Twin-field Quantum Key Distribution Research Articles

Practical twin-field quantum key distribution parameter optimization based on quantum annealing algorithm

Abstract Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) is widely studied since it can surpass the key capacity of repeaterless QKD, whereas electromagnetic interference (EMI) is one of the main challenges in its practical applications. This study is based on the Faraday–Michelson TF-QKD. Analyze the effect of EMI on the rotation angle of the Faraday mirror causing an additional quantum bit error rate (QBER). Moreover, the quantum annealing algorithm (QA) based on quantum tunneling mechanism is applied to the optimization of practical TF-QKD. Mapping the secure key rate of TF-QKD into the evaluation function of QA and the transverse magnetic field is introduced to construct the kinetic energy term, which can realize the quantum tunneling effect. Meanwhile, the QA is improved in terms of chaotic optimization to obtain the dynamic initial value of the algorithm, the design of a perturbation method to skip the locally optimal solution, and the use of suitable temperature and magnetic field decay functions. Optimizing TF-QKD with QA, the standard deviation of QBER fluctuation caused by EMI is reduced to 0.206, the mean square error of the signal-state pulse intensity is only 3.38 × 10 − 4 , and the optimization accuracy of the secure key rate can reach 99.8 % . Additionally, this optimization method shortens the runtime and reduces computational resource consumption, making it highly efficient for practical implementations.

Improved security analysis for phase-encoding twin-field quantum key distribution

Improved security analysis for phase-encoding twin-field quantum key distribution

Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution with Local Frequency Reference.

Twin-field quantum key distribution (TFQKD) overcomes the linear rate-loss limit, which promises a boost of secure key rate over long distance. However, the complexity of eliminating the frequency differences between the independent laser sources hinders its practical application. We analyzed and determined the frequency stability requirements for implementing TFQKD using frequency-stabilized lasers. Based on this analysis, we proposed and demonstrated a simple and practical approach that utilizes the saturated absorption spectroscopy of acetylene as an absolute reference, eliminating the need for fast frequency locking to achieve TFQKD. Adopting the 4-intensity sending-or-not-sending TFQKD protocol, we experimentally demonstrated the TFQKD over 502, 301, and 201km ultralow-loss optical fiber, respectively. We expect this high-performance scheme will find widespread usage in future intercity and free-space quantum communication networks.

Encoding control system for twin-field quantum key distribution

The Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution (TF-QKD) protocol has the potential to realize secure key distribution over extremely long distances, which is an important technique for realizing a global quantum network. Compared to the conventional BB84 protocol, practical TF-QKD and its variant protocols require an accurate phase modulation to at least 16 different values with randomized encoding. In this work, we developed an encoding control system for TF-QKD. Optical pulses with five different intensities and 16 different phases can be modulated with a clock frequency of 100 MHz with a field programmable gate array based arbitrary waveform generator (AWG). With the assistance of DDR4 memory, waveforms exceeding 200 ms in length can be output simultaneously on 4 pairs of differential channels, making the random number pairing between two different encoding systems close to the expected ratio when using cyclic random numbers for experimental demonstration. The AWG boasts a long-term amplitude stability better than 0.03% and supports seamless concatenation and cyclic output of waveforms, demonstrating a strong and sustained performance in long-duration experiments. Sending-or-not-sending TF-QKD was demonstrated with the encoding control system, with a secure key rate of 1.33 × 10−5 per pulse under the total channel loss of ∼32 dB.

Discrete-phase-randomized twin-field quantum key distribution with advantage distillation

Discrete-phase-randomized twin-field quantum key distribution with advantage distillation

Phase Noise in Real‐World Twin‐Field Quantum Key Distribution

AbstractThe impact of noise sources in real‐world implementations of twin‐field quantum key distribution (TF‐QKD) protocols is investigated, focusing on phase noise from photon sources and connecting fibers. This work emphasizes the role of laser quality, network topology, fiber length, arm balance, and detector performance in determining key rates. Remarkably, it reveals that the leading TF‐QKD protocols are similarly affected by phase noise despite different mechanisms. This study demonstrates duty cycle improvements of over a factor of two through narrow‐linewidth lasers and phase‐control techniques, highlighting the potential synergy with high‐precision time and frequency distribution services. Ultrastable lasers, evolving toward integration and miniaturization, offer promising solutions for agile TF‐QKD implementations on existing networks. Properly addressing phase noise and practical constraints allows for consistent key rate predictions, protocol selection, and layout design, crucial for establishing secure long‐haul links for the quantum communication infrastructures under development in several countries.

