Two-dimensional Numerical Model Research Articles

Effect of Grain-Size and Textural Weakening in Polyphase Crustal and Mantle Lithospheric Shear Zones

Strain localization to form narrow plate boundary shear zones in Earth’s lithosphere requires a significant amount of strain weakening. Here we investigate the relative contributions of grain-size-sensitive weakening versus textural weakening in polyphase shear zones in granitoid and peridotitic rocks through two-dimensional centimetre-scale bulk simple shear numerical models. The models deploy both constant grain size (only textural weakening) and dynamic grain-size evolution based on the paleowattmeter. Our results reveal that for granitoid rocks, textural weakening dominates, especially at temperatures around 550 °C, while grain-size-sensitive weakening plays a secondary yet significant role. For peridotitic rocks, intense weakening is evident below temperatures of ~1000 °C due to grain-size reduction, while textural weakening has a minor effect on weakening for experiments above 1000 °C. Two-dimensional experiments are compared to one-dimensional, single-phase models to reveal the effect of geometrical complexities in stress and grain-size evolution. These results are discussed in the context of natural lithospheric shear zones and are compared with established piezometers for individual mineral phases. Our findings underscore the vital role of grain-size-sensitive rheologies, particularly in the mantle lithosphere, for the initial weakening of ductile shear zones. These insights offer quantitative constraints that advance our understanding of the long-term strength of lithospheric plate boundaries.

Frequency reduction and attenuation of the tire air cavity mode due to a porous lining

The tire air cavity mode is known to be a significant source of vehicle structure- borne road noise near 200 Hz for current generation passenger vehicles, and a porous lining placed on the inner surface of a tire has proven to be an effective countermeasure. The two noticeable effects of such a lining are the reduction in the cavity resonance frequency and the attenuation of the air cavity mode. In the present work, through both theoretical and numerical analysis, the mechanisms underlying the effects of a porous lining were studied. A two-dimensional duct-shaped theoretical model and a two-dimensional torus-shaped numerical model were created to investigate the lined tire in conjunction with the Johnson- Champoux-Allard model describing the viscous and thermal dissipative effects of the porous material. The design parameters of the porous lining were varied to study their impact and to identify optimal ranges of the design parameters, in particular, the flow resistivity. Finally, in an experimental analysis, the sound attenuation and the frequency drop were observed in measurements of force, acceleration, and sound pressure. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the suggested theoretical and numerical models successfully predict the effects of porous linings and that the frequency reduction results from the decreased sound speed within the tire owing to the presence of the liner.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Soil Strata for Underground Transportation System: A Case Study

In the current capital of Yemen, Sana’a, a time-efficient and economical transportation system is one of the greatest challenges to overcome the increasing urbanization for many years. Rapid transport systems use tunnel structures to reach the city's most inaccessible areas. Given the Gulf's geopolitical unrest, these structures could also serve as emergency shelters. Consequently, this research conducted an experimental soil exploration investigation in Sana'a, Yemen, to identify potential tunneling sites for the city's rapid transit system. The field exploration, in-situ, and laboratory soil testing at the four locations were performed with the collaboration of the Ministry of Public Works & Highways, Yemen. Further, to calculate the geotechnical parameters for tunnel design, numerical analysis has been carried out using the finite element package ABAQUS, and two-dimensional plane-strain numerical models of underground tunnel structure have been developed to conduct the parametric study in different soil types and boundary conditions under static loading. The material behavior of soil strata has been incorporated into the well-known Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model. The field investigation found that the geotechnical properties of the soil strata in Sana’a have a lot of variation. The numerical study shows that the maximum deformation in the concrete liner of the tunnel was observed at the crown of the tunnel. The ovalling effect in tunnel concrete liner was also seen in all the tunnel models, and the maximum ground settlement at sites 1, 2, 3, and 4 was estimated to be approximately 4, 25, 17, and 11 mm, respectively. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-03 Full Text: PDF

