Turmeric Varieties Research Articles

Mother Rhizome Growth of Turmeric Varieties [Curcuma longa (L.)] Under Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) Based Agroforestry System in Chhattisgarh Plain, India

The experiment was carried out during the year 2022-23 and 2023-24 in Kharif seasons at the Herbal Garden of IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. Two production systems were studied: F1 involved sole Turmeric, while F2 involved Eucalyptus intercropped with Turmeric in both the production system used FRBD (Factorial Randomized Block Design). Eight turmeric varieties were used i.e.: T1 - Suranjana, T2 - Selam, T3 – Chhattisgarh Haldi-1, T4 – Chhattisgarh Haldi-2, T5 – Roma, T6- Ranga, T7- NDH-98 and T8- Sonali. From the two year of investigation it’s found that mother rhizome length and width (cm) was found maximum in variety Chhattisgarh Haldi-2 and variety NDH-98 under sole turmeric as well as Eucalyptus intercropped with turmeric, while variety Sonali showed the minimum growth of mother rhizome in both the year of investigation and on mean data.

Yield of Turmeric Varieties [Curcuma longa (L.)] Under Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) Based Agroforestry System in Chhattisgarh Plain, India

The experiment was conducted during the year 2022-23 and 2023-24 in Kharif seasons at the Herbal Garden of IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Two production systems were studied: F1 involved sole Turmeric, while F2 involved Eucalyptus intercropped with Turmeric in both the production system used FRBD (Factorial Randomized Block Design). Eight turmeric varieties were used: T1 - Suranjana, T2 - Selam, T3 – Chhattisgarh Haldi-1, T4 – Chhattisgarh Haldi-2, T5 – Roma, T6- Ranga, T7- NDH-98 and T8- Sonali. The pooled rhizome fresh yield data for year 2022-23 and 2023-24 year shows that F2 (Eucalyptus + turmeric) (19.76 t/ha) yielded significantly less than F1 (Sole turmeric) (21.73 t/ha). Among varieties, Chhattisgarh Haldi-2 (25.18 t/ha) and NDH-98 (24.65 t/ha) recorded the maximum yield, while the lowest yield was recorded in Sonali (16 t/ha). A significant result found in production system and crop variety which showed that performance of varieties depended on the cropping system.

Evaluation of yield, dry recovery percentage and curcumin content of different turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) varieties suitable to Telangana state

Evaluation of yield, dry recovery percentage and curcumin content of different turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) varieties suitable to Telangana state

Evaluation of growth and yield characters of different turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) varieties suitable to Telangana state

Evaluation of growth and yield characters of different turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) varieties suitable to Telangana state

Identifying Turmeric Varieties (Curcuma spp.) Based on their Morphologies and Molecular Markers

Identifying Turmeric Varieties (Curcuma spp.) Based on their Morphologies and Molecular Markers

Study on the physicochemical, nutritional, and phytochemical properties in five turmeric varieties

Turmeric is a member of the Zingiberaceae family, which known as a traditional medicine in Southeast Asian countries and can be used as a spice, food preservative, and colorant. The aim of the study was to determine the physicochemical, nutritional, bioactive compound and curcuminoid of five types Turmeric varieties. Five turmeric varieties were collected from Siem Reap province and were freeze-dry before studying. According to the results, the L*, a*, b*, and ΔE value of dried turmeric varieties such as BLK, BG, SN1, FG, and BRN were in the range 58.17±0.00 to 81.89±0.01, -1.46±0.01 to 6.74±0.00, -0.72±0.01 to36.48±0.01, and 14.912±0.01 to 38.12±0.01, respectively. The pH and acidity value ranged from 5.82±0.05 to 6.32±0.01, 0.36±0.01 to 0.85±0.00%, respectively. Moreover, the results of physicochemical were 1.94±0.07 to 3.60±0.22% moisture, 3.26±0.27 to 7.55±0.48% ash, 1.37±0.70 to 11.76±0.67% fiber, and 2.09±0.23 to 10.12±0.87% lipid. The higher value of TPC, TFC, TCC, and TAA were found 11.96±0.98 mg GAE/g db, 83.70±8.11 mg QE/g db, 5.6±0.05%, and 80.71±1.43%. Furthermore, the higher value of CUR, DMC, and BDMC were found in the range 1.60±0.27, 5.87±0.01, and 1.38±0.02 mg/100g db. However, only two turmeric varieties, BLK and FG, were not detected in curcuminoid.