Switching in quantum networks: an optimization investigation

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises information theoretic security. However, the distances over which complete security can be achieved are fundamentally limited in the absence of quantum repeaters. Thus, a key question is how to build a quantum network (QN) given this restriction. One paradigm that has been considered is trusted node (TN) quantum networks where intermediate trusted nodes are used as relays of quantum keys. Another paradigm is to route key channels through intermediate nodes optically, either through wavelength or fiber switching, thus avoiding the use of TNs. In both of these paradigms, a QKD receiver or transmitter at a specific node can be shared between multiple QKD transmitters or receivers at different nodes in order to reduce the overall costs; this sharing can be enabled via an optical switch. In this paper, we investigate the two paradigms for designing QNs. In the TN model we assume the Decoy BB84 protocol, whereas in the non-TN model, we employ twin-field QKD (TF-QKD) due to the increased single hop distances. We present mixed integer linear program models to optimize network design in both of these paradigms and use these to investigate the viability of switching in the network models as a method of sharing devices. We show that sharing of devices can provide cost reduction in QNs up to a certain transmission requirement rate between users in the TN model, while also providing benefits even at significantly higher transmission requirements in the TF-QKD model. The specific value of this rate is dependent on the network graph; however, for mesh topology TN networks this is expected to occur at average key transmission requirements of ∼1000−5000bits/s. We further use the models to investigate the effects of different network parameters, such as cooling costs, switch frequency, and device costs. We show that cooled detectors are useful in large TF-QKD networks, despite higher costs, but are only useful in TN networks when transmission requirements are very high or cooling is cheap. We also investigate how network costs vary with switching frequency and switch loss, showing that compromising for slightly faster switching times and higher loss switches does not significantly increase network costs; thus a significant effort in improving switch loss may not be necessary. Finally, we look at how the benefits of sharing devices change as the cost of devices changes, showing that for any non-negligible device cost, device sharing is always beneficial at low transmission requirements.

On the (relation between) efficiency and secret key rate of QKD

The processes of evaluation and comparison play a vital role in the development of a scientific field. In the field of quantum cryptography (especially quantum key distribution, QKD), the so-called secret key rate is used for characterizing the performance of a protocol (scheme). However the current definition of this quantity is incomplete. It does not consider the classical communication process taking place in a QKD protocol. There exists a quantity that involves all the procedures (resources) in a communication process: it is the efficiency (total efficiency). This paper reports a definition of this parameter. Also the relation between the total efficiency and key rate is found. By means of this relation, the total secret key rate of a QKD protocol is expressed. An application of the total key rate is demonstrated: the original twin-field QKD (TF-QKD) is evaluated in terms of this rate. The paper also shows a comparison between the total key rate and the standard key rate of a TF-QKD.

Sending-or-not-sending twin-field quantum key distribution with advantage distillation

Sending-or-not-sending twin-field quantum key distribution with advantage distillation

Resource Allocation in Twin-Field QKD Coexisting with Classical Communication over Multicore Fiber

Resource Allocation in Twin-Field QKD Coexisting with Classical Communication over Multicore Fiber

A New Security Proof for Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)

Twin-field QKD (TF-QKD) protocols allow for increased key rates over long distances when compared to standard QKD protocols. They are even able to surpass the PLOB bound without the need for quantum repeaters. In this work, we revisit a previous TF-QKD protocol and derive a new, simple, proof of security for it. We also look at several variants of the protocol and investigate their performance, showing some interesting behaviors due to the asymmetric nature of the protocol.

Improving the performance of twin-field quantum key distribution with advantage distillation technology

In this work, we apply the advantage distillation method to improve the performance of a practical twin-field quantum key distribution system under collective attack. Compared with the previous analysis result given by Maeda, Sasaki and Koashi [Nature Communication 10, 3140 (2019)], the maximal transmission distance obtained by our analysis method will be increased from 420 km to 470 km. By increasing the loss-independent misalignment error to 12%, the previous analysis method can not overcome the rate-distance bound. However, our analysis method can still overcome the rate-distance bound when the misalignment error is 16%. More surprisingly, we prove that twin-field quantum key distribution can generate positive secure key even if the misalignment error is close to 50%, thus our analysis method can significantly improve the performance of a practical twin-field quantum key distribution system.