The Vertical Structure of Internal Lee-Wave-Driven Benthic Mixing Hotspots

Abstract In global ocean circulation and climate models, bottom-enhanced turbulent mixing is often parameterized such that the vertical decay scale of the energy dissipation rate ζ is universally constant at 500 m. In this study, using a nonhydrostatic two-dimensional numerical model in the horizontal–vertical plane that incorporates a monochromatic sinusoidal seafloor topography and the Garrett–Munk (GM) background internal wave field, we find that ζ of the internal lee-wave-driven bottom-enhanced mixing is actually variable depending on the magnitude of the steady flow U0, the horizontal wavenumber kH, and the height hT of the seafloor topography. When the steepness parameter (Sp = NhT/U0 where N is the buoyancy frequency near the seafloor) is less than 0.3, internal lee waves propagate upward from the seafloor while interacting with the GM internal wave field to create a turbulent mixing region with ζ that extends farther upward from the seafloor as U0 increases, but is nearly independent of kH. In contrast, when Sp exceeds 0.3, inertial oscillations (IOs) not far above the seafloor are enhanced by the intermittent supply of internal lee-wave energy Doppler-shifted to the near-inertial frequency, which occurs depending on the sign and magnitude of the background IO shear. The composite flow, consisting of the superposition of U0 and the IOs, interacts with the seafloor topography to efficiently generate internal lee waves during the period centered on the time of the composite flow maximum, but their upward propagation is inhibited by the increased IO shear, creating a turbulent mixing region of small ζ.

The design and operation optimization for conductive rubber heated snow melting bridge deck pavement

In order to solve the problem of ice and snow disasters on roads, this study proposed a new technology for active deicing of bridge decks using conductive rubber heating system (CRHS) as the heat source. The existing measures to improve the operation efficiency of snowmelt pavement often only optimize 1–2 influencing factors, and lack of optimization of multiple factors such as paving design, operation and environment. Therefore, in order to improve the operation efficiency, this study carried out multi-objective optimization on the design and operation of conductive rubber heated snow melting bridge deck pavement. The bridge deck pavement scheme of conductive rubber heating system was proposed, and its two-dimensional numerical model of heat transfer was established. The laying spacing of conductive rubber (s), heating power (p), ambient temperature (t) and wind speed (v) were used as input parameters for system operation optimization. Predictive models for total heating time (THT) and the loss of energy rate (LER) were developed using response surface methodology (RSM). The specific effects of input parameters on THT and LER and their interactions were analyzed by thermal simulation. Aiming at less THT and lost energy (LE), the optimal input parameters of conductive rubber heating system were obtained by the multi-objective particle swarm algorithm. The results indicated that shorter THT and lower LE could be achieved when the laying spacing (s) was 0.25 m, the ambient temperature (t) was −3 °C, the wind speed (v) was 2 m/s, and the input power was 550 W/m2. And adjusting s was more effective than adjusting p to obtain low THT and LER. The results and recommendations can effectively guide the operation of conductive rubber heating system. The multi-objective optimization research idea of improving the operation efficiency of snowmelt pavement in this paper can provide reference for similar deicing pavement applications.

Re-examination of the effect of Reynolds number on local scour around a pipeline under steady current

Herein, a two-dimensional numerical model was established to examine the effect of Reynolds number on local scour around a pipeline under steady current by solving the Naiver-Stokes equation with shear stress turbulence (SST) k-ω closure. Suspended load and bedload transport rates were considered in the model. The numerical results revealed that the Reynolds number can considerably affect the local scour around the pipeline. However, earlier works often ignored the effect of Reynolds number on local scour. An empirical equation for the variations in the maximum scour depth with Reynolds number was presented based on present study.

Research on dynamic deformation behaviors of laser driving metal sheet precision forming

Laser shock forming (LSF) is an advanced sheet forming technology. With the aid of forming die, it can realize sheet precise forming, and has extensive application prospects in aeronautic and electronics industries. In the paper, a two-dimensional axial symmetric numerical model of SUS304 stainless steel is established. Finite element method is utilized to explore the dynamic deformation behaviors of the laser-driving sheet impacted by the forming die. The results show that the node velocity of metal sheet increases in an oscillatory manner during initial stage and then it starts to bulge. After collision with die cavity bottom, the central region of metal sheet jumps up reversely, and experiences repeating damped vibration. The metal sheet gradually exhausts the obtained kinetic energy from the shock wave, and the flat sheet is finally shaped into the geometrical shape of die cavity. The sheet forming precision can be improved by way of increasing laser shock pressure. The corresponding experiments are also carried out to verify the predicted results. The applied method and gained results can provide a reference for theoretical research and parameters optimization in LSF.