Evaluating biochemical and pharmacological properties of Curcuma longa L. grown organically in two locations of Odisha, India: In vitro study

Organic farmers use nitrogen-fixing cover crops, herbicides, and biological fertilizers derived chiefly from animal and plant wastes. Curcumin levels are higher in this turmeric variety than in other types with differing pharmacological effects. Growing concerns about the safety of chemical fertilizers have heightened the need to identify locally adapted microbial strains that can be employed as a growth-promoting inoculum. Although research on the microbial diversity of the soil in Kandhamal and Koraput, India, was published, there is still a lack of information about the microbial community of the turmeric that is indigenous to these regions. This research compares and contrasts organically grown turmeric's growth-promoting and antibacterial activities with normally developed turmeric. This is a preliminary study that focuses on the microbiota communities of the study region. In vitro results showed that these properties have been shown to positively affect the development and nutritional content of studied turmeric plants; hence, they are regarded as key plant growth promoters. Using conventional and organic soil, both Kandhamal and Koraput rhizome sample was planted. The aqueous and methanolic rhizome extracts from both soil conditions were extracted. The Agar well diffusion method examined the rhizome extract's antibacterial activity. Bacteria were isolated and characterized from the rhizosphere and conducted various biochemical experiments. When tested against nine human pathogenic microorganisms, rhizomes harvested with vermicompost showed significantly increased antibacterial activity. The rhizospheric bacteria isolated from the organic soil region also help promote plant growth and development and provide adequate nutrients for growth and development. In every single experiment, the organically produced rhizome yielded superior results. The present study concludes that organic turmeric showed better and more effective results in increasing nutrient content, antibacterial activity and yield. Potential field applications necessitate more study into these rhizobacteria's molecular and functional characterization. Future improvements to biocontrol methods may come from studies examining the viability of deploying integrative, long-term bio-formulations in the field. The present research can potentially be used to investigate antibiotic synthesis by microbial communities in turmeric soil.

Evaluation of Performance of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Varieties in Dharmapuri District of Tamil Nadu, India

Turmeric is an important spice crop cultivated in various states of India and Tamil Nadu is one of the leading producers of Turmeric. The productivity of Turmeric in Tamil Nadu was 3.80 MT/ha (cured rhizome yield) which is lower than the national productivity. Though there are various factors affecting productivity, choice of varieties was one of the important factors among them. On farm trials were conducted to study the performance of Turmeric varieties viz. BSR 1, BSR 2, CO 2, Allepey Supreme, PTS 10 and Roma at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Papparapatty of Dharmapuri district. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications. The crop management practices are carried out as per Crop Production Guide 2020 of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore recommendation. The yield data revealed that there was significant variation among the turmeric varieties in various growth and yield determining parameters. Among the varieties CO 2 performed better than the other varieties with highest yield per plant (468.99 g), cured rhizome yield per hectare (6.82 tonnes/ha) followed by BSR 2. The results of the study show that CO 2 performed better in Dharmapuri district when compared to other varieties and hence can be preferably recommended to the farmers for better yield. The yield attributing factors viz. plant height, leaf size, weight of mother rhizome, weight and number of primary and secondary fingers are positively correlated with the yield per plant and hence can be used as criteria for varietal selection.

Water stress influence of Rajendrasonia and Pitamber turmeric varieties

Turmeric varieties viz., Rajendrasonia and Pitamber were subjected to water stress by irrigating at different intervals. Impact of water stress on morphological, physiological and yield parameters of both the varieties were investigated. In this study irrigation treatments divided into three groups. Group A, control receives water weekly once. For every two weeks once group B was irrigated and for every three weeks once group C was irrigated. Plants which are under heavy water stress showed gradual reduction in morphological, physiological and yield parameters, i.e. plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index, Net Assimilation rate, Relative Growth rate , fresh and dry weight of rhizome. Pitamber and Rajendrasonia growth parameters, physiological and yield parameters were slightly affected in moderate stress compared to control. In heavy stress condition the two varieties severely affected compared to control and moderate stress. Among the two selected varieties Pitamber was less affected in all parameters except in leaves number, tuberous roots length and in dry weight in moderate and heavy stress.