Source monitoring twin-field quantum key distribution assisted with Hong-Ou-Mandel interference

Source monitoring twin-field quantum key distribution assisted with Hong-Ou-Mandel interference

1002 km twin-field quantum key distribution with finite-key analysis

Quantum key distribution (QKD) holds the potential to establish secure keys over long distances. The distance of point-to-point QKD secure key distribution is primarily impeded by the transmission loss inherent to the channel. In the quest to realize a large-scale quantum network, increasing the QKD distance under current technology is of great research interest. Here we adopt the 3-intensity sending-or-not-sending twin-field QKD (TF-QKD) protocol with the actively-odd-parity-pairing method. The experiment demonstrates the feasibility of secure QKD over a 1002 km fibre channel considering the finite size effect. The secure key rate is 3.11times 10^{-12} per pulse at this distance. Furthermore, by optimizing parameters for shorter fiber distances, we conducted performance tests on key distribution for fiber lengths ranging from 202 km to 505 km. Notably, the secure key rate for the 202 km, the normal distance between major cities, reached 111.74 kbps.

Machine learning with neural networks for parameter optimization in twin-field quantum key distribution

Machine learning with neural networks for parameter optimization in twin-field quantum key distribution

Highly efficient twin-field quantum key distribution with neural networks

Highly efficient twin-field quantum key distribution with neural networks

Asynchronous measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with hybrid source.

The linear constraint of secret key rate capacity is overcome by the twin-field quantum key distribution (QKD). However, the complex phase-locking and phase-tracking technique requirements throttle the real-life applications of the twin-field protocol. The asynchronous measurement-device-independent (AMDI) QKD, also called the mode-pairing QKD, protocol can relax the technical requirements and keep the similar performance of the twin-field protocol. Here, we propose an AMDI-QKD protocol with a nonclassical light source by changing the phase-randomized weak coherent state to a phase-randomized coherent-state superposition in the signal state time window. Simulation results show that our proposed hybrid source protocol significantly enhances the key rate of the AMDI-QKD protocol, while exhibiting robustness to imperfect modulation of nonclassical light sources.

Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution without Phase Locking.

Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) has emerged as a promising solution for practical quantum communication over long-haul fiber. However, previous demonstrations on TF-QKD require the phase locking technique to coherently control the twin light fields, inevitably complicating the system with extra fiber channels and peripheral hardware. Here, we propose and demonstrate an approach to recover the single-photon interference pattern and realize TF-QKD without phase locking. Our approach separates the communication time into reference frames and quantum frames, where the reference frames serve as a flexible scheme for establishing the global phase reference. To do so, we develop a tailored algorithm based on fast Fourier transform to efficiently reconcile the phase reference via data postprocessing. We demonstrate no-phase-locking TF-QKD from short to long distances over standard optical fibers. At 50-km standard fiber, we produce a high secret key rate (SKR) of 1.27 Mbit/s, while at 504-km standard fiber, we obtain the repeaterlike key rate scaling with a SKR of 34 times higher than the repeaterless secret key capacity. Our work provides a scalable and practical solution to TF-QKD, thus representing an important step towards its wide applications.

Overcoming Fundamental Bounds on Quantum Conference Key Agreement

Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution (TF-QKD) enables two distant parties to establish a shared secret key, by interfering weak coherent pulses (WCPs) in an intermediate measuring station. This allows TF-QKD to reach greater distances than traditional QKD schemes and makes it the only scheme capable of beating the repeaterless bound on the bipartite private capacity. Here, we generalize TF-QKD to the multipartite scenario. Specifically, we propose a practical conference key agreement (CKA) protocol that only uses WCPs and linear optics and prove its security with a multiparty decoy-state method. Our protocol allows an arbitrary number of parties to establish a secret conference key by single-photon interference, enabling it to overcome recent bounds on the rate at which conference keys can be established in quantum networks without a repeater.

Experimental Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution over 1000km Fiber Distance.

Quantum key distribution (QKD) aims to generate secure private keys shared by two remote parties. With its security being protected by principles of quantum mechanics, some technology challenges remain towards practical application of QKD. The major one is the distance limit, which is caused by the fact that a quantum signal cannot be amplified while the channel loss is exponential with the distance for photon transmission in optical fiber. Here using the 3-intensity sending-or-not-sending protocol with the actively-odd-parity-pairing method, we demonstrate a fiber-based twin-field QKD over 1002km. In our experiment, we developed a dual-band phase estimation and ultra-low noise superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors to suppress the system noise to around 0.02Hz. The secure key rate is 9.53×10^{-12} per pulse through 1002km fiber in the asymptotic regime, and 8.75×10^{-12} per pulse at 952km considering the finite size effect. Our work constitutes a critical step towards the future large-scale quantum network.