Tuul River Research Articles

Recreational Assessment of Green Belt Forests of the Ulaanbaatar City

The classification of forest vegetation of the Tuul river basin within the green belt of the Ulaanbaatar city. Two associations (Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sibiricae and Vaccinio vitis-idaeae–Laricetum sibiricae) were classified Vaccinio–Piceetea. Diagnostic signs and characteristics of the ecological and geographical peculiarities of the units were presented, anthropogenic transformation was assessed. To determine the models of succession processes, the series of permanent sample plots were established in the communities of the Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sibiricae association, located at different distances from the city, in taxation units with unequal intensity of recreational load. Recreational forest assessment was calculated according to the approach by V.S. Romanov and L.N. Rozhkov (1974). In the Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sibiricae association, large areas were occupied by moderately transformed communities. The Vaccinio vitis-idaeae–Laricetum sibiricae association is characterized by being weakly transformed forests. Different stages of anthropogenic pressure were formed serial communities, unequal in structure and species diversity. Serial plant communities of allogeneic succession were developed according to 2 models of geitogenesis — tolerance (Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sibiricae ↔ Rhytidium rugosum; Linnaeo borealis-Pinetum sibiricae ↔ Chamaenerion angustifolium) and inhibition (Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sibiricae ↔ Betula rotundifolia). A comprehensive assessment of the recreational potential was based on three indicators: natural conditions, air hygiene and landscaping. All activities aimed at increasing the recreational potential should contribute to the improvement of these indicators. A prerequisite for increasing the recreational forest assessment should be functional zoning of the territory with the allocation of infrastructure, walking and sanitary protective zones. Forest management is of great importance in increasing the recreational potential of forests. The forest management project for the organization of recreational forests should be aimed at the formation of sustainable and aesthetically attractive forest plantations.

Historic Flood Events and Current Flood Hazard in Ulaanbaatar City, Central Mongolia

Climate change will increase the frequency of extreme weather events, alter rainfall patterns, and exacerbate flood disasters in Ulaanbaatar City. Here we combine aerial and satellite imagery with cadastral data, to scrutinize the historical trajectory of rainfall patterns and flood disasters in Ulaanbaatar over the past six decades. The study focusses on the causative factors behind historical floods, current flood conditions, the geographical distribution of floods, land ownership in floodprone areas, and the spatial allocation of fences and buildings based on social conditions. Over the last 60 years, Ulaanbaatar received a total of 16,780 mm of precipitation, with a staggering 80.5% of this total occurring during the summer season. Over this period, the city has endured about ten significant flood disasters. The most severe and destructive events occurred in 1966, 1982, 1994, 2003, 2009, and 2023 as river basins and mountain flash floods. These flood events claimed at least 220 lives, affected around 46,000 households, and caused economic losses of ca. 3.3 million U.S. dollars. Our study identifies several flood hazard areas along the Tolgoit, Selbe, Uliastai, and Tuul River valleys, which define a flood buffer zone extending 200 m from their banks, encompassing 59 khoroos of 7 districts in Ulaanbaatar. There are 27,970 fences and 12,887 buildings in the 200 m buffer zone, which is 66.5% of all fence unit area, and 46.3% of the total building, situated within the identified flood risk areas. In response to these findings, we emphasize the urgent need for comprehensive long-term strategy for sustainable flood management based on disaster resilence.

Hydrological Responses to Climate Change and Land-Use Dynamics in Central Asia's Semi-arid Regions: An SWAT Model Analysis of the Tuul River Basin

Hydrological Responses to Climate Change and Land-Use Dynamics in Central Asia's Semi-arid Regions: An SWAT Model Analysis of the Tuul River Basin

Understanding contemporary challenges for water security in Ulaanbaatar, a semi-arid region in Mongolia

Water security is one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. Understanding context-specific challenges and opportunities around this issue is key to improving water systems globally. This paper explores the current state of urban water security in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia’s capital city. Ulaanbaatar is home to more than 40% of the country’s population and 60% of its national GDP. The city is located in the Tuul River basin and relies almost entirely on groundwater aquifers of the Tuul River for its supply of clean drinking water. In recent years, socio-economic stressors resulting from rapid urbanisation and environmental pressures have intensified the levels of degradation of the Tuul River and intensified the risks of water insecurity for the population of Ulaanbaatar. First, this paper draws from an extensive literature review and document analysis to provide an overview of the current state of urban water security in Ulaanbaatar. Secondly, the discussion is substantiated with information from key informant interviews which aim to explain the ongoing challenges for water security in Ulaanbaatar and suggest paths for improvement. This study finds that the main challenges for water security in Ulaanbaatar are data unavailability, limited human and financial resources across public water sector agencies, exacerbating flood risk and ongoing water quality disparities between the central city area and peri-urban ger districts.

