TV Watching Research Articles

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Obesity in Children Attending Al-Kindy Obesity Unit in Baghdad

Childhood obesity is increasing in frequency worldwide with including developing countries, while it was considered previously as the disease of the first world or rich people. The aim is to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity with associated risk factors in obese children visiting Al-Kindy Obesity Unit. Throughout a period started in December 1, 2019 to February 29, 2020 in Baghdad, 109 children were randomly involved, 69 (63.3%) girls and 40 (36.7%) boys. Body mass index was evaluated in front of standard tables. A questionnaire was built to gather suspected risk factors. Eight (7.3%) of our sample were overweight [1 (2.5%) boy and 7 (10.1%) girls] and 101 (92.7 %) of our sample were obese [39 (97.5%) boys and 62 (89.9%) girls]. Significant associations were found between overweight and health education, sleep, physical activity, snacks and TV watching. Obesity was more frequently encountered than overweight in children with (heavy weights) who seek help visiting obesity units. Unbalanced dietary habits, sedentary lifestyle and spending more hours on watching TV are important risk factors.

Sociodemographic and mental health characteristics associated with changes in movement behaviours due to the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents

ObjectivesControl measures enacted to control the spread of COVID-19 appear to have impacted adolescent movement behaviours. It remains unclear how these changes relate to sociodemographic characteristics and indicators of mental health. Understanding these relationships can contribute to informing health promotion efforts. The purpose of this study is to examine sociodemographic and mental health characteristics associated with changes in movement behaviours (physical activity, screen time, sleep duration) due to the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used May–June 2020 survey data and included 7349 students from Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia (Canada). ANOVA, χ2 tests, and estimation of effect sizes using Cohen’s d and h tests were performed between self-reported perceived changes (increase; decrease; no change) to physical activity, TV watching, social media use, and sleep duration as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and gender, age, race/ethnicity, income, depression and anxiety symptoms, flourishing-languishing, and self-rated mental health.ResultsOver half of students reported increases in TV viewing and social media use and approximately 40% reported decrease in physical activity and increase in sleep duration due to the COVID-19 pandemic. More females (68.9%) than males (54.3%) reported increase in social media use (Cohen’s h ≥ 0.2–0.5). No change from pre-COVID-19 social media use and sleep duration were associated with fewer depression and anxiety symptoms and better self-rated mental health compared to reports of an increase or decrease. These effect sizes ranged from small-to-moderate to moderate-to-large (Cohen’s d/h ≥ 0.2–0.8). Decreased physical activity and sleep duration were associated with better psychological functioning with effects sizes of small-to-moderate. Compared to an increase or no change, decreased sleep had the largest effect size of less frequent depression symptoms (Cohen’s d ≥ 0.5–0.8).ConclusionMaintaining pre-COVID-19 screen time and sleep duration during early stages of the COVID-19 lockdown was generally beneficial to mental health, with sleep being particularly important in regards to symptoms of depression. Psychological functioning was more related to physical activity and sleep than screen time during the pandemic.

Association between sedentary behavior and low back pain; A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Sedentariness is a substantial risk for many chronic diseases. We aimed to investigate the correlation of sedentary behavior and its indicators with low back pain (LBP) among adults and children. Methods: Original articles published up to April 28, 2020, using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus were evaluated. Odds ratio (OR, 95% CI) was considered the overall effect size for desired associations. Results: We reviewed 49 English articles with analytical observational study design, of which, 27 studies with cross sectional/survey design were retained in the meta-analysis. Among adults, sedentary lifestyle was a considerable risk factor for LBP (OR=1.24, 1.02-1.5); prolonged sitting time (OR=1.42, 1.09-1.85) and driving time (OR=2.03, 1.22-3.36) were the significant risk factors. Sedentary behavior was associated with LBP in office workers (OR=1.23). Moreover, excess weight (OR=1.35, 1.14-1.59) and smoking (OR=1.28, 1.03-1.60) were associated with LBP. Among children, sedentary lifestyle was a remarkable risk factor for LBP (OR=1.41, 1.24- 1.60); prolonged TV watching (OR=1.23, 1.08-1.41) and computer/mobile using and console playing time (OR=1.63, 1.36-1.95) were significant risk factors for LBP. Consumption of coffee, however, has yield conflicting results to be considered as a risk factor. Moreover, the researches on the correlation between sedentariness and high-intensity LBP are scarce and inconclusive. Conclusion: Sedentary behavior, whether in work or leisure time, associates with a moderate increase in the risk of LBP in adults, children and adolescents.

