Two-dimensional Transport Model Research Articles

Charge interaction behaviors at interfacial domains in DC GIL insulators

Long-term operation of high voltage direct current at elevated temperatures can result in the accumulation of surface charges in DC gas-insulated transmission line (GIL) insulators. Such a phenomenon leads to localized electric field distortion, increasing the risk of surface discharge. The analysis of interaction behaviors between surface charge and space charge at interfacial domains of GIL insulators is a complex task, which requires a comprehensive understanding of physical mechanisms of the gas–solid interface charging. In this work, a two-dimensional bipolar charge transport and interaction (2D BCTI) model is established, with the consideration of both surface and space charge dynamics. Pulsed electroacoustic tests and surface potential measurements are conducted on DC GIL insulator materials under different electrical-thermal coupling conditions. Experimental results exhibit great consistency with the predictions from the 2D BCTI model. The local accumulation of space charge near interfaces has certain effects on surface potential distribution, which in turn influences charge injection behavior from electrodes. In comparison to traditional surface charge simulation models, the consideration of space charge–surface charge interaction behaviors proves to be essential for estimating the polarity and amplitude of surface potential distribution. This model holds promise for assessing charge characteristics in electrical equipment where direct measurement is challenging.

A Two-Dimensional Transport Model of Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for the Electro-Regeneration of Carbon Capture Solvents

Bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BPMED) is a promising technology that uses an electric field to split water into H+ and OH- ions. A repeating stack of cation selective, anion selective, and bipolar membranes are placed between two electrodes, creating a repeating pattern of acid, base, and diluting flow chambers. A major application of BPMED is the electrochemical solvent regeneration of capture solutions used in CO2 point source (PS) or direct air capture (DAC). Protons generated using BPMED can be used to shift the acid-base equilibria back to CO2, providing a more sustainable alternative to traditional thermal regeneration methods when integrated with renewable electricity sources. This method combines electrosynthesis and separation, producing a pure stream of CO2 for sequestration and a concentrated base stream.Despite its potential, current limitations to BPMED implementation for this application stem from a large power consumption and high membrane costs. In addition, gas bubbles in solution can cause high electrical resistances, and experimental studies of this phenomenon are challenging due to the small scale on which it occurs. To address these challenges, we present a two-dimensional model of BPMED for CO2 capture solvent recovery. This model depicts a single repeating cell triplet and was constructed using COMSOL Multiphysics version 6.1. The Navier-Stokes equations were implemented to compute a convection field, and the ionic species concentration was found by solving the Nernst-Planck equation. A source term in the concentration partial differential equations was implemented to account for ionic speciation and water splitting reactions, captured through kinetic rate expressions.Experimental validation was conducted on a PC Cell BED 1-4 recirculating batch system with a stack of seven cell pairs of PC acid 60 (anion selective), PC SK (cation selective), and PC Bip (bipolar) membranes. Good agreement between the model and experimental results across a range of conditions and variables demonstrates accuracy and robustness. The calculated pH and concentration profiles revealed that the majority of the speciation reaction takes place inside, or directly adjacent to, the bipolar membrane, including bubble nucleation. Bubbles form inside membrane pores and displace the electrolyte, greatly increasing the electrical resistance of the membrane, particularly when membrane porosity is low. However, the reaction plane location where bubbles are generated can be manipulated by increasing the channel width or reducing the applied voltage.Future research will focus on expanding to multiphase CFD simulations to investigate the effect on flow. Our two-dimensional model provides valuable insights into the complex and multifaceted nature of BPMED, offering a powerful tool for investigating small-scale processes and advancing the use of BPMED for CO2 capture solvent recovery. Figure 1

Two-Dimensional Heavy Metal Migration in Soil with Adsorption and Instantaneous Injection

This paper studies a two-dimensional transport model to investigate the behavior of heavy metal migration in porous media, specifically considering their transport in soil. The model takes into consideration the combination of adsorption term as well as instantaneous injection at the boundary. Also, the model accounts for both longitudinal and transverse movements, providing a comprehensive understanding of heavy metal transport phenomena. In order to obtain the analytical solution Laplace transform has been implemented. It is found that the peak concentration of heavy metals is found to be greatly affected by the changes in the instantaneous injection value. Additionally, a correlation is observed between retardation factors and heavy metal concentrations, with a decrease in retardation factors resulting in an increase in heavy metal concentration.