A comparative study on impacts of water stress in turmeric varieties Acc 48 and Acc 79

Water stress created in turmeric varieties Acc 48 and Acc 79 by irrigating them in different intervals. Water stress influence on morpho-logical features, physio-logical and yield features of both the varieties was investigated. In this study irrigation treatments divided into three groups. Group A control receives water weekly once. For every two weeks once group B was irrigated and for every three weeks once group C was irrigated. Plants which are under heavy water stress showed gradual reduction in morphological, physiological and in yield parameters, i.e. ‘plant height, number of leaves, width of the leaf, fresh and dry weight of rhizome, Relative Growth Rate, Net Assimilation Rate’. Acc 48 & Acc 79 morphological- parameters, physiological and yield parameters was slightly affected in moderate stress compared to control. Among the two Acc 48 resisted water stress in moderate stress condition than Acc 79. In heavy water stress condition, the two varieties severely affected compared to control and moderate stress. Among the two varieties Acc 48 was less affected. In all the treatments Acc 48 was less affected in all aspects except in thin and tuberous roots number. To cope up with water stress length of thin and tuberous roots of both the varieties were increased in heavy and moderate water stress condition. Irrigating turmeric two weeks once showed minor impact on plants than irrigating them three weeks once. In heavy water stress, plants was affected in all morphological, physiological and yield aspects.

The effect of local white turmeric (Curcuma Zedoaria) on the uterus surface profile of white rats (Rattus novergicus) with ethinyl estradiol induction

Background: White turmeric rhizome (Curcuma Zedoaria) contains important compounds for traditional medicine and the pharmaceutical industry. The variation in the benefits of white turmeric is thought to be due to the compounds in the rhizome, significantly compounds with antioxidant activity. Purpose: Determine the effect of local varieties of white turmeric in Sambori Bima Village, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, on the uterine surface profile of white rats (Rattus Novergicus) induced by Ethinyl Estradiol. Methods: This research uses 25 white rats divided into five treatment groups, namely control (-) not given Ethinyl estradiol or white turmeric extract, control (+) is given Ethinyl estradiol at a dose of 150mg/kg BW (Body Weight)/day without white turmeric extract. P1, P2, and P3 treatment were given Ethinyl estradiol at a dose of 150mg/kg BW/day and white turmeric extracts with diffferent concentration. P1 was given white turmeric extract 500mg/Kg BW/day, P2 was given white turmeric extract 750mg/Kg BW/day, P3 was given white turmeric extract 1000mg/kg BW/day. White turmeric extract was examined using GCMS, and uterine organs were taken for histopathological preparations. Results: Methanol extract of white turmeric contains compounds including [2.2.1] heptan-2-ol, exo-β-element, sesquiterpene, Gremacrene, Epiglobulol, Spathulenol, Eudesmol and, Germacrone. Histopathological analysis shows the different distances between glands in the endometrial. Hyperplasia of the gland occurred on all treatments except for P3 (1000 mg/kg BW). Conclusion: Administration of white turmeric extract with eight beneficial health compounds could stop the artificial proliferation of Ethinyl estradiol for 14 days plus 30 days.

Genotypic and Environmental Influence on Fresh Rhizome Yield of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and related Curcuma species have been used traditionally in India, China, Hawaii, and other cultures for millennia. Today they are used around the world for spice, medicine, dye, and religious purposes. Recent biomedical studies have corroborated the long-known traditional medicinal values of turmeric and its constituent curcuminoid compounds, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic properties. As part of statewide research and extension efforts to support an expanding turmeric industry, we examined yield of 14 accessions across different climatic zones in Hawaii to observe and describe Genotype × Environmental influences. Fresh turmeric yield differed significantly among genotypes. The overall yields observed in this work ranged 11.3–57.22 t ha−1 and generally agree with those in the literature. Data from the different sites suggest that fertility and water management are able to mitigate moderate stress imposed by climate change within a certain range, but suboptimal temperatures associated with high elevation in the tropics (>1000 m) are an important driver of lower yields. This suggests that high yielding turmeric varieties may possess wide adaptability and may perform well across diverse environments. However, site-specific evaluations will still be necessary, particularly in environments outside turmeric’s environmental optima and in the presence of high pest pressure.

Performance of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Variety Megha Turmeric-1 in Various Districts of Assam

Aim: An experiment was conducted in the farmers’ field of various locations representing four agro climatic zones of Assam to assess the performance of Turmeric variety Megha Turmeric-1.
 Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted by the Krishi Vigyan Kendras of Karbi Anglong, Udalguri, Barpeta, Darrang, Dibrugarh, Sivasagar and Sonitpur under Assam Agricultural University.