Associations between electronic devices use and common mental traits: A gene-environment interaction model using the UK Biobank data.

Electronic devices use has been reported to be associated with depression. However, limited effort has been provided to elucidate the associations between electronic devices use and mental traits in interaction with genetic factors. We first conducted an observational study consisting of 138 976-383 742 participants for TV watching, 29 636-38 599 participants for computer using and 118 61-330 985 participants for computer playing in the UK Biobank cohort. A linear regression model was used to evaluate the associations between common mental traits and electronic devices use. Subsequently, a genome-wide gene-environment interaction study (GWEIS) was performed by PLINK2.0 to estimate the interaction effects of genes and electronic devices use on the risks of the four mental traits. In the UK Biobank cohort, significant associations were observed between electronic devices use and mental traits (all P < 1.0 × 10-9 ), including depression score (B = 0.094 for TV watching), anxiety score (B = 0.051 for TV watching), cigarette smoking (B = 0.046 for computer using) and alcohol drinking (B = 0.010 for computer playing). GWEIS identified multiple mental traits associated loci, interacting with electronic devices use, such as DCDC2 (rs115986722, P = 4.10 × 10-10 ) for anxiety score and TV watching, PRKCE (rs56181965, P = 9.64 × 10-10 ) for smoking and computer using and FRMD4A (rs56227933, P = 7.42 × 10-11 ) for depression score and computer playing. Our findings suggested that electronic devices use was associated with common mental traits and provided new clues for understanding genetic architecture of mental traits.

The Prevalence of Insufficient Sleep and Bedtime Delay Among Kindergarten Children Aged 3 to 6 Years in a Rural Area of Shanghai: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction: Sleep deprivation in children is a global public health problem that affects the physical and mental development of children. Bedtime delay induced by longer screen time and heavy study load is a common cause of sleep deprivation in children. However, the prevalence of insufficient sleep and bedtime delay and related influencing factors among kindergarten children is limited in Shanghai, China.Methods: In 2018, we selected 8,586 children aged 3 to 6 years and their parents in Songjiang District, Shanghai. Data was collected among parents by face-to-face questionnaire interview with signed informed consent. We defined insufficient sleep as those who slept for < 10 h in children aged 3–5 years or 9 h in children aged 6 years within 24 h, and we define bedtime delay as children with bedtime after 21:00. SAS 9.1.3 software was used to calculate the prevalence of bedtime delay and insufficient sleep, and logistic regression was used to explore potential influencing factors.Results: The prevalence of insufficient sleep and bedtime delay among children aged 3 to 6 years was 11.67 and 56.85%, respectively. The prevalence of insufficient sleep among boys was slightly higher than among girls [odds ratio (OR) = 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04–1.35]. With the increase of the age of children, the prevalence of insufficient sleep increased gradually (P < 0.05). The prevalence of insufficient sleep was higher among the only child in the family (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.02–1.36) and those with longer hours of TV watching (OR = 109, 95% CI: 1.02–1.16). Meanwhile, the prevalence of bedtime delay was also higher among the only child in the family (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.06–1.79), among those with parents accompanying for sleep (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.10-1.34), and those with longer TV watching time (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.07–1.18).Conclusions: Insufficient sleep and bedtime delay were prevalent in Chinese children aged 3 to 6 years, especially in boys and older children. TV watching as well as parents accompanying for sleep were associated with insufficient sleep and bedtime delay. We recommend that parents should limit the screen time of children, advocate earlier bedtime and later morning wake-up among children, as well as make their children sleep in separate beds or rooms in younger age.

