Turn Signal Research Articles

Abstract 1978: ING4 deficiency results in recurrent crosstalk between Cxcl10/Cxcr3 and Egfr in breast cancer cells

Abstract Cxcl10 is a chemokine that attracts immune cells by binding to the Cxcr3 receptor during a normal immune response. Cxcl10 or Cxcr3 expression has been correlated with aggressive breast cancer. Inhibitor of Growth 4 (ING4) has previously shown to repress CXCL10 expression in breast cancer cells. We investigated the effects of Cxcl10/Cxcr3 in ING4-deficient breast cancer. First, we correlated expression levels of ING4, CXCL10, and CXCR3 with patient survival outcomes using the GDS806 data set. To determine the biological effects Cxcl10/Cxcr3 signaling in ING4-deficient cells, we established ING4 knockout cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 system in MDAmb231 and MDAmb468 breast cancer cells. We compared proliferation and migration of ING4 wild-type vs. ING4-deleted cells with or without exogenous Cxcl10 using SRB growth assays and Boyden chamber transwell assays, respectively. We used a Cxcr3 inhibitor, AMG-487, or an Egfr inhibitor, erlotinib, to determine a signaling requirement(s) for Cxcl10-induced effects. Immunofluorescence (IF) confocal microscopy was used to evaluate Cxcr3/Egfr interactions. Analysis of the GDS806 gene expression data set showed that patients with tumors containing CXCL10-high/ING4-low had significantly reduced disease-free survival, compared to low CXCL10-low/ING4-high tumors (H.R.= 5.20, 95% CI 2.06-13.09, p = 0.003), suggesting that Cxcl10 may contributed to aggressive progression of ING4 deficient tumors. ING4 deletion with or without Cxcl10 did not affect cell growth. Cxcl10 induced migration of ING4-deleted cells, but not of ING4 wild type cells, suggesting that Cxcl10-induced migration may be responsible for aggressive behavior of ING4-deficient tumors. AMG-487 or erlotinib inhibited Cxcl10 induced cell migration of ING4-deleted cells, indicating that both Cxcr3 and Egfr were required for Cxcl10-induced cell migration. IF results showed that Cxcr3 and Egfr were co-localized in the presence of Cxcl10 at the 10-minute time point in both ING4-wild type and ING4-deleted cells, whereas Cxcr3/Egfr colocalization was present at the 24-hour time point only in ING4-deleted cells. These results demonstrated that Cxcl10-mediated Cxcr3/Egfr co-localization recurred only in the absence of ING4. Cxcr3/Egfr colocalization was inhibited by AMG-487, but not by erlotinib. Taken together, these results indicated that Cxcl10 binding to Cxcr3 induced recurrent colocalization of Egfr only in ING4-deleted cells, which in turn signals downstream components to facilitate cell migration. These results further suggest Cxcl10/Cxcr3/Egfr axis as a novel therapeutic target for ING4-deficient aggressive breast cancer. Citation Format: Emily Tsutsumi, Jeremiah Stricklin, Emily Arnold, Suwon Kim. ING4 deficiency results in recurrent crosstalk between Cxcl10/Cxcr3 and Egfr in breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1978.

Warning Effect Evaluation and Control for Vehicle Turn Signal Sound

The sound quality of a turn signal sound is directly related to the driving safety and influences comfort during driving. A turn signal sound and interior noise always exist simultaneously while driving. However, none of the studies are performed to observe and control the change of a turn signal sound when the vehicle interior noise was changed. Therefore, this paper develops a method to evaluate and control the warning effect of a turn signal sound masked by vehicle interior noise. First, the turn signal sound and the vehicle interior noise at different speeds are measured and the time-frequency characteristics of the turn signal sound is analyzed. Second, the pairwise comparison method is applied to subjectively evaluate the warning effect of the sounds and the warning effect of the turn signal sound at 6~speeds relative to that at 40~km/h was obtained. Third, a new hearing threshold evaluating the warning effect is developed and used as a sound metric. This metric is employed to evaluate objectively the warning effect of warning sounds at different speeds. The subjective evaluation results are consistent with the objective evaluation results, which confirms the validity of objective evaluation. To keep the warning effect of the warning sound during the driving, two methods of controlling the turn signal sound are proposed and will be researched further in the future.