Solution of Two-Dimensional Solute Transport Model for Heterogeneous Porous Medium Using Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method

This study contains a two-dimensional mathematical model of solute transport in a river with temporally and spatially dependent flow, explicitly focusing on pulse-type input point sources with a fractional approach. This model is analyzed by assuming an initial concentration function as a declining exponential function in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. The governing equation is a time-fractional two-dimensional advection–dispersion equation with a variable form of dispersion coefficients, velocities, decay constant of the first order, production rate coefficient for the solute at the zero-order level, and retardation factor. The solution of the present problem is obtained by the fractional reduced differential transform method (FRDTM). The analysis of the initial retardation factor has been carried out via plots. Also, the influence of initial longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients and velocities has been examined by graphical analysis. The impact of fractional parameters on pollution levels is also analyzed numerically and graphically. The study of convergence for the FRDTM technique has been conducted to assess its efficacy and accuracy.

Development of Simple Formula for Transverse Dispersion Coefficient in Meandering Rivers

This study aims to develop a straightforward and practical formula to estimate transverse dispersion coefficients in meandering natural rivers, a critical factor for predicting solute transport. We present a novel expression for the transverse dispersion coefficient based on dispersion and hydraulic data sets obtained from tracer experiments conducted in natural rivers. A distinctive feature of the formula is its reliance on one dimensionless hydraulic parameter, u¯u*hRc. To assess the effectiveness and accuracy of our proposed formula, we compare it with previously established equations commonly employed in the field. Furthermore, we apply the formula to natural river bends situated in the Nakdong River of Korea. This equation serves to estimate the initial value of the dispersion coefficient in two-dimensional solute transport modeling. As a result, the calibrated value of the dimensionless transverse dispersion coefficient is 0.97, which is only a 16% difference between the initial value of 0.81 as obtained from the formula. The formula presented in this study, simplifying and utilizing the dimensionless hydraulic parameter, offers a promising approach to estimating transverse dispersion in natural meandering rivers in cases where tracer and secondary flow data are unavailable. Additionally, the formula can be refined with more recent dispersion data, leading to a clearer, more straightforward, and validated formulation that captures the intricate interplay between topography and transverse dispersion.

Two-dimensional modeling of CO2 mineral trapping through the oxalate‑carbonate pathway: Influence of the root system model

Two-dimensional reactive transport models, one with a simplified root system and the other accounting for dynamically evolving root architecture, were constructed to examine the influence of model complexity on capturing the effect of soil-root dynamics relating to the Oxalate Carbonate Pathway (OCP) of the Iroko tree over 170 years. Oxidation of oxalate from fallen tree tissue by soil bacteria enables local soil pH increase, leading to the sequestration of atmospheric carbon in carbonate minerals (calcite) in the shallow soil surrounding the tree. Simulations of both root models corroborate previous one-dimensional models of the OCP focused on Ca and C mass balance, where high weathering rates of Ca-containing silicate minerals in bedrock, along with contributions from groundwater, provided sufficient Ca for precipitation of observed quantities of calcite. Both simulations demonstrate the development of a distinct high pH zone where oxalate is oxidized, Ca accumulates, and calcite precipitates (OCP zone); and a low pH zone where roots collect Ca, later returned to the top soil as calcium oxalate (Total Root Extent/TRE zone) via litterfall. While the extent of OCP zone development near the ground surface was very similar between simulations, differences in localized root water uptake between the two approaches resulted in variation in water and solute transport and influenced the geometry of the OCP zone at depth, with implications for calcite precipitation in the soil. Trends in CO2 and O2 partial pressures in the OCP zone were mirrored in the TRE zone, suggesting linkage between the two zones with regard to gas transport. Near the end of the tree's lifespan, results indicate that soil permeability decreases due to calcite precipitation may limit O2 ingress and availability in the shallow soil, while trapping CO2 released from the oxidation of organics in the shallow soil, with implications for the long-term sustainability of the OCP itself.