Food and lifestyle education in Tuscan schoolchildren: 2018-2019 follow-up of a long-term campaign

Abstract Background Nutritional profile, physical activity level and sedentary behaviours, in preteen age, are determinants able to influence both short and long-term state of health, therefore succeeding in health education campaigns addressed to this age group is critical for the interested population. Is currently underway the multiannual follow-up of the Italian “sCOOL FOOD - Per un Futuro di tutto Rispetto” project of Monte dei Paschi Foundation of Siena, Tuscany, which offers year-round cycles of classes and workshops about the themes listed above. Our objective was to assess whether this intervention could significantly influence over time healthy, and unhealthy, behaviours of the participants. Methods We structured the follow-up as a prospective cohort study with one-group pretest-posttest design. We used the CAWI technique, building a questionnaire based on the Italian “OKkio alla Salute” survey, and collected data from the whole population of students enrolled in the project (in the school year 2018-2019 they were 3787, aged from 7 to 12) before and after the intervention. Afterwards, we conducted paired data analysis on the frequencies of specific behaviours. Results We analysed paired data from 310 respondents. Improvements were gained in: afternoon TV watching (OR 0.54; 0.34 - 0.84; p &amp;lt; 0.01), consumption of sweet (OR 0.39; 0.16 - 0.88; p &amp;lt; 0.05) and salty (0.42; 0.18 - 0.90; p &amp;lt; 0.05) snacks, attitude to play outdoors after school (OR 2.6; 1.21 - 6.04; p &amp;lt; 0.01), sedentary behaviour in leisure time (OR 0.27; 0.16 - 0.44; p &amp;lt; 0.0001), mean weekly sport activity (+0.14 days; +0.02 - +0.27; p &amp;lt; 0.05). No variable has deteriorated. Conclusions The improved compliance with healthy behaviours in the participants at this project suggests its viability as a health promotion campaign. Further parallel surveys on control groups are pending, in order to control potential confounders such as the seasonality of some habits and the awareness of the participants on the addressed subjects. Key messages A coordinated and cross-disciplinary food and lifestyle year-round education campaign at school can affect health determinants of children. School can correct unfavourable eating and lifestyle behaviours determined by family habits.

A Critical Analysis of Internal and External Environment: Case Study of Apple Inc.

Apple Inc. is a famous information technology firm in the global market. The organization has a wide range of products which consists of MacBook, iPhones, Apple TV, iPad and Apple watch. In this era of globalization with technologies, Apple’s users seek for unique performance products that are aesthetically pleasing as well as emphasize good product qualities. In 1976, Apple was established by Steve Jobs and his partners to develop modern technology products. In order to assess Apple’s strategic capabilities, Osterwalder’s Business Model Canvas is applied in this case study. There is several competitive analysis tools are written in this article including Internal Factor and External Factor Evaluation matrix, SWOT and SPACE Matrix, Boston Consulting Group (BCG) analysis as well as Internal-external (IE) analysis to evaluate Apple’s competitive intelligence. Throughout the report, every component in the evaluation model reflects the direction of how Apple overcomes the hurdles and how Apple could benefit by expanding their business in the international market. Lastly, Sun Zi’s Art of War is also being studied and included into business strategies of Apple. Keywords: Apple, Osterwalder, Factor Evaluation Matrix, SWOT, SPACE Matrix, Internal-external Analysis, Sun Zi’s Art of War

Lifestyle Risk Factors and the Population Attributable Fractions for Overweight and Obesity in Chinese Students of Zhejiang Province.