Cochlear Schwannoma: A Usual Pathology in an Unusual Site.

Intra-labyrinthine schwannomas are rare. We present a case of a 50-year-old male with non-serviceable unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. CE-MRI revealed an enhancing signal in the basal turn of left cochlea suggestive of a schwannoma. A trans-mastoid standard facial recess approach was used for tumor excision. At one year follow up, patient is disease free.

Car2Car Communication Using a Modulated Backscatter and Automotive FMCW Radar.

This work proposes the use of a modulated tag for direct communication between two vehicles using as a carrier the wave emitted by an FMCW radar installed in the vehicle for advanced driver assistance. The system allows for real-time signals detection and classification, such as stop signal, turn signals and emergency lights, adding redundancy to computer video sensors and without incorporating additional communication systems. A proof-of-concept tag has been designed at the microwave frequency of 24 GHz, consisting of an amplifier connected between receiving and transmitting antennas. The modulation is performed by switching the power supply of the amplifier. The tag is installed on the rear of the car and it answers when it is illuminated by the radar by modulating the backscattered field. The information is encoded in the modulation switching rate used. Simulated and experimental results are given showing the feasibility of the proposed solution.

Spinal Cord Injury Reduces Serum Levels of Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 and Impairs Its Signaling Pathways in Liver and Adipose Tissue in Mice.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in dysregulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; the underlying cellular and physiological mechanisms remain unclear. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a circulating protein primarily secreted by the liver that lowers blood glucose levels, corrects abnormal lipid profiles, and mitigates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. FGF21 acts via activating FGF receptor 1 and ß-klotho in adipose tissue and stimulating release of adiponectin from adipose tissue which in turn signals in the liver and skeletal muscle. We examined FGF21/adiponectin signaling after spinal cord transection in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) or a standard mouse chow. Tissues were collected at 84 days after spinal cord transection or a sham SCI surgery. SCI reduced serum FGF21 levels and hepatic FGF21 expression, as well as β-klotho and FGF receptor-1 (FGFR1) mRNA expression in adipose tissue. SCI also reduced serum levels and adipose tissue mRNA expression of adiponectin and leptin, two major adipokines. In addition, SCI suppressed hepatic type 2 adiponectin receptor (AdipoR2) mRNA expression and PPARα activation in the liver. Post-SCI mice fed a HFD had further suppression of serum FGF21 levels and hepatic FGF21 expression. Elevated serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels after HFD feeding were observed in post-SCI mice but not in sham-mice, suggesting defective FFA uptake after SCI. Moreover, after SCI several genes that are implicated in insulin’s action had reduced expression in tissues of interest. These findings suggest that downregulated FGF21/adiponectin signaling and impaired responsiveness of adipose tissues to FGF21 may, at least in part, contribute to the overall picture of metabolic dysfunction after SCI.

Analisis Sistem Kelistrikan Body pada Sepeda Motor Suzuki Nex-FI

A motorcycle has an electrical system that functions to make the vehicle operate and provide comfort and safety while driving. Generally, the electrical system on a motorcycle can be divided into three parts: the filling system, the lighting system, and the ignition system. In this study, an analysis was carried out on the body's electrical system, which has more functions in the lighting system. Examining the body's electrical system is carried out by checking the voltage, resistance, and current flowing in each electrical component. The results of these measurements are adjusted to the standard component specifications in the manual. Based on the results of the component inspection, it can be concluded that the inspection of the body's electrical system includes headlights, city lights, rear lights, turn signals, and horns on Nex-FI motorbikes after 5 years of operation in normal conditions according to standards and functions according to their respective roles.