Transient analysis of PCM discharging in a rotary triplex tube with wave-shaped fins

Phase change material (PCM) based thermal storage units have attracted attention in energy storage technology. To improve its effectiveness, researchers have introduced various techniques. In this study, a novel rotary triplex tube with sinusoidal wave-shaped fin design is proposed as a PCM based thermal storage unit, and its performance is compared with a conventional straight fin design. A two-dimensional numerical model is developed for the transient analysis of discharging process of PCM. The discharging process is modelled using enthalpy porosity technique. The validation of the model is done against the experimental result from the literature. The discharging process of PCM is analyzed at different rotational speeds. Thermal performance and fluid flow dynamics are evaluated by analyzing the molten portion, temperature, and velocity variation. The result showed that an increase in rotational speed led to an increase in the discharging rate of the PCM. When there is no rotation or slow rotation (0.05 and 0.1 RPM), the discharging is faster in the unit with straight fins compared to the unit with wave-shaped fins. However, at higher rotational speeds (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 RPM), discharging is faster in the unit with wave-shaped fins. Overall, this study provides insights into the design and performance of PCM based thermal storage unit and suggests the use of wave-shaped fins for higher rotational speeds to enhance the discharging rate of PCM.

An Iterative Method of Modeling Pump-Treat-Inject System with "Partial Treatment".

Pump-and-treat technologies are widely used in groundwater remediation and site cleanup. Such technologies involve pumping contaminated groundwater to the surface for treatment. Following treatment, the water is often reinjected back into the aquifer (referred to as pump-treat-inject or PTI) for potential reuse. The treatment system is often designed to remove dissolved-phase contaminants in groundwater such that water meets applicable cleanup standards (herein referred to as "full treatment"). However, in some cases, the treatment system may not effectively reduce the dissolved-phase concentrations (herein referred to as "partial treatment") for some of the contaminants present in groundwater. Modeling PTI under partial treatment conditions is challenging because contaminant concentrations in injected water depend on the pumped water concentrations and the system treatment efficiency. Essentially, the injected water concentration (a transport model input) is unknown prior to transport simulation. This study presents a novel iterative approach to modeling PTI under partial treatment scenarios, where the injected water concentration is linked to the modeled pumped water concentration. The method was developed for a complicated three-dimensional (3D) flow and transport modeling study conducted for a confidential remediation site where PTI with partial treatment was applied. However, due to the complexity of the 3D model and the confidential information of the site, a simple two-dimensional (2D) numerical model is presented to demonstrate the iterative method. The 2D model test runs and the 3D model application in a remediation site showed that the iterative simulation results quickly converged to a viable final solution.

Accelerating melting time in a triplex tube heat exchanger thermal energy storage unit with micro-channels

This article studies optimal conditions to maximize heat transfer efficiency within a triplex tube heat exchanger (TTHX) filled with phase-change material. In this context, micro-channels (MCs) incorporated into TTHX for the first time for acceleration melting time. A two-dimensional numerical model has been developed, and pure conduction and natural convection are both simulated. The Reynolds numbers range from 1 to 100. The types of temporal velocity profiles into micro-channels were uniform, step, elliptic, sinusoidal, and power. The effect of gravity states, namely no gravity, with gravity, and (MCHE), has been studied with different numbers of microchannels (4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14). The results showed that there was no variation in melting duration observed when increasing the Re number from 50 to 100. Thus, the maximum reduction in melting period occurred at Re = 50. Moreover, sinusoidal velocity profiles were more effective and could help the process finish sooner. In addition, micro channel tube exchanger (MCTE) fitted or equipped with 10 micro-channels has an optimum condition considering pressure drop and complete melting time. Using the sinusoidal profile reduced the total fusion time by 325 s compared to uniform flow (8.47 % reduction). This indicates that the sinusoidal profile is an effective way to reduce the melting period.