Microplastics in and Near Landlocked Countries of Central and East Asia: A Review of Occurrence and Characteristics

The detection of microplastics in the water and sediment samples of the landlocked countries in central and eastern Asia means the relatively less populous countries are not spared from microplastic pollution. It is crucial to understand the severity of microplastic pollution in and near those countries since there are significantly fewer regional studies on microplastic pollution conducted for those countries. This review aims to systematically present the occurrence and characteristics of microplastics in and near the landlocked countries to shed light on the severity of microplastic pollution therein. It analyzed the contents of more than 38 papers to achieve its aim. Of all the landlocked countries, Mongolia has the most studies on microplastic pollution, while there are none for Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. For dried sediment samples, the microplastic contents ranged from 862 items/kg in the Tuul River of Mongolia to 15–46 items/kg on the Iranian side of the Caspian Sea near Turkmenistan. Lake Hovsgol in Mongolia recorded a microplastic density of 20,264 items/km2, whereas the Selenga River system had a mean microplastic density of 120.14 items/km2. Microplastics concentrations in the Caspian Sea varied, with areas near the southwest of Turkmenistan having microplastics concentrations ranging from 0.000246 items/l to 0.710 items/l. The microplastics levels in the countries are comparable to those of other regions in the world, indicating the impacts of human activities on microplastic pollution. Some microplastics might also have entered the countries through long-range transport by air and water from areas of higher human activity.

Plastic-associated metal(loid)s in the urban river environments of Mongolia

The widespread distribution of plastic debris in riverine environment is one of the major concerns of environmental pollution because of its potential impact on the aquatic ecosystem. In this study, we investigated the accumulation of metal(loid)s on polystyrene foam (PSF) plastics collected from the floodplain of the Tuul River of Mongolia. The metal(loid)s sorbed on plastics were extracted from the collected PSF via sonication after peroxide oxidation. The size-dependent association of metal(loid)s with plastics indicates that PSFs act as vectors for pollutants in the urban river environment. The mean concentrations of metal(loid)s (i.e., B, Cr, Cu, Na, and Pb) indicate a higher accumulation of the metal(loid)s on meso-sized PSFs compared with macro- and micro-sized PSFs. In addition, the images from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated not only the degraded surface of plastics showing fractures, holes, and pits but also the adhered mineral particles and microorganisms on the PSFs. The interaction of metal(loid)s with plastics was probably facilitated by the physical and chemical properties of altered surface of plastics through photodegradation, followed by an increase in surface area by size reduction and/or biofilm development in the aquatic environment. The enrichment ratio (ER) of metals on PSF samples suggested the continuous accumulation of heavy metals on plastics. Our results demonstrate that the widespread plastic debris could be a carrier of hazardous chemicals in the environment. Considering that the negative impacts of plastic debris on environmental health are major concerns to be addressed, the fate and behavior of the plastics especially their interaction with pollutants in aquatic environments should be further studied.

InVEST model-based estimation of water yield in the Upper Tuul river basin

The estimation and mapping of water yield are of significant importance to the effective planning and management of water resources in Mongolia. In this study, we quantified and assessed the water yield of the Upper Tuul River basin using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) Water yield model. The study aimed to test whether it is possible to estimate the water yield of the selected research area using the model. The required input data included land use and land cover, mean annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, soil depth, and plant available water content. In addition, those data were obtained from Landsat 8, Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), MODIS Global Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Product (MOD16), and International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) database. Finally, we generated spatial distribution maps, namely, mean actual evapotranspiration (mm), mean water yield (mm), and the volume of water yield (km3) by pixel within the research area. According to the modelling results, the estimated value for mean annual precipitation was 295.08 mm, and 827.09 mm respectively for potential evapotranspiration, 229.13 mm for average actual evapotranspiration, 55.89 mm and 0.43 km3 for water yield within the study area. The result was slightly higher (15.1 mm) in terms of mean actual evapotranspiration compared to the results of previous studies, conducted in the same research area, and it was found that the potential water yield in the study area has also been impacted. However, the InVEST (Water Yield) model can be used for future research studies concerning water yield and resource in river basins as it is possible to further improve the model results by using in-situ measurement data and satellite products with high spatial accuracy as input data.