An Automatic Turn Signal System In Four Wheelers

This paper aims at developing the new automatic technology in the field of Automobile. Not pre- warning of the vehicle’s lane departure is the precursor to crashes. Especially during the driver’s idleness and wrongly turning on the turn signals ON and OFF during the lane change. Hence the idea proposed is about indicating the turn-lights automatically during the lane change, which helps in the reduction of accidents. Photo frames from the camera are captured and processed for lane detection and tracking the position of the vehicle between the lane that helps the controller which hold an algorithm to put the turn signal to left or right. As future possibilities, this field of work can be used in self-driving cars.

SH3BGRL3, transcribed by STAT3, facilitates glioblastoma tumorigenesis by activating STAT3 signaling

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive tumors of the central nervous system. Here, we report that SH3 binding glutamic acid-rich protein like 3 (SH3BGRL3) was extremely highly expressed in GBM and glioma stem cells. SH3BGRL3 high expression associates with worse survival of GBM patients. Functionally, Targeting SH3BGRL3 obviously impairs GSCs self-renewal in vitro. Most importantly, we first report that SH3BGRL3 is a direct transcriptional target gene of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and thereby activating STAT3 signaling in turn. Additionally, forced expression of the constitutively activated STAT3 (STAT3-C) rescued GSCs self-renewal inhibited by SH3BGRL3 silencing. Collectively, we first identified a critical positive feedback loop between SH3BGRL3 and STAT3, which facilitates the tumorigenic potential of GBM.

Comparison of inner ear MRI enhancement in patients with Meniere’s disease after intravenous injection of gadobutrol, gadoterate meglumine, or gadodiamide

PurposeTo compare the enhancement results of three gadolinium contrast agents in the inner ear of patients with Meniere’s disease 4 h after intravenous injection of gadobutrol, gadoterate meglumine, or gadodiamide. MethodsWe enrolled 60 patients with a definitive diagnosis of unilateral Meniere’s disease and divided them into three groups of 20 patients; each group received a double dose of gadobutrol, gadoterate meglumine, or gadodiamide. The postcontrast signal intensity of the basal cochlear turn was scored quantitatively, and qualitative visual evaluation of the cochlea, vestibule and semi-circular canals was also performed. The results of both evaluations were compared between the three patient groups. ResultsThe cochlear basal turn signal intensity of the gadobutrol group was significantly higher than that of the gadoterate meglumine and gadodiamide groups; however, no significant difference was observed between the gadoterate meglumine and gadodiamide groups. The intensity of visualization of the semi-circular canals was significantly better in the bilateral gadobutrol group than in the gadoterate meglumine and gadodiamide groups; however, there was no significant difference in terms of the intensity of visualization of the semi-circular canals between the gadoterate meglumine and gadodiamide groups. There were no significant differences in the intensity of visualization of the cochlea and vestibule among the three groups. ConclusionsCompared with gadoterate meglumine and gadodiamide, gadobutrol can provide a higher degree of perilymphatic enhancement and better anatomical details of the semi-circular canals in the ears of patients with Meniere’s disease.

Simulation and vulnerability assessment of water distribution networks under deliberate contamination attacks

ABSTRACT This work proposes a modeling framework to quantify the effects of deliberate organic contamination events on water distribution systems. A bacterial regrowth model and a first parallel chlorine decay model were combined to describe the biochemical water species kinetics during a deliberate contaminant injection consisting of organic (TOC) and bacterial loads. Several attacks were modeled using EPANET-MSX. The impact of each attack was quantified using vulnerability indexes measuring the number of consumers affected and other metrics. These vulnerability indexes were then used to depict the network’s response to a potential threat and identify the most critical areas of the network. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to determine the network’s sensitivity to three dynamic network variables (mass injection, injection duration, and organic carbon concertation in water). An increase on bacterial populations was observed during the contaminant spread to the network, which in turn signals additional health risk to consumers.