Finite-difference model for two-dimensional transport of degradable organic contaminants in a buffer layer-cutoff wall-aquifer system accounting for the consolidation behavior

Consolidation changes the geotechnical properties of a cutoff wall with depth. However, current research in transport theory fails to account for this factor. In this paper, a model for two-dimensional transport of degradable organic contaminants in a buffer layer-cutoff wall-aquifer system is developed, which takes the impacts of consolidation behavior into account for the first time. The finite-difference approach is employed to address this model, and its reasonableness is exhibited by the comparative analyses of three-different scenarios. Following this, a case-study on the barrier performance shows that accounting for the cutoff wall’s consolidation behavior prolongs the defined breakthrough time tb compared to when it is neglected. When a change in the cutoff wall consolidation parameter increases the horizontal and vertical effective stresses, its anti-fouling effectiveness is enhanced. Moreover, reducing the depth of the maximum inflow boundary concentration and increasing the concentration distribution range result in a decrease in tb. When the degradation half-life ≤ 400 years, the degradation effect should be considered to provide an accurate assessment of the cutoff wall’s longevity. For the “enclosure” cutoff walls, the appropriate thicknesses of the buffer layer and the cutoff wall can be determined based on the site environment and the construction cost.

Numerical Simulation of Sediment Transport in Unsteady Open Channel Flow

This paper presented a two-dimensional, well-balanced hydrodynamic and sediment transport model based on the solutions of variable-density shallow-water equations (VDSWEs) and the Exner equation for bed change for simulating sediment transport in unsteady flows. Those equations are solved in a coupled way by the first-order Godunov-type finite volume method. The Harten–Lax–van Leer–Contact (HLLC) Riemann solver is extended to find the local Riemann fluxes to maintain the exact balance between the momentum term and the bed slope term. A well-balanced scheme is superior to an unbalanced scheme to minimize numerical dispersion as demonstrated by the synthetic standing contact-discontinuity test case. Following this, the model is employed to simulate two laboratory experiments and a field case, the 1996 Lake Ha! Ha! flood event in Canada. The results of water surface elevations and bed surface profiles agree well with the measurements. The accuracy and robustness of the numerical schemes make the model a good candidate for practical engineering applications.

Two-dimensional reactive transport model as a new approach for identifying the origins and contribution of arsenic in a soil and water system

Distribution of arsenic (As) in the environment can occur through various paths, depending on the interrelationship between soil and surface water, and groundwater. This study aimed to identify the origins and pathways of As among various potential origins in soil and water systems using two-dimensional reactive transport models (2D RTMs) and to evaluate the contribution of each origin to the geochemical distribution of As in the study area, which included a reservoir, two streams, and two abandoned mines. The 2D RTMs were prepared by combining hydraulic and geochemical reactive models. The MODFLOW-2005 package was used to simulate the water flow in the study area. The geochemical reaction and distribution of As were simulated using Geochemist's Workbench. The concentration of As in the reservoir was ∼50 μg/L, while that in the soils collected around the mine X and Y was 15.0–1853.2 mg/kg (median: 126.1 mg/kg) and 3.6–1629.2 mg/kg (median: 60.9 mg/kg), respectively. Hydraulic and geochemical input data were derived from field surveys and laboratory experiments. Based on the geochemical and hydrogeological input data, 2D RTMs determined that 32.0 kg of As accumulated into the reservoir over 18 years through surface water, which is from mines X (2.7 kg) and Y (29.3 kg). Hence, mine Y would be the primary origin of As to the reservoir. Based on 2D RTM, 2.4 kg of As entered the reservoir via groundwater (DO <0.1 mg/L). Also, precipitation of sulfide minerals (e.g., orpiment; As2S3) influences As dispersion and contribution under subsurface conditions. These modeling results suggest that 2D RTMs could be a new approach for identifying and assessing the contribution of potential As origins in soil and water system.