Objectives: To assess the relationship between modifiable lifestyle factors and risk of overweight/obesity in Chinese students, and to evaluate the predicting prevalence of overweight if the lifestyle risk factors were removed.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 40,141 students in grade three and above (8–24yrs) in 2019 in Zhejiang Province, China. Physical examination was performed, and a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect lifestyle information, including dietary behavior, physical activity, TV watching, sleeping, smoking, drinking, and tooth-brushing habits. Logistic regression models were performed to assess the relationship between overweight/obesity and a series of lifestyle factors. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were used to calculate the predicting prevalence of overweight/obesity if lifestyle risk factors were removed.Results: The prevalence of overweight/obesity of participants was 25.5% (male 32.3%, female 18.1%). Overweight/obesity were associated with adverse lifestyle factors, such as watch TV ≥1 h/day (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.11–1.22), insufficient sleep (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.11–1.22), and irregular toothbrushing habits (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.01–1.39). Based on the calculated PAFs, the predicted prevalence of overweight/obesity would decline moderately if lifestyle factors were modified, with the magnitudes of decrease vary by sex, age and residence. Generally, a larger reduction was estimated if the sleeping time was increased and TV time was reduced, with the prevalence of overweight/obesity decreased by 1.1% (95% CI: 0.7, 1.5%) and 0.9% (95% CI: 0.6, 1.2%), respectively.Conclusions: Predicted prevalence of overweight/ obesity in Chinese students may decrease if modifiable lifestyle risk factors were removed. The attributable risk for obesity of lifestyle behaviors varied in age, sex and residence groups. The findings of this study may provide insights for planning and optimizing future obesity intervention endeavors.

Relating outdoor play to sedentary behavior and physical activity in youth - results from a cohort study

BackgroundOutdoor play, sedentary behavior (SB), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) are related to youth’s health, however, there are research gaps regarding 1) associations between outdoor play, SB, and MVPA across a broad pediatric age range (6–17 years), and 2) longitudinal associations between outdoor play, SB, and MVPA across childhood and adolescence. Two studies were conducted to address those research gaps: Study 1 aimed to investigate relationships between outdoor play and accelerometer-assessed SB and MVPA in a cross-sectional nationwide sample of children and adolescents in Germany. Study 2 aimed to investigate prospective associations between outdoor play and self-reported screen-time SB and MVPA and in a sample of children with three measurement timepoints across 11 years.MethodsData were obtained of the German national representative Motorik-Modul (MoMo) Study and the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). In Study 1, N = 2278 participants (6–17 years) were included with self-reported outdoor play and accelerometer-assessed SB and MVPA. Associations were examined via multiple linear regressions. In Study 2, N = 570 participants (baseline: 4–7 years) were included in the longitudinal analysis with follow-ups six and 11 years later. Screen-time SB (TV watching and PC/Gaming), MVPA, and outdoor play were self-reported. Associations were investigated through a path prediction model.ResultsStudy 1 showed that compared to <1 h outdoor play, higher engagement in daily outdoor play was related to lower SB (1-2 h: − 9.75 min/day, P = 0.017; ≥2 h: − 17.78 min/day, P < 0.001) and higher MVPA (≥2 h: + 3.87 min/day, P = 0.001). The cross-sectional relationship between MVPA and outdoor play was moderated by sex (in favor of males) and age (in favor of younger children). Study 2 showed that outdoor play in early childhood negatively predicted PC use/Gaming in later childhood, but was unrelated to MVPA.ConclusionIn Study 1, outdoor play was negatively related to SB cross-sectionally. In Study 2, outdoor play in early childhood was negatively related to PC and Gaming time in later childhood. Thus, providing outdoor play opportunities, especially during early childhood, has potential to prevent SB. Future research should investigate longitudinal relationships using device-based assessments for SB and MVPA.

Associations between Screen-Based Activities, Physical Activity, and Dietary Habits in Mexican Schoolchildren.

Screen-based activities are associated with increased risk of obesity and contribute to physical inactivity and poor dietary habits. The primary aim of this study was to examine the associations among screen-based activities, physical activity, and dietary habits in school-aged children in Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta, and Mexico City, Mexico. The secondary aim was to examine these associations across sex. The School Physical Activity and Nutrition survey was used to assess screen-based activities (TV watching, video game use, computer use), physical activity, and dietary habits. Organized activity/sports participation, unhealthy dietary habits, and household income were correlated with screen-based activities. While TV watching was associated with decreased participation in organized activity/sports participation, computer and video game use was associated with increased organized activity/sports participation. Boys engaged in more TV watching and video game use compared to girls. All screen-based activities were associated with age among boys; whereas video game and computer use were associated with higher income among girls. These findings suggest a need for sex- and age-specific strategies that acknowledge the differential use of screen-based activities across sex and age. Future research should continue to identify underlying correlates linking screen-based activities with health behaviors to inform strategies to reduce screen-time in Mexican children.