An analysis of driving characteristics and awareness by older adult mild cognitive impairment drivers

AbstractBackgroundIn Japan, the Traffic Act was revised that Alzheimer drivers prohibited to drive. However, there is no clear relationship between dementia and driving skills. So in this study, we conducted a driving experiment for dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and normal drivers over 65 years old, and compared their driving skills and their awareness.MethodI observed driving characteristics on a training course, a car driving school. At first, I analyzed the relationship among scores of screening tests, their driving customs and driving behavior. Secondly, I also observed 7 MCI drivers’ driving behavior on open roads with driving recorders, and compared the driving behavior between at the driving school and the open roads.ResultDriving behavior of intersections or parking were not different significantly, but the one of lane change and obstacle avoidance on midblocks was different between MCI and normal drivers significantly. On the other hand, the almost all older adult drivers couldn’t behave safely at intersections. Moreover, the surrounding environment, for example, families or friends, affected to the will to continue driving for MCI drivers.ConclusionBoth of MCI or non‐MCI drivers are needed to check their driving skill. And support system should be developed for communication on driving (turn signals, etc.).

Angiotensin Signaling Is Essential for Stress Erythropoiesis but Results in Retention of Dysfunctional Mitochondria in Erythrocytes That Generate Excessive Reactive Oxygen Species

Sickle cell anemia (SCA), caused by a mutant β-globin gene, results in polymerization of the abnormal hemoglobin S and sickle shaped RBCs that cause vascular occlusions, chronic hemolytic anemia and cumulative organ damage. We have reported sickle nephropathy from elevated levels of angiotensin-II (AT), the bioactive peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), by signaling through the AT receptor-1 (AT1R), in both mice and humans with SCA, and that occurs in the absence of hypertension or hyper-reninemia [Roy et al, AJH, 2018]. Herein, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the hyperangiotensinemia in SCA. We found that AT levels are elevated due to higher oxidized state of its precursor, angiotensinogen (ATGN), which results from the elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SCA. Oxidized ATGN is more rapidly converted to AT. Hence, the high ROS in SCA increases AT production. Blockade of AT-AT1R signaling in SCA mice, either globally (with captopril that reduces AT production, or losartan that blocks AT1R, or by constitutive genetic knockout of AT1R in SCA mice [SCA AT1R-/-]), or in erythroid cells by an erythroid-specific AT1R knockout (AT1Rf/f EpoR Cre+ termed eCre+) in SCA mice (SCA eCre+) resulted in significant reduction in RBC ROS (Figure 1a). These data show that AT-AT1R signaling in turn generates ROS in sickle erythroid cells, thus creating a positive feedback loop of ↑ROS -->↑RAS -->↑ROS, which causes, and perpetuates the hyperangiotensinemia seen in SCA. The AT-mediated ROS-RAS loop is driven largely by sickle erythropoiesis: SCA eCre+ mice have reduced RBC ROS, hence have reduced AT, and do not develop nephropathy. Surprisingly, while global AT1R deficiency in WT mice (WT AT1R-/-) had no RBC phenotype, SCA AT1R-/- mice developed profound anemia, suggesting AT signaling may be important for the stress erythropoiesis (Stress-E) state, present in SCA. AT is known for its role as a renal erythropoietin (Epo) secretagogue, but its role in Stress-E is unknown. Induction of Stress-E in WT AT1R-/- mice (with phenylhydrazine or daily phlebotomies) resulted in higher anemia in WT AT1R-/- mice than in WT AT1R+/+ mice, suggesting AT1R signaling is important for Stress-E, not baseline erythropoiesis (Base-E). However, WT mice with erythroid-specific deficiency of AT signaling (WT eCre+), when stressed, were able to maintain hemoglobin comparable to their controls (WT eCre-), with an exponential increase in Epo level. Epo levels were high in SCA mice to begin with but were insufficient to compensate with loss of AT signaling in SCA AT1R-/- mice, resulting in development of anemia. RNAseq analysis of sorted Stress-E nucleated erythroid precursors and enucleated erythrocytes in WT AT1R-/- mice showed a remarkable downregulation of the Hedgehog, BMP4, KIT and WNT Stress-E signaling pathways, when compared to WT (AT1R+/+) mice, further confirming that AT signaling is critical, and conceivably upstream to these established Stress-E pathways. However, AT-AT1R signaling in Stress-E states is a double-edged sword: on one hand it was essential to sustain erythropoiesis, while on the other hand it resulted in significant ROS production. This was seen in SCA, and in WT mice where Stress-E was associated with higher RBC ROS (Figure 1a). AT is known to activate NADPH oxidase (NOX), to generate ROS in other cell types. But pharmacological inhibition of NOX signaling, or genetic deficiency of Gp22phox (a common subunit of NOX isoforms) in SCA mice did not lower RBC ROS. However, AT-AT1R signaling in Stress-E increased the mitochondrial mass in erythroid precursors, and also resulted in retention of dysfunctional mitochondria with lower membrane potential in the enucleated erythrocytes, a source of high ROS (Figure 1b-c). Hence, AT signaling in Stress-E inhibited mitophagy, which is required for clearance of mitochondria after enucleation. The transcriptome profile corroborated these findings: With Stress-E, WT AT1R-/- mice had upregulation of genes involved in mitophagy, and genes involved in maintaining mitochondrial integrity/quality and cellular redox homeostasis under oxidative stress. Taken together, our results show that AT signaling plays a critical role in increasing erythroid cell mass during Stress-E, but also downregulates mitophagy, antioxidant genes, and results in increased retention of dysfunctional mitochondria, which are the source of high RBC ROS that mediates end-organ injury. Disclosures Kalfa: Forma Therapeutics, Inc: Research Funding; Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding. Malik:Aruvant Sciences, Forma Therapeutics, Inc.: Consultancy; Aruvant Sciences, CSL Behring: Patents & Royalties.

