addiction,”,” “Emotional Intelligence,” and “Happiness Increasing Strategies” of the individuals participating in the study. Ethics committee approval was obtained from “Yıldız Technical University” for the study. The analysis of the data was carried out with the SPSS Statistical 26 version. It was carried out with the Two-Factor ANOVA Test for Mixed Measurements of whether there is a difference between the scale pre-test, post-test, and follow-up test scores of the students in the control or experimental group. Post Hoc Tests were used to specify differences between the groups. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the Positive Psychology – Positive Psychotherapy Oriented Group Psychological Counselling Program reduces individuals' technology addiction scores and increases emotional intelligence and happiness ıncreasing strategies scores.

Impact of Life Kinetic Training on Hand-Eye Coordination in Taekwondo Athletes

Objective: This study explored the impact of Life Kinetic training on hand-eye coordination in taekwondo players aged 11 to 14 years (x̄=12.67± 1.01) who had achieved a red belt rank or higher. Materials and Methods: To investigate the effects of Life Kinetic training on hand-eye coordination, an experimental group of athletes (n=15) engaged in 45 minutes of these exercises twice a week for 8 weeks in addition to their regular taekwondo training. A control group (n=15) continued with only their taekwondo training. Hand-eye coordination was assessed using the Purdue Pegboard hand dexterity test before the intervention. Data analysis involved a two-factor mixed ANOVA with repeated measures. The Shapiro-Wilk test and skewness assessment were employed to verify the normality of the dependent variables. A p-value less than 0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference between the variables. Results: Based on the results of hand-eye coordination measurements, group-measurement interaction significantly impacted the outcomes (p&amp;lt;.05) of right-hand placement, left-hand placement, pair-hand placement, and the combination test. Conclusion: Based on these results, it was found that the results of hand-eye coordination measurements of the experimental group, in which LK exercises were applied, showed more improvement than the control group that practiced traditional taekwondo training, and it was concluded that Life Kinetic training had a significant and positive effect on hand-eye coordination.

High Tibial Osteotomy Alone Does Not Decrease Medial Meniscus Extrusion in the Setting of Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Tear: A Cadaveric Study

PurposeThis study investigated whether inducing valgus alignment and shifting the load laterally through high tibial osteotomy (HTO) alone decreases the extent of medial meniscus extrusion (MME) in the setting of medial meniscus posterior root tear(MMPRT) using ultrasound evaluation. MethodsEight fresh-frozen human cadaveric knee specimens were tested using a six-degree-of-freedom robotic testing system and ultrasound. Each specimen was tested in five conditions: (1) intact, (2) MMPRT, (3) medial meniscus repair (MMR), (4) combined medial open-wedge HTO + MMR, and (5) HTO + MMPRT. Measurements were obtained over the medial collateral ligament (MCL, central image) and posterior to the MCL (posterior image) with a 250 N axial load at 0°, 30°, and 90° of knee flexion. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA. ResultsMME was significantly greater in HTO + MMPRT(0°: 2.44 ± 0.41mm, 30°: 2.47 ± 0.37mm, 90°: 2.41 ± 0.28mm) than HTO + MMR in central images (mean difference +0.83 mm, p < .001). No significant difference was found between HTO + MMPRT and MMPRT in MME . MMR had significantly less MME than MMPRT (mean difference -0.58mm, p < .001, posterior image at 0°and central image at 90°, p=.002). HTO + MMR showed significantly less MME than MMR alone at 30° and 90° knee flexion in central image (30°: -0.38 ± 0.05mm, 90°: -0.45 ± 0.06mm, p < .001) and 90° knee flexion in posterior image (-0.38 ± 0.08mm, p = .004). ConclusionHTO alone did not decrease MME in the setting of MMPRT, while MMR alone decrease MME after MMPRT. Additionally, HTO + MMR decreases MME aftrer MMPRT compared to MMR alone, although the clinical significance was uncertain. Clinical RelevanceThe findings of this study provide clinicians with valuable insights for improving MME. HTO alone does not decrease MME in cases of MMPRT.

Effects of AR-HMD Interactive Interface Layout on Usability and Obstacle Avoidance in Subway Overhauls

The maintenance and overhaul of rail transit vehicle frames are vital for ensuring the safe and reliable operation of equipment. AR-based maintenance has been proven to be cost-reducing and effective. Few studies explored the application of AR-based maintenance on subway overhaul. In this study, 74 participants were selected to conduct the underground maintenance AR recognition and obstacle avoidance experiment. And two-factor ANOVA, independent samples t-test, and non-parametric test were used for data statistics. The results show that a high-opacity AR interface has better recognition but affects obstacle avoidance. Facing different types of obstacles, AR interfaces with different layouts have significant differences in terms of recognizability and obstacle avoidance effects. Compared with the list layout, the matrix layout AR interface will make more effort for workers. The findings provide useful references for designing the visual information layout of AR interfaces and conducting usability testing of AR interfaces in complex scenarios such as underground maintenance. Highlights This study assessed the effects of the AR-HMD interface on workers’ recognition of and ability to safely avoid obstacles in a subway maintenance environment. A high-opacity AR interface leads to better recognition but affects obstacle avoidance. List AR interfaces lead to better recognition but increase the probability of obstacle avoidance failure by 50% under block obstacles. For linear obstacles, layout has no significant effect on recognition or obstacle avoidance. A matrix layout AR interface is more effortful than the list layout AR for the workers.