Multimethod characterization of terracotta figurines and lime mortar from the elite burials Shoroon Bumbagar I and II, Mongolia

AbstractThe multi‐analytical approach, including X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with X‐ray (SEM‐EDX), was applied to terracotta figurines, mural plaster, and local clay sources coming from two elite burials in Mongolia—Shoroon Bumbagar I and Shoroon Bumbagar II—dated to the second half of the VII century AD. The aims of this study were: (1) by comparing the major composition of body samples with those of the ancient Tang sancai kilns to identify the origin of raw materials; and (2) to track changes in the manufacturing technology. Analysis of CaO, Fe2O3, TiO2, and K2O, which were crucial for distinguishing the provenance of red bodies, confirmed the local production of terracotta figurines. Furthermore, this study helped us attain a deeper understanding of the Tang sancai at both Shoroon Bumbagar sites, geographically located on both banks of the Tuul River yet separated in time by a few decades; it suggests the movement of two groups of artisans using different technologies to make Tang sancai locally by incorporating local tastes and traditions.

Characterization of biofilms formed on polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) on the shore of the Tuul River, Mongolia

Microplastic (MP) surfaces are common sites for microbial colonization and promote biofilm formation in aquatic environments, resulting in changes to the surface properties of MPs and their interaction with pollutants. Although the diversity of microbial communities adhering to MPs has been well documented in aquatic environments, surface changes in MPs due to microbial colonization are still poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the variations in the chemical structure and components of biofilms on the surface of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) collected from the shore of the Tuul River in Mongolia, using micro-Fourier transform infrared (micro-FTIR) spectroscopy. We applied a spectral subtraction approach, and the differences in spectra between peroxide-treated and untreated PS-MP particles enabled us to obtain the structural features of biofilms that developed on the plastic surface. In addition, the surface photooxidation status of the sampled PS-MPs was calculated from the subtracted spectra of peroxide-treated and pristine PS-MPs. Various functional groups of N-containing organic substances from bacterial and fungal communities were detected in the obtained biofilm spectra. Based on the spectral characteristics, biofilm spectra were classified into four groups by applying principal component analysis (PCA). A wide range of carbonyl indices (CIs: 0.00–1.40) was found in the subtracted spectra between peroxide-treated and pristine PS-MPs, revealing that different levels of surface oxidation progressed by physical influences such as solar radiation and freeze-thaw cycles. Furthermore, lignocellulose and silicate were found on the PS-MP surface as allochthonous attachments. Considering the variation in residence time of PS-MPs, they attract plant residues and mineral particles through the development of biofilms and travel together in the river environment. Given that the dynamic behavior of MPs can be greatly affected by changes in their surfaces, further studies are needed to emphasize their link to organic matter dynamics.

Spatial and Temporal Isotopic and Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater and Surface Water in the Tuul River Basin, Mongolia

Spatial and Temporal Isotopic and Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater and Surface Water in the Tuul River Basin, Mongolia

Effectiveness of machine learning methods for water segmentation with ROI as the label: A case study of the Tuul River in Mongolia