Has LIGO detected primordial black hole dark matter? - tidal disruption in binary black hole formation

The frequent detection of binary mergers of ∼30 M ⊙ black holes (BHs) by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) rekindled researchers’ interest in primordial BHs (PBHs) being dark matter (DM). In this work, we investigated PBHs distributed as DM with a monochromatic mass of 30 M ⊙ and examined the encounter-capture scenario of binary formation, where the densest central region of DM halo dominates. Thus, we paid special attention to the tidal effect by the supermassive black hole (SMBH) present. In doing so, we discovered a necessary tool called loss zone that complements the usage of loss cone. We found that the tidal effect is not prominent in affecting binary formation, which also turned out to be insufficient in explaining the totality of LIGO’s event rate estimation, especially due to a microlensing event constraining the DM fraction in PBH at the mass of interest from near unity to an order smaller. Meanwhile, an early-universe binary formation scenario proves so prevailing that the LIGO signal in turn constrains the PBH fraction below one percent. Thus, people should put more faith in alternative PBH windows and other DM candidates.

Rancang Bangun Alat Pengaman Sepeda Motor Menggunakan Global Positioning System (GPS) Berbasis IoT

The developments of technology have penetrated into various fields including motorcycle safety. The manufacturer’s standard of locking system is not enough to protect the motor vehicles from theft. Therefore, it requires a combination between software and hardware in creating additional security systems. The purpose of this study is to design a motorcycle safety device by using IoT-based GPS. The system is designed in order to control the motorcycle automatically turn the engine off, sound the horn, and detect the location of motorcycle by smartphone with Blynk application when the robbery happened. Optocoupler sensor is a tool that uses to send a notification to Blynk application when the motorcycle is stolen. It uses the Neo6mv2 GPS sensor as a coordinate sensor, NodeMCU V3 Microcontroller as a data processor and communication with a WiFi modem, Bolt brand WiFI modem as a link to the internet network and Relay as a button that is controlled by the Blynk application to turn on or turn off the engine, horn and turn signal. All of the components require a supply 5V voltage that generated by the motor ACCU 12V which is reduced to 5V by LM2596 module.