Finance, Social Interactions, and Human Capital Development

What is the impact of credit conditions on family interactions and children’s human capital development? We discover that regulatory reforms that ease credit conditions are associated with (1) increases in labor demand and the employment of mothers from low-income families, (2) decreases in parent-child discussions about school, reductions in parental supervision, and increases in children’s TV watching and video game playing among low-income families, and (3) declines in the time that children spend on homework and children’s academic performance among those same families. Effective substitutes for parent-child interactions, such as grandparents living in the household, mitigate these effects.

Sleep Duration and Waking Activities in Relation to the National Sleep Foundation's Recommendations: An Analysis of US Population Sleep Patterns from 2015 to 2017.

The objective was to investigate the association between time spent on waking activities and nonaligned sleep duration in a representative sample of the US population. We analysed time use data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), 2015–2017 (N = 31,621). National Sleep Foundation (NSF) age-specific sleep recommendations were used to define recommended (aligned) sleep duration. The balanced, repeated, replicate variance estimation method was applied to the ATUS data to calculate weighted estimates. Less than half of the US population had a sleep duration that mapped onto the NSF recommendations, and alignment was higher on weekdays (45%) than at weekends (33%). The proportion sleeping longer than the recommended duration was higher than those sleeping shorter on both weekdays and weekends (p < 0.001). Time spent on work, personal care, socialising, travel, TV watching, education, and total screen time was associated with nonalignment to the sleep recommendations. In comparison to the appropriate recommended sleep group, those with a too-short sleep duration spent more time on work, travel, socialising, relaxing, and leisure. By contrast, those who slept too long spent relatively less time on each of these activities. The findings indicate that sleep duration among the US population does not map onto the NSF sleep recommendations, mostly because of a higher proportion of long sleepers compared to short sleepers. More time spent on work, travel, and socialising and relaxing activities is strongly associated with an increased risk of nonalignment to NSF sleep duration recommendations.

OBESITY AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN PORT SAID GOVERNORATE ; PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS

Background: The prevalence of primary school children obesity is rising at an alarming rate world wide children obesity have been observed in developed countries, however, its prevalence is increasing in developing countries as well. Aim :this study aimed To assess the obesity among primary school children through prevalence and associated factors. Subjects and method: Design : A descriptive cross-section research design the study. Setting : This study was carried out in five governmental primary schools in Port Said city region. subjects : A Cluster Sample was selected randomly it compromised of 697 students. Tool : Two tools were utilized to collect necessary data in this study. Tool one Interviewing questionnaire sheet was used to collect data about socio demographic character and life styles of children. Tool two body mass index. Results : The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 20.6%. revealed that the most independent significant predictors of overweight/obesity are, income enough 45.3% more than three quarter were eating during TV watch or computer use,33.3% were fast food ,50.7 % eating before bed and 68.8 % were no eating vegetables regularly, In addition, 41% no eating breakfast. Conclusion: This are a high significant relation between normal weight and over weight and obesity with eating habit and also eating out side the home and taking snakes. Recommendations: Educational efforts and reinforcement must be continuous to meet the needs of the parent and their children among primary schools

Relation between Media Habits with Behavior Management Problems Along with Dental Anxiety during Dental Procedures in Children