The carrying capacity of water resources is key to the sustainable development of arid and semi-arid regions. There are important challenges related to the detection of discontinuous and crooked water bodies in the vast Mongolian Plateau, despite the availability of remote sensing technology which has the advantage of facilitating water observations over large areas and timelines. Given the high cost and low coverage of high-resolution images and the low resolution of images with high coverage, this study proposes a pixel-based convolutional neural network (CNN) method for the application of water extracted from the region of interest (ROI) to medium-resolution Landsat images. The pixel-based CNN method combines the texture and spectral features of the ground object by connecting the center pixels of the images to the surrounding pixels. ROI is used instead of full-label datasets, reduce the difficulty of building labels in low-to-medium-resolution images. Taking the Tuul River in Mongolia as a case, the pixel-based CNN method, the normalized difference water index threshold (NDWI) method, the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) threshold method, U-net model in deep learning, and the pixel-based deep neural network (DNN) method were used with medium-resolution Landsat 8 images with ROI labels. The pixel-based CNN method shows better water extraction results for the cloud, cloud shadows, and building areas, compared with other methods. The method proposed in this study had the highest verification accuracy (92.07%). It also has the advantages of fewer training parameters and shorter training time. The training accuracies of the pixel-based CNN, pixel-based DNN, and U-net were 99.90%, 96.98%, and 93.70%, respectively. All training models and calling methods were uploaded to GitHub (https://github.com/CaryLee17/Pixel-based-CNN).

Simulation of ecohydrological processes influencing water supplies in the Tuul River watershed of Mongolia

Abstract Achieving sufficient water supplies for multiple uses in the watershed is a major public policy issue. Understanding the current ecohydrologic processes is essential to assess potential impacts on hydrologic regimes. The Tuul River (TR) watershed faces a cold, continental climate with water supply variability. This study aims to simulate watershed processes in the TR watershed and subbasins and analyze the influences of those processes on water resources. Watershed hydrologic processes and their impact on the water resources are modeled using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Calibration and validation were conducted using R2, PBIAS, RSR, and NSE to assess the effectiveness of the SWAT model to replicate annual, monthly streamflow values. The spatial and temporal variations in watershed processes are critical for water resource decisions. With increasing uncertainty and scarcity in water resources, simulation modeling is a valuable tool in watershed management in regions with water scarcity.

The sustainable use of groundwater resources concerning further climate change scenarios in Ulaanbaatar City Area, Mongolia

Abstract To estimate groundwater resources under changing climate is one of the important issues for Ulaanbaatar City in the Tuul river basin of Mongolia. The main water supply is provided from groundwater and demand has been increasing due to the rapid growth of population and economic development. There have not been any complete studies to assess climate change impact on groundwater resources for Ulaanbaatar city. Therefore, in this study we proposed to estimate future potential resources of the groundwater from the main wellfields in the city using the AnAqSim (Analytic Aquifer Simulator) model. The model calibration was performed on 10 wellfields during the reference period from 1960 to 2015. Based on the reliable calibration results for the natural conditions, the impact of climate change on groundwater resources was assessed to use the projected HadCM3 scenario for the periods 2046–2065 and 2080–2099. The results of the study contribute to a water management plan for the city to recommend seasonal abstraction.

Late Holocene Peatland Evolution in Terelj and Tuul Rivers Drainage Basins in the Khentii Mountain Range of Northeastern Mongolia

This study reviews the late Holocene peatlands in Terelj River and Tuul River drainage basins in the Khentii (Khentii has been misspelled as Khentey (or Hentey) and Khentei (or Hentei) in many publications. The Khentii is the right English translation from Mongolian Xэнmuй) Mountain Range of northeastern Mongolia. The peatlands were examined through their physical and chemical properties, diatom assemblages, and radiocarbon dating. In the Terelj River basin, the high contents of organic matter and biogenic silica and the dominant benthic diatom assemblages such as Eunotia praerupta, Pinnularia borealis, and Navicula mutica in the peat deposits indicate the warm and humid climates in the late Holocene. The high accretion rate of 0.97 mm/yr in the peatland records the intensive erosion in the surrounding landscape and deposition in the peatland due to increased precipitation and runoff in the humid climate since 0.5 cal. ka BP. In the Tuul River basin, the high content of mineral fractions and diatom assemblages dominated by benthic species Cymbella proxima, Encyonema silesiacum, and planktonic species Cyclotella ocellata in the peat deposits show a transition from humid to arid climates at 0.9 cal. ka BP. The accretion rate of 0.56 mm/yr in the peatland on the paleo-floodplain indicates strengthened erosion in the peatland over the past ~1000 years. This study in the southern Khentii Mountain Range provides new descriptive insights to extend the underestimated Mongolia’s peat studies, and it would be a useful proof-of-concept study for future detailed paleo-environmental analyses.