Perilaku Berisiko dalam Berkendara dan Kejadian Kecelakaan Sepeda Motor pada Mahasiswa

Kecelakaan lalu lintas menjadi penyebab utama kematian pada kelompok usia dewasa muda. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan perilaku berisiko dalam berkendara terhadap kejadian kecelakaan sepeda motor pada mahasiswa UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional. Sampel berjumlah 502 mahasiswa yang dipilih dengan menggunakan metode purposive proportional sampling. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji Chi-Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 32.1% responden pernah mengalami kecelakaan sepeda motor. Uji statistik menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara mendengarkan musik saat berkendara (p=0.013), berkendara dengan kecepatan lebih dari 50km/jam (p=0.001), rem mendadak (p=0.000), dan menyalip tanpa memberikan lampu sein (p=0.006) dengan kejadian kecelakaan sepeda motor. Perilaku berisiko dapat mengurangi konsentrasi seseorang dalam berkendara sehingga hal tersebut dapat meningkatkan peluang terjadinya kecelakaan kendaraan bermotor. Pihak universitas khususnya perlu memperketat peraturan dan edukasi bagi mahasiswa untuk dapat meingkatkan perilaku aman dalam berkendara.

Development of alternative rear flickering light system

The lighting system of a car consist of lighting and signaling devices mounted to the front, rear and sides. The car has equipped with blinking turn signals to letting information for the other drivers. Sometimes the drivers didn’t noticed that the rear flickering light is not blinking. This condition is a major cause of accidents. The study aim to develop the Alternative Rear Flickering Light System. It is designed to turn the brake lights in flashing mode to replace the broken rear flickering signal. At the same time, a blue light indicator is placed on the dashboard to alert the driver. The system uses the Arduino programming to create hardware or programs for vehicles’ flickering light. The programming of Arduino has been tested for brake lamp (red color), blinking testing (right and left signal) and alternative flickering (brake lamp blinking). The result has been successful for several attempts the coding on Arduino. This system solves of the main problems encountered for every driver when the rear flickering light is not working. This can also turn the other drivers to be aware of the warning given on the headlights.

SLE: Novel Postulates for Therapeutic Options.

Genetic deficiency in C1q is a strong susceptibility factor for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There are two major hypotheses that potentially explain the role of C1q in SLE. The first postulates that C1q deficiency abrogates apoptotic cell clearance, leading to persistently high loads of potentially immunogenic self-antigens that trigger autoimmune responses. While C1q undoubtedly plays an important role in apoptotic clearance, an essential biological process such as removal of self- waste is so critical for host survival that multiple ligand-receptor combinations do fortunately exist to ensure that proper disposal of apoptotic debris is accomplished even in the absence of C1q. The second hypothesis is based on the observation that locally synthesized C1q plays a critical role in regulating the earliest stages of monocyte to dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and function. Indeed, circulating C1q has been shown to keep monocytes in a pre-dendritic state by silencing key molecular players and ensuring that unwarranted DC-driven immune responses do not occur. Monocytes are also able to display macromolecular C1 on their surface, representing a novel mechanism for the recognition of circulating “danger.” Translation of this danger signal in turn, provides the requisite “license” to trigger a differentiation pathway that leads to adaptive immune response. Based on this evidence, the second hypothesis proposes that deficiency in C1q dysregulates monocyte-to-DC differentiation and causes inefficient or defective maintenance of self-tolerance. The fact that C1q receptors (cC1qR and gC1qR) are also expressed on the surface of both monocytes and DCs, suggests that C1q/C1qR may regulate DC differentiation and function through specific cell-signaling pathways. While their primary ligand is C1q, C1qRs can also independently recognize a vast array of plasma proteins as well as pathogen-associated molecular ligands, indicating that these molecules may collaborate in antigen recognition and processing, and thus regulate DC-differentiation. This review will therefore focus on the role of C1q and C1qRs in SLE and explore the gC1qR/C1q axis as a potential target for therapy.