Background: Relationship between children's media habit with their anxiety and behavior management problems (BMPs) is clinically relevant in establishing the link of usage of social media with dental fear and problems in behavior management during dental chairside treatment. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between media habits with BMPs along with dental anxiety (DA) during dental procedures in children. Materials and Methods: Overall, fifty patients of 3–10 years old were selected. DA and BMP were recorded by application of Clinical Anxiety Rating Scale and Frankel's Rating Scale in dental procedure. Parents reported their own DA on a Likert scale and also the time spend on using media and its type by children as well as parents was noted. Analysis of data was done with Mann–Whitney U and Chi-square test at “P &lt; 0.05” significant level. Results: In children with BMP, TV watching and overall usage of electronic media were found more compared to those without BMP, this was significant. There was no significant correlation of total hours of TV watching and overall media time in children with DA. While in children with BMP, TV watching and overall usage of electronic media were found more compared to those without BMP, this was significant. There was a significant correlation of total hours of TV watching and overall media time in children with DA and BMP. Conclusions: There was a significant relation between BMPs with media usage in children while the same was insignificant with DA.

Eating behaviour, physical activity, TV exposure and sleeping habits in five year olds: a latent class analysis

BackgroundDiet, physical activity, sedentary behaviours, and sleep time are considered major contributory factors of the increased prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity. The aims of this study were to (1) identify behavioural clusters of 5 year old children based on lifestyle behaviours, (2) explore potential determinants of class membership, and (3) to determine if class membership was associated with body measure outcomes at 5 years of age.MethodsData on eating behaviour, engagement in active play, TV watching, and sleep duration in 1229 5 year old children from the Cork BASELINE birth cohort study was obtained through in-person interviews with parent. Latent class analysis was used to identify behavioural clusters. Potential determinants of cluster membership were investigated using multinomial logistic regression. Associations between the identified classes and cardio metabolic body measures were examined using multivariate logistic and linear regression, with cluster membership used as the independent variable.Results51% of children belonged to a normative class, while 28% of children were in a class characterised by high scores on food avoidance scales in combination with low enjoyment of food, and 20% experienced high scores on the food approach scales. Children in both these classes had lower conditional probabilities of engaging in active play for at least 1 hour per day and sleeping for a minimum of 10 h, and higher probability of watching TV for 2 hours or more, compared to the normative class. Low socioeconomic index (SEI) and no breastfeeding at 2 months were found to be associated with membership of the class associated with high scores on the food avoidance scale, while lower maternal education was associated with the class defined by high food approach scores. Children in the class with high scores on the food approach scales had higher fat mass index (FMI), lean mass index (LMI), and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) compared to the normative class, and were at greater risk of overweight and obesity.ConclusionFindings suggest that eating behaviour appeared to influence overweight and obesity risk to a greater degree than activity levels at 5 years old. Further research of how potentially obesogenic behaviours in early life track over time and influence adiposity and other cardio metabolic outcomes is crucial to inform the timing of interventions.

Functional Limitations, Social Integration, and Daily Activities in Late Life.

Disability in late life has been associated with increases in receiving care and loss of autonomy. The Disablement Process Model suggests that physical impairments lead to functional limitations that contribute to disabilities in managing household, job, or other demands. Yet, we know surprisingly little about how functional limitations are related to activities throughout the day among community-dwelling adults or the possible moderating role of social integration on these associations. Community-dwelling adults (N = 313) aged 65 and older completed a baseline interview assessing their functional limitations, social ties, and background characteristics. Over 5-6 days, they answered questions about daily activities and encounters with social partners every 3 h on handheld Android devices. Multilevel logistic models revealed that functional limitations are associated with an increased likelihood of activities associated with poor health (e.g., TV watching, medical appointments) and reduced likelihood of social activities, or physical activities, chores, or leaving the home. Most moderation analyses were not significant; family and friends did not mitigate associations between functional limitations and daily activities, with the exception of medical appointments. Individuals with functional limitations were more likely to attend medical appointments when with their social partners than when alone. This study provided a modest indication that functional limitations in community-dwelling older adults are associated with patterns of activity that may lead to further limitations, disability, or loss of autonomy. Findings warrant longitudinal follow-up to establish subsequent patterns of decline or stability.