Study on Relationship of Land Cover Changes and Ecohydrological Processes of the Tuul River Basin

The Tuul River Basin is the most important socioeconomic and political base area of Mongolia. Therefore, studying the interrelationships between changes in the ecohydrological processes of this basin and its land cover is of great importance for maintaining sustainability and the environment. This study investigated the annual average air temperature, total annual precipitation, and river discharge variability, and land cover changes at selected stations of the basin by using the hydrometeorological analysis, satellite analysis, and land cover determination statistical analysis. During the study period, the average annual air temperature rose from −1.5 °C to +0.3 °C (1.8 °C 361 °C). The average annual precipitation exhibits relatively low change during this period. River discharge varied during the study period. A significant decreasing trend in river discharge was observed at the Terelj (φ = −2.72) and Ulaanbaatar (φ = −5.63) stations, whereas the other stations, Altanbulag, Lun, and Orkhontuul, showed a significant increasing trend. During the study period, changes in land cover were directly related to main hydrometeorological parameters. Between 2000 and 2020, the amount of grassland decreased by 319.67 km2, while the area of water bodies increased by 28.36 km2. In the study area, mainly water bodies and sensitive areas of the land cover types were changed due to changes in precipitation. Studies in the arid and semiarid regions of Central Asia show that changes of ecohydrological processes have a significant impact on land cover changes.

Ecological state of soils and water resources of the central cities of the urbanized territories of Irkutsk oblast, Buryatia and Mongolia

As the pace of urbanization accelerates, the quality of life in large cities is becoming increasingly determined by the level of preservation of the components of the natural environment. One of the main ecological living-standard criteria is the quality of water resources and soils. The article analyses statistical and published materials on soil and water pollution of the Baikal region. Soils and surface water samples taken in the central cities of urbanized territories (Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude and Ulan-Bator), as well as in adjacent territories were analyzed for the content of macro-and microelements. It was revealed that the most contaminated soils are in the city of Irkutsk due to the presence of a large technogenic load and high sorption capacity of soils. Soil degradation and pollution in the Baikal region has been mapped. The map shows actual pollution and possible potential, taking into account environmental conditions. The highest pollution of surface waters is observed in the Tuul river, downstream of Ulan-Bator due to the high technogenic load and the fact that natural waters of steppe regions initially have high content of chemical elements, and the soils are fine textured, therefore, pollutants can easily migrate through surface and ground waters. A map of surface water quality of the Baikal natural territory has been compiled.

Evaluation of spatio-temporal variations in water availability using a process-based eco-hydrology model in arid and semi-arid regions of Mongolia

In Mongolia, overuse and degradation of groundwater is a serious issue, mainly in the urban and economic hub, Ulaanbaatar, and the Southern Gobi mining hub. In order to explicitly quantify spatio-temporal variations in water availability, a process-based eco-hydrology model, NICE (National Integrated Catchment-based Eco-hydrology), was applied to two contrasting river basins: the Tuul River, which is characteristic of northern grassland and steppe, and the Galba River, characteristic of the southern Gobi Desert. The authors built a high-resolution data grid representing water use for livestock, urban populations, and mining in the entire basins by combining a global dataset, statistical data, GIS data, observation data, and field surveys to improve the accuracy of the model results. The model simulated the effects of past climatic change and human-induced disturbances such as urbanization and mining on water resources during 1980–2018 in these two river basins. The model results showed a clear difference in the hydrologic cycle between them, suggesting the impact of urbanization and mining on local-regional eco-hydrological degradation. Although drinking by herders’ livestock had some impact on the hydrologic change, the groundwater level in the Tuul River was shown to have been extremely degraded by water use in Ulaanbaatar over the last few decades whereas that in the Galba River has declined markedly as a result of Oyu Tolgoi mining since 2010. Analysis of the relative contribution of environmental factors also helped us to separate the effects of climatic change and human activities on spatio-temporal change in the groundwater level. These results clarified the large impact of water use due to urbanization and mining on groundwater degradation around the water sources, in addition to climatic change. This methodology is powerful for evaluating spatio-temporal variations of water availability in regions with fewer inventory data on urbanization and mining.