Effects of macro-scale heterogeneity on the kinetic interface-sensitive tracer test for measuring the fluid–fluid interfacial area in dynamic two-phase flow in porous media

A novel reactive smart tracer method, termed the kinetic interface-sensitive (KIS) tracer test, has been demonstrated in laboratory column experiments to enable measurement of the specific capillary-associated fluid–fluid interfacial area in dynamic two-phase flow displacement processes in porous media. Development of the tracer method towards effective application in real field conditions requires investigation of the influence of the porous media heterogeneity on the front size and the specific interfacial area, and, consequently, in how far a kinetic interface-sensitive tracer experiment, and the corresponding breakthrough curves, are affected. This study employs a two-dimensional Darcy-scale two-phase flow reactive transport model to investigate numerically the KIS tracer transport in heterogeneous porous media. Simulations were carried out for the primary drainage process in a domain formed of fine and coarse porous media. Various heterogeneity patterns, having different numbers of inclusions and different geometrical distributions, were studied. It is shown that the shape of the breakthrough curves can be used as an indicator for quantifying the displacement front roughness, the specific interfacial area in the domain, and the domain heterogeneity, e.g., the existence of preferential flow pathways inside the porous media. The results indicate that when the displacement front roughness is small, the concentration breakthrough curves exhibit a linear increase. The slopes of the breakthrough curves linearly depend on the fraction of the bulk volume occupied by the low-permeability sand inclusions. The volume-averaged specific interfacial area and the size of the transition zone can be determined from the slopes of the breakthrough curves.

Development of a Two-Dimensional Hybrid Sediment-Transport Model

This paper presents the development of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic sediment transport model using the finite volume method based on a collocated unstructured hybrid-mesh system consisting of triangular and quadrilateral cells. The model is a single-phase nonequilibrium sediment-transport model for nonuniform and noncohesive sediments in unsteady turbulent flows that considers multiple sediment-transport processes such as deposition, erosion, transport, and bed sorting. This model features a hybrid unstructured mesh system for easy mesh generation in complex domains. To avoid interpolation from vertices in conventional unstructured models, this model adopted a second-order accurate edge-gradient evaluation method to consider the mesh irregularities based on Taylor’s series expansion. In addition, the multipoint momentum interpolation corrections were integrated to avoid possible nonphysical oscillations during the wetting-and-drying process, common in unsteady sediment transport problems, to ensure both numerical stability and numerical accuracy. The developed sediment transport model was validated by a benchmark degradation case for the erosion process with armoring effects, a benchmark aggradation case for the deposition process, and a naturally meandering river for long-term unsteady sediment-transport processes. Finally, the model was successfully applied to simulate sediment transport in a reservoir that was significantly affected by typhoon events.

Development of a multiphase perfusion model for biomimetic reduced-order dense tumors

Dense fibrous extracellular constitution of solid tumors exerts high resistance to diffusive transport into it; additionally, the scarcity of blood and lymphatic flows hinders convection. The complexity of fluidic transport mechanisms in such tumor environments still presents open questions with translational end goals. For example, clinical diagnosis and targeted drug delivery platforms for such dense tumors can ideally benefit from a quantitative framework on plasma uptake into the tumor. In this study, we present a computational model for physical parameters that may influence blood percolation and penetration into simple biomimetic solid tumor geometry. The model implements three-phase viscous-laminar transient simulation to mimic the transport physics inside a tumor-adhering blood vessel and measures the constituent volume fractions of the three considered phases, viz. plasma, RBCs (red blood cells, also known as “erythrocytes”), and WBCs (white blood cells, also known as “leukocytes”) at three different flow times, while simultaneously recording the plasma pressure and velocity at the entry point to the tumor’s extracellular space. Subsequently, to quantify plasma perfusion within the tumor zone, we proposed a reduced-order two-dimensional transport model for the tumor entry zone and its extracellular space for three different fenestra diameters: 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 µm; the simulations were two-phase viscous-laminar transient. The findings support the hypothesis that plasma percolation into the tumor is proportional to the leakiness modulated by the size of fenestra openings, and the rate of percolation decays with the diffusion distance.

Theoretical Analysis of a Nonequilibrium Transport Model of Two-Dimensional Nonisothermal Reactive Chromatography Accounting for Bi-Langmuir Isotherm.