Physiological Responses to Active Video Games Compared to Treadmill Walking and TV Watching in Obese Children and Adolescents

Physiological Responses to Active Video Games Compared to Treadmill Walking and TV Watching in Obese Children and Adolescents

Impact of COVID-19 on publics Internet and TV Watching behavior: A cross-national Study

Impact of COVID-19 on publics Internet and TV Watching behavior: A cross-national Study

Changes in the Suicide Rate under the Influence of Daily Activities in EU Countries

The article examines the impact of daily activities on the suicide rate on the basis of data from the European Detailed Mortality Database of the World Health Organization and the Harmonized European Time Use Survey.Purpose. To evaluate the relation between the suicide rate and duration of the main daily activities of employees in the spheres of work, household and leisure activities in terms of the multifactor models. Materials and methods. Daily activities are understood as time spent on work, household and leisure activities. In order to analyze the relation between the variables an end-to-end linear regression model arranged by all years and countries is used; the panel data structures are not taken into account in the model (as we have to deal with pseudo panel data). In addition, in order to weaken prerequisites of parametric models, a non-parametric estimate is used. The calculations are made in the econometric package STATA IC 16. The source of the data on the suicide rate (total, men, women) at the ages of 15-74 is the European Detailed Mortality Database of the World Health Organization; the source of the data on time spent on the main daily activities of employees in the spheres of work, household and leisure activities and the level of employees’ occupation is Eurostat.Results. The analysis revealed that with the increase in time spent on TV and video the suicide rate increases for the employed men; and with the increase in time spent on housekeeping the suicide rate increases for the employed women. In addition, during working days employed men are expected to be at risk of suicide due to the time spent on work, related activities and travel to and from work; employed women remain at risk due to the time spent on housekeeping. The duration of TV and video watching and housekeeping is a referent of suicide risk factors – loneliness and retreat from the society. It has been established that a possible shift to a four-day working week with an increase in the working hours while maintaining weekly hours leads to the suicide rate increase. Conclusion. In order to reduce the suicide rate in European countries, it is necessary to have such an organization of labour, daily routine and leisure activities, which will allow male employees to reduce their working hours to a minimum of 7.4 hours and to displace watching TV and video on the periphery of the hierarchy of occupations, primarily on weekends, as well as to eradicate "kitchen slavery" among female employees. While evaluating the possible shift to a four-day working week, it is necessary to conduct more research on the impact of the number (ratio) of working days and full days off on the suicide rate.

Gender differences in barriers to participation in after-school physical activities and related factors in Australian schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study.

This study investigated the gender differences in reported barriers to participation in after-school physical activity (PA) and related health and socio-behavioural factors in Australian schoolchildren. 5001 students aged 10 to 16years completed the health and well-being survey in 2014 indicating that they would like to participate in after-school PA. Negative binomial regression models, stratified by gender, tested the relationship of age, reported health, junk food, participation in leisure PA, TV watching, weight status and socio-economic index for area score (related factors) with the total number of barriers. Girls were more likely to report a greater number of barriers to participation in after-school PA than boys (P<.05). Older age was associated with a higher number of barriers in girls (B(95% CI)=1.061 (1.032, 1.090)) but not in boys. In both boys and girls, being overweight (boys: very overweight (1.367 (1.081, 1.730)); girls: slightly overweight (1.186 (1.100, 1.278)) or very overweight (1.414 (1.197, 1.667))), compared to students who reported "being about the right weight," was associated with a greater number of barriers. Schoolchildren who reported less than excellent health status perceived a greater number of barriers to after-school PA (girls: good (1.141 (1.060, 1.228)), fair (1.189 (1.070, 1.321)) and poor health (1.329 (1.093, 1.614)); boys: good health (1.166 (1.0728, 1.267))). There are gender differences in barriers to participation in after-school PA; these should be taken into account when developing programs to increase schoolchildren's after-school PA. The prevalence of physical inactivity in Australian adolescents is staggering. We observed that girls reported a greater number of barriers to participation in after-school PA than boys; and being overweight and reporting poorer overall health were associated with a greater number of barriers. Affordable, gender- and age-specific after-school PA programs suitable for schoolchildren of all body shapes and sizes and all abilities are needed.