Risky riding behaviours among motorcyclists in Malaysia: A roadside survey

Motorcyclists are over-represented in fatal crashes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). In Malaysia, motorcyclists comprise about 60% of all fatalities in road crashes. However, the prevalence and determinants of risky riding behaviours have been rarely studied in the country. This study aims to investigate motorcycle-related risky riding behaviours at signalised intersections. A total of 72,377 observations were made during six days at six different signalised intersections in Terengganu, Malaysia. Four risky riding behaviours were observed together (i.e. helmet non-use, red-light running, mobile phone use, turn signal neglect) along with additional demographic and contextual factors. The most prevalent risky riding behaviour was turn signal neglect (29.7% of all observations), and the least prevalent was mobile phone while riding (0.2% of all observations). Four logistic regressions were fitted to predict the four risky riding behaviours using the demographic and contextual explanatory factors. The results suggest that helmet non-use increases among female riders, riders wearing industrial uniforms, carrying passengers, riding during the weekend, during off-peak hours, during clear weather, at T-junctions, on multi-lane roads, and on minor road approaches. Red light running increases among female riders, riders wearing industrial uniforms, carrying passengers, during clear weather, at T-junctions, on multi-lane roads, and on major road approaches. Mobile phone use increases among female riders, riders wearing industrial uniforms, carrying passengers, and at cross-junctions. Turn signal neglect increases among male riders, riders not wearing industrial uniforms, solo riders, on weekends, during off-peak hours, during clear weather, on single-lane roads, and on minor road approaches. The findings of this study have significant implications for the development of targeted countermeasures such as education programs and road policing.

Turn Signal Use among Motorcyclists in Klang Valley, Malaysia: A Case Study

Road crashes are serious concerns globally as they claim and cause more than 1.35 million fatalities and up to 50 million resulted injuries each year, respectively. Previous studies showed that the causes of road crashes are multifactorial, with human error contributed to approximately more than two-thirds of all road crashes, particularly in developing countries. One of the primary causes of vehicle crashes is failure to use turn signals by motorists. Although several studies have explored the use of turn signal among motorists in developed countries, limited studies have examined such risky behavior in developing countries, especially Malaysia. This paper aims to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of turn signal use among motorcyclists especially when changing lanes and turning at intersections, in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Video data of motorcycles in road traffic were recorded via instrumented research vehicle which made routine trips along selected driving routes in Klang Valley. The driving routes encompassed expressway, mixed with urban and interurban roads, as well as rural roads. The results reveal a significantly low overall percentage usage rate of turn signal among the observed motorcyclists at 41.1%. Furthermore, 60.9% of motorcyclists failed to signal when changing lanes, and 56.5% disregarded them while turning at intersections. The findings provide vital information to the authority to develop proper policy and propose measures to increase compliance of turn signal use among motorcycle motorcyclists such as more targeted enforcement, widespread road safety campaigns and mandated utilization of technology-based solutions.

CRMP2 is a therapeutic target that suppresses the aggressiveness of breast cancer cells by stabilizing RECK

Metastatic breast cancer is characterized by high mortality and limited therapeutic target. During tumor metastasis, cytoskeletal reorganization is one of the key steps in the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) is a cytosolic phosphoprotein that plays an important role in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics. Previous researches have reported that altered CRMP2 expression is associated with breast cancer progression, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we show that CRMP2 expression is reduced in various subtypes of breast cancers and negatively correlated with lymphatic metastasis. Overexpression of CRMP2 significantly inhibits invasion and stemness in breast cancer cells, while downregulation of CRMP2 promotes cell invasion, which is not required for tubulin polymerization. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that CRMP2 interacts with RECK, prevents RECK degradation, which, in turn, blocks NF-κB and Wnt signaling pathways. Furthermore, we find that phosphorylation of CRMP2 at T514 and S522 remarkably abolishes its functions to bind with RECK and to inhibit cell invasion. Pharmacologic rescue of CRMP2 expression suppressed breast cancer metastasis in vitro and in vivo and stimulated a synergetic effect with FN-1501 that induces CRMP2 dephosphorylation. Collectively, this study highlights the potential of CRMP2 as a therapeutic target in breast cancer metastasis and reveals a distinct mechanism of CRMP2.