Lithospheric weakening by a small-scale plume and its geodynamic implications

The process of small-scale mantle plume emplacement within the continental lithosphere influences the dynamic topography and architecture of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB). Furthermore, plume emplacement alters the rheology of the crust and lithospheric mantle through melt-driven, mechanical and thermal weakening. Previous studies of plume emplacement within the lithosphere have described these outcomes, albeit without considering plume-driven weakening. In this study, we quantitatively evaluated the effects of small-scale plume-driven predefined weakening of the continental lithospheric mantle and crust on dynamic topography and LAB depth changes using a series of two-dimensional numerical models. Model calculations showed that small plume-driven predefined weakening led to short-wavelength dynamic topography and LAB depth reduction through both mechanical and thermal erosion of the lithospheric mantle by the plume. An increase in the degree of weakening decreased the lithospheric strength and reduced the LAB depth, thereby transforming the short-wavelength topography from depressions to elevations as the extensional kinematics shifted to compression. Our model findings explain the topography, lithospheric strength, and LAB depth constrained from natural small-scale plume emplacement zones.

Unconfined fishway design, implementation, and assessment for the emerald Shiner (Notropis atherinoides) in the Upper Niagara River, New York

An engineered seawall in need of repair along the Upper Niagara River in Buffalo, NY, was previously identified as a hydrodynamic barrier to the migration of a small but important prey fish, the emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides), and its connection to the upstream environs of Lake Erie. This study proposed a novel unconfined fishway design to be incorporated into existing plans for rehabilitation of the seawall at Broderick Park. The proposed fishway was developed using a two-dimensional depth-averaged numerical model, it was explored by placing the target fish into a physical model, and the constructed demonstration project was assessed using field measurements and observations. The numerical model showed that modular baffles attached to the seawall reduced the nearshore flow velocities to about 0.4 to 0.6 m s−1, which was within the acceptable range of velocities for the upstream migration of the emerald shiners. The physical experiments demonstrated that most emerald shiners chose to swim toward, within, or close to the proposed fishway in the presence of higher flow velocities within the main channel region. The proposed fishway design was integrated into the seawall repair as part of a demonstration project supervised by the US Army Corps of Engineers-Buffalo District. Post-construction assessment of the installation showed that (1) the modular baffles reduced time-averaged flow velocities near the seawall and water surface, (2) while very few shiners were observed swimming along the pre-construction seawall, large numbers were observed swimming upstream within this reduced flow velocity corridor created by the baffles, and (3) the structural integrity of the installation proved to be durable and resilient to extremely harsh environmental conditions. This study explored a new approach to fishway design for the passage of relatively small fish in large rivers, and it effectively melded fishway requirements into seawall restoration in concert with the expectations of multiple stakeholders.

Numerical modelling and analysis of current induced stresses in REBCO coil stacks

This study reports the effect of the radial, axial, and hoop electromagnetic stresses caused by the large current density and the self-field (screening current-induced magnetic field) on REBCO superconducting coil stacks. A two-dimensional numerical model is used to study the stress distribution of a superconducting coil stack under current. The electromagnetically homogenized coil stack is assumed to be composed of four equally spaced coils with rectangular cross-section. Initially, the verification of the model is done by comparing the analytical calculations (which were in good agreement) of stress distributions of a superconducting slab exposed to a variable magnetic field and in a superconducting strip exposed to a variable current. Then, the two-dimensional model is used to obtain the components of stress that occurred in the coil stack under sinusoidal varying currents. The stress component distributions are calculated at different time intervals, currents, frequencies, and coil distances. Besides, one-dimensional stress distributions are plotted to show how the stress distributions change while the current increases. The upper and lower coils have much higher magnetic stress than the inner coils. Results obtained from the one-dimensional stress distribution calculations show that the stress occurring in the radial direction is lower than the stress in the z-direction in the coil stack. The stress distributions do not show a significant change as the frequency of the applied current changes. The stresses in both the radial and axial directions decrease as the distance between coils increases. All results are presented, and the possible reasons are explained.

A numerical investigation into thermo-fluid characteristics of pulsating jet impingement on a dimpled surface