Behavior and distribution of polystyrene foams on the shore of Tuul River in Mongolia

Foamed plastic debris in aquatic systems has become one of the emerging global contaminants. In this study, the behavior of polystyrene foam (PSF) and microplastics (MPs) adhered on the PSFs were investigated on the Tuul River shore in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia. The micro-sized (<5 mm) PSF, which was the dominant PSF over 600 pieces in 100 m2, have accumulated along the shoreline of Tuul River. Carbonyl index (CI) was calculated to evaluate the surface oxidation of macro-sized (20–100 mm), meso-sized (5–20 mm), and micro-sized PSFs and confirm the relative aging depending on photodegradation. CI ranged from 0.00 to 1.09 in the sampled PSFs, whereby the degraded PSFs with high CI were distributed on the shore of downstream of sewer drainage. Micro-sized PSFs showed a wide range of CI and a relatively high average value of CI as compared to those of meso- and macro-sized PSFs. Most of PSFs aggregated with MPs and the adhered MPs have been ubiquitously detected from the surface of PSFs. Adhered micro-sized plastics explored from the surface of PSFs with various sizes, except for mega-sized (>100 mm) PSF, ranged from 5 to 141 items per piece of PSF fragment. The aggregates of PSFs and MPs were common status of PSFs during their transportation. The present findings, which indicated a high concentration of adhered MPs, raise an environmental concern about the widespread aquatic plastic pollution.

Проблемы преемственности сложных социально-политических форм в кочевых империях Внутренней Азии конца I тыс. до н.э. — начала II тыс. н. э.

The article deals with succession issues in the most complicated social and political structures of Inner Asia nomadic empires which, in the nomadic world, include city, state and elite isolation. The object of research is the Xiongnu Empire, the Turkic and Uyghur Khaganates, the Lyao Empire, the subject is to analyze the social and political processes in nomadic empires, determine the most complicated forms of power and society organization, and trace their succession in the next imperial polities of nomads. The article notes that in Inner Asia nomadic societies in general, succession was broadly spread and concerned titles, religious and law traditions, administrative arrangement etc. However, succession of city life, statehood and special status of elites was practically absent. The most indicative was urban blight after the fall of the Uyghur Khaganate, fast vanishing of early statehood institutions in crisis. The unique experience of khaganate was unwanted for its conquerers — the Kirghiz. The Lyao Empire, with the most complicated organization in pre-Mongolian period, partly used the Uyghur experience in trading, steppe control and selectively urban infrastructure on the Tuul River.

Evaluation of MAR Methods for Semi-Arid, Cold Regions

Mongolia is a semi-arid, highly continental region with highly variable precipitation and river discharge. The groundwater aquifer located near Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia, is the only one source for city water supply consumption, and it is important to ensure that groundwater is available now and in the future. The main watercourse near the capital city is the Tuul River, fed by precipitation in the Khentii Mountains. The semi-arid and cold environment shows high variability in precipitation and river discharge. However, due to absence of precipitation in winter and spring, the riverbed usually runs dry during these times of the year, and weather observations show that the dry period has been extending in recent years. However, in parallel with urban development, the extended groundwater aquifer has shown a clear decline, and the groundwater levels have dropped significantly. Therefore, a groundwater management system based on managed aquifer recharge is proposed, and a strategy to implement these measures in the Tuul River valley is presented in this paper. This strategy consists of the enhancement of natural recharge rates during the wet summer from the northern drainage canal, an additional increase in groundwater recharge through melting the ice storage in the dry period, as well as the construction of underground dams to accumulate groundwater and a surface water reservoir that releases a constant discharge in the outlet. To increase natural recharge rates of groundwater during the early dry period through the melting ice storage period, the MATLAB icing code, which was written for ice storage for limited and unlimited areas, was considered through finite element subsurface FLOW (FEFLOW) simulation scenarios as a water source in ice form on the surface. A study of the artificial permafrost of underground as an ice dam was processed in FEFLOW simulation scenarios for accumulating groundwater resources. The results of these artificial recharging methods were individually calculated, combined, and compared with the surface reservoir, which releases a constant discharge through the dam. In this paper, new ideas are presented involving managed aquifer recharge—MAR methods, and include application to aufeis, a mass of layered ice for groundwater recharge by melting. Additionally, the accumulation of groundwater using artificial permafrost is used as an underground dam. In addition, was considered recharging scenario only with constant release water amount from water reservoir also with all MAR methods together with reservoir combination.