The current study investigates a nonequilibrium and nonlinear two-dimensional lumped kinetic transport model of nonisothermal reactive liquid chromatography, considering the Bi-Langmuir adsorption isotherm, heterogeneous reaction rates, radial and axial concentration variations, and the adsorption and reaction enthalpies. The mathematical models of packed bed chromatographic processes are expressed by a highly nonlinear system of coupled partial differential algebraic equations connecting the phenomena of convection, diffusion, and reaction, for mass and energy balance, the differential algebraic equations for mass balance in the solid phase, and the algebraical expressions for the adsorption isotherms and for the reaction rates. The nonlinearity of the reaction term and the adsorption isotherm preclude the derivation of an analytical solution for the model equations. For this reason, a semidiscrete, high-resolution, finite-volume technique is extended and employed in this study to obtain the numerical solution. Several consistency checks are performed to evaluate the model predictions and analyze the precision of the proposed numerical scheme. A number of heterogeneously catalyzed stoichiometric reactions are numerically simulated to examine reactor performance under the influence of temperature and Bi-Langmuir adsorption dynamics, the level of coupling between mass and energy fronts, and to study the effects of various critical parameters. The numerical results obtained are beneficial for optimal predictive control and process optimization during production and the development of methods for systematic design and fault detection of nonisothermal liquid chromatographic reactors, and hence constitute the first step to provide deeper insight into the overall evaluation of integrated reaction and separation processes.

Numerical Study of Aluminum Pitting Corrosion Using a Two-Dimensional Multi-Species Transport Model

Numerical Study of Aluminum Pitting Corrosion Using a Two-Dimensional Multi-Species Transport Model

Space charge characteristics in epoxy/nano-MgO composites: Experiment and two-dimensional model simulation

Space charge accumulation in polymer dielectrics may lead to serious electric field distortion and even insulation failure during long-term operations of power equipment and electronic devices, especially under conditions of high temperature and direct current electric stress. The addition of nanoparticles into polymer matrices has been found effective in suppressing space charge accumulation and alleviating electric field distortion issues. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of nanoparticle doping remain a challenge to explore, especially from multi-dimensional composite insights. Here, a two-dimensional bipolar charge transport model with consideration of interface zones between organic/inorganic phases is proposed for the investigation into space charge behaviors of nanodielectrics. To validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the model, pulsed electroacoustic experiments are performed on epoxy/nano-MgO composites with different doping ratios of nanoparticles. Experimental observations match well with simulation anticipations, i.e., higher doping ratios of nanoparticles below the percolation threshold exhibit better capabilities to inhibit space charge accumulation. The deep traps (∼1.50 eV) generated in the interface zones are demonstrated to capture free charges, forming a reverse electric field in the region adjacent to electrodes and impeding the space charge migration toward the interior of the composite. This model is anticipated to provide theoretical insight for understanding space charge characteristics in polymer nanodielectrics and computing charge dynamics in extreme conditions where experiments are challenging to perform.

Numerical investigation of impact of crystal diameter fluctuations on intrinsic point defects distribution in Si crystal grown by Czochralski method

Intrinsic point defects distribution is primarily controlled by the crystal pulling rate and temperature gradient directly at growth interface in silicon crystals grown using the Czochralski (Cz) method. The fluctuation in crystal diameter during the Cz process is one of the primary features associated with the temporal variation in growth process parameters, such as the pulling rate and heater power in the growth system, and which is expected to affect the thermal stress, defects, and dopant incorporation in a growing crystal. In this study, we numerically investigated the effect of temporal variation in crystal diameter on the intrinsic point defects distribution in a silicon crystal grown using the Cz method. The point defect dynamics in the crystal were numerically evaluated within a two-dimensional axisymmetric unsteady global heat and mass transport model for dynamically pulled silicon crystals, considering the shape of the crystal and diameter variation. Unsteady numerical simulations showed that the distribution of intrinsic point defects near crystal side surface in a growing silicon crystal significantly depends on the temporal variation in the crystal diameter.

Simulation and Statistical Analysis on the Transport Process of Salt Water Mass from the North Branch in the Yangtze River Estuary

Based on the analysis of measured data, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic Salinity Transport Model in the Yangtze River estuary is established by using Mike21 model. This model is used to study the average daily distribution and changing patterns of the saline water mass in the South Branch that are from the North Branch while only the saltwater intrusion from the North Branch is considered. It determines the intrusion process of saline water mass from the North Branch and the area that are affected by saline water intrusion. In addition, through the research of salt water mass core moving down and salinity variation in the south branch channel, the flow pattern and mechanism of salt water mass in the south branch channel are revealed. The saltwater intrusion from the North Branch has a great impact on the vertical, horizontal and vertical salinity fields of the Yangtze River estuary. The variation trend of statistical variance, deviation and standard deviation of the half month time series of salinity at each point along the route is basically the same, showing a gradual decreasing trend towards the downstream. Those show that the salinity dispersion is larger in the upstream estuary and lower outside the estuary. Combined with the salinity kurtosis and skewness, the deviation degree and direction of the salinity distribution at each point along the route can be judged, which can reflect the comprehensive process of runoff, tidal current and topography. Therefore, the kurtosis and skewness statistics can effectively describe the law of transport and dynamic characteristics of intrusion saline water masses in the Yangtze River Estuary.

Ammonium (NH4+) transport processes in the riverbank under varying hydrologic conditions

Attenuation of groundwater ammonium (NH4+) is expected to occur through redox reaction and adsorption of the riverbank. Previous studies determined that NH4+ mostly degraded through nitrification along subsurface flow, however, the adsorption capacities of riverbanks were always ignored in the NH4+ reduction processes. In this study, field experiments were conducted in the Fuliji section of the Xiaosuixin River, China, to understand NH4+ transport and attenuation under rainfall events-induced river and groundwater interactions. The results indicated that the NH4+ concentration in river water increased significantly after heavy rainfall events and reached a peak of about 5.88 mg L−1, and the lag time was more than 2 weeks compared with the river peak stage. Adsorption plays a dominant role in attenuation of NH4+ in riverbank with high amounts of organic materials and clay minerals, reducing its concentration to less than 0.05 mg L−1. A two-dimensional lateral exchange and transport model of NH4+ was developed and calibrated against observations in the aquifer, and an exponential reduction pattern of NH4+ was identified. The model's possible implications about the effects of varying hydrologic changes (i.e., peak stage and lag time differences between river and groundwater) on NH4+ transport were also discussed. Thus, the effects of river-groundwater interactions on nitrogen pollution should be taken into consideration in river regulation strategies in order to ensure proper hydrogeochemical functioning of river–aquifer interfaces and related ecosystems.

Reactive transport modeling for supporting climate resilience at groundwater contamination sites

Abstract. Climate resilience is an emerging issue at contaminated sites and hazardous waste sites, since projected climate shifts (e.g., increased/decreased precipitation) and extreme events (e.g., flooding, drought) could affect ongoing remediation or closure strategies. In this study, we develop a reactive transport model (Amanzi) for radionuclides (uranium, tritium, and others) and evaluate how different scenarios under climate change will influence the contaminant plume conditions and groundwater well concentrations. We demonstrate our approach using a two-dimensional (2D) reactive transport model for the Savannah River Site F-Area, including mineral reaction and sorption processes. Different recharge scenarios are considered by perturbing the infiltration rate from the base case as well as considering cap-failure and climate projection scenarios. We also evaluate the uranium and nitrate concentration ratios between scenarios and the base case to isolate the sorption effects with changing recharge rates. The modeling results indicate that the competing effects of dilution and remobilization significantly influence pH, thus changing the sorption of uranium. At the maximum concentration on the breakthrough curve, higher aqueous uranium concentration implies that sorption is reduced with lower pH due to remobilization. To better evaluate the climate change impacts in the future, we develop the workflow to include the downscaled CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) climate projection data in the reactive transport model and evaluate how residual contamination evolves through 2100 under four climate Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The integration of climate modeling data and hydrogeochemistry models enables us to quantify the climate change impacts, assess which impacts need to be planned for, and therefore assist climate resiliency efforts and help guide site management.

A novel lake-zoning framework for large lakes based on numerical modelling

Because of the high spatial heterogeneity of the ecosystem properties of large lakes, the characterisation of lake zones is particularly helpful for designing zone-specific strategies for water management practices. In this study, we developed a lake-zoning framework by investigating the lateral dispersion of inflow pollutants through dye-tracking experiments in a case study of a large shallow lake (Lake Chaohu) in China. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic and mass transport model was used to quantify the impacts of inflow rivers on this lake. Results from 2012 to 2014 showed that the lake zoning results were more stable at the annual scale than at the seasonal scale, implying that the seasonal scale is not suitable for the establishment of lake zones. A driving factor analysis showed that inflow discharge was a more critical factor determining lake zones than wind conditions. In contrast to previous lake zoning methods, the proposed framework implements lake zoning quantitatively through hydrodynamic modelling.