A two-dimensional axisymmetric numerical model is employed to study the flow and heat transfer attributes of the pulsating air jet impingement on a dimpled surface. The results are compared with the steady jet impingement. The results are examined at a fixed Reynolds number of 5000, over a Strouhal number range of 0.1–0.5, and pulsation amplitude of 15% and 25% for three different nozzle-to-surface separations (z/d = 2, 6, and 10). The pulsation amplitude of 15% has a minor effect on heat transfer from the dimpled surface. However, at 25% pulsation amplitude, significant improvements in the heat transfer rates are obtained in many combinations of jet Strouhal number and jet surface spacing. The value of the optimum Strouhal number provides conditions for the maximum heat transfer rate, which varied with nozzle-to-surface separation distances. Combinations of higher separations and lower Strouhal numbers (and vice versa) produced optimum heat transfer among the cases considered in the present study. The maximum improvement (17.41%) in the average heat transfer over the steady jet was found at z/d = 10 for pulsation at St = 0.1, while at z/d = 6, St = 0.2 provides the highest heat transfer rate. It is urged that the vortices formed in pulse jet close to the natural frequency of vortex formation provide a conducive environment for the vortex growth and their existence, significantly affecting the jet entrainment, mixing, and jet spread, which eventually play the decisive factor in determining the overall heat transfer rates on the dimpled surface.

Determination accuracy enhancement of viscoelastic constitutive model of optical glass

This study proposes an effective method for improving the determination accuracy of the viscoelastic constitutive model via the combination of uniaxial creep with stress relaxation and the use of creep data to correct stress relaxation curves, known as “stress relaxation and creep correction (SRCC).” A typical molding glass was selected as the study material to fit and correct the constitutive model using the new method, and glass was regarded as a thermorheologically simple material to describe the temperature-dependent viscoelasticity. Glass cylinders were used in uniaxial compression stress relaxation experiments, which were conducted on a molding machine, and the experimental results were fitted with the generalized Maxwell constitutive model. The constitutive model was corrected further by optimization of the long-term modulus based on the SRCC method, and friction coefficients were calibrated under different molding conditions to improve the simulation accuracy. To verify the accuracy of the corrected constitutive model, we constructed a two-dimensional axisymmetric numerical model of molding biconvex aspheric lens and extracted and compared the molding displacement curves with experimental data. The results indicate that more accurate guidance for the optimization of the glass molding process can be provided based on the corrected model.

Bimolecular reactive transport in a filled single fracture-matrix system considering the nonequilibrium sorption

Comprehending the transport mechanism of bimolecular reactive solutes in fracture-matrix systems is crucial for improving the efficiency of collaborative remediation using hydraulic fracturing and in-situ chemical oxidation in low-permeability contaminated sites. Previous studies have neglected the effects of physical nonequilibrium (PNE) caused by sedimentation and chemical nonequilibrium (SNE) caused by rete-limited sorption. In this study, a two-dimensional numerical model that considers mobile-immobile mass transfer in the fracture and two-site nonequilibrium sorption in both fracture and matrix is established to investigate the behavior of bimolecular reactive solutes in a filled fracture-matrix system. The results indicate that the PNE and SNE lead to two-stage characteristics and severe tailing effects in contaminant remediation. High tailing occurs when the equilibrium sorption fraction and fracture-mobile/fracture-immobile porosity ratio are relatively small and the longitudinal hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient is relatively large, requiring consideration of multi-nonequilibrium processes. Additionally, the solute concentration in the matrix is most sensitive to the matrix porosity (θk), less sensitive to fracture aperture (2b), and reagent bulk diffusivity (DOA). The remediation area (Sr) in the matrix has an exponential relationship with θk and a linear relationship with 2b and DOA. The quantitative relationship between Sr and key parameters facilitates the prediction of remediation effectiveness.

Study on the impact of the perforated floating breakwater on coastal bridge with box-girder superstructure under two-dimensional focused waves

The advantages of Floating Breakwater encompass its adaptability to varying water depths and tidal ranges, as well as its economic viability, mobility, and ease of installation. However, limited research has been conducted on the wave damping performance of floating breakwaters on the box-girder superstructure of coastal bridges during extreme wave conditions. In this study, a two-dimensional numerical model was established using the RANS equations and SST k-ω turbulence model in OpenFOAM. The breakwater was constrained by mooring forces, with linear elastic deformation, and underwent horizontal, vertical, and torsional movements under the action of ocean waves. The validity of the numerical model was confirmed by comparing it with existing numerical simulations and experimental data. The study examined influential factors, including the cross-sectional shape, submergence depth, and spacing of the floating breakwater, with a specific emphasis on the dimensions of the upper and lower openings for perforated breakwaters. Combined with attenuation rates and fluid-structure coupling analysis, the wave damping performance of the floating breakwater on the box-girder superstructure of coastal bridges under extreme wave conditions was evaluated. The research results demonstrate that the perforated floating breakwater, with Cs = 0.75, L = 10 m, and upper opening B1 = 0.1 B and lower opening B2 = 0.4 B, maximizes the wave damping performance on the box-girder superstructure of coastal bridges, which holds crucial significance for studying wave attenuation and disaster prevention on the box-girder superstructure of coastal bridges.

Numerical investigate of the effects of surface roughness on local scour around pipeline under steady current condition

A two-dimensional numerical model was developed to investigate the effects of the surface roughness on local scour around pipeline based on Naiver-Stokes equations. Both suspended load and bedload transport are considered for the sand motion equation. Present numerical model is verified accurately for simulating local scour around pipeline. The numerical results show that the surface roughness has a significant effect on the process of local scour, i.e. forces, Shields parameter and scour depth. For rough pipeline, the average value of the drag force coefficient on the pipeline, the RMS value of the lift coefficient, the scour depth and the scour width all decrease rapidly with increasing roughness and then change slowly.

Geotechnical seismic isolation system to protect cut-and-cover utility tunnels using tire-derived aggregates

Utility tunnels in urban areas are generally constructed using the cut-and-cover method, with shallow depths and large dimensions. Given their high seismic vulnerability, especially in soft soils, proposing feasible mitigation measures is a matter of great concern. Tire-derived aggregate (TDA) is an engineered construction material produced from recycled scrap tires and is widely used in geotechnical seismic isolation (GSI) systems. In this study, a series of nonlinear numerical analyses were performed to investigate the geotechnical seismic isolation for utility tunnels using TDA backfill. Two-dimensional numerical models were developed incorporating site profiles, structural features, and geotechnical parameters of a real project. Three configurations of the TDA backfill were investigated and their isolation efficiencies were compared under horizontal input motions. The contributions of the inertial effect of the soil cover to the isolation efficiency of the TDA backfill and the isolation mechanism were also presented. This study showed that TDA backfill was an excellent alternative for risk mitigation during strong earthquakes. The racking deformation, seismic-induced bending moment and shear forces were reduced by approximately 50%, 65% and 75%, respectively. The proposed system may lead to the avoidance of costly seismic mitigation measures when the earthquake effects on utility tunnels need to be considered.

Dynamic heat-transfer mechanism and performance analysis of an integrated Trombe wall with radiant cooling for natural cooling energy harvesting and air-conditioning

Natural cooling energy and high-efficient radiant cooling techniques are essential to mitigate energy resources shortage crisis, breakthrough on traditional convective air-conditioning systems in isolation between indoor and outdoor environment with high indoor air quality. In this paper, a polyethylene aerogel (PEA) and phase change material (PCM) integrated novel Trombe wall was proposed, involving natural cooling energy harvesting, cooling energy storage, indoor ventilation and radiant cooling. A two-dimensional unsteady numerical model based on surface-to surface (S2S) radiation model and effective specific heat capacity method was developed in the commercial software Ansys Fluent to evaluate the cooling performance and dynamic heat-transfer mechanism of the novel Trombe wall. Subsequently, climate-responsive operation strategies on ventilation modes were proposed to maximize natural cooling energy utilization and fresh air supply. Parametrical and comparative studies were conducted on optimal structural design and robust operation. Our results showed that, with the novel design and advanced operation strategies, passive cooling capacity of 0.64 kWh/m2·day can be provided, together with fresh air supply of 2705.2 kg/day (1.4 m2 Trombe wall), corresponding to air change rate per hour (ACH) of 1.15. In terms of active cooling system, the integration of PEA and PCM can effectively prevent moisture condensation and shift peak cooling load. Hence, radiant cooling capacity of 0.99 kWh/m2·day and radiant cooling ratio of 47 % can be achieved by the novel Trombe wall, with electricity consumption only at valley period. Moreover, economic saving of 55.0 CNY/day and decarbonization potential of 23.8 kg CO2,e/day can be achieved when the novel Trombe wall is integrated into a typical office building in subtropical climate Guangzhou. This study provides a novel structural design and optimal operation strategies on a Trombe wall, together with guidelines on techno-economic-environmental performance improvement, promoting effective natural cooling energy utilization and energy-flexible/efficient radiant cooling for decarbonization of buildings in cooling-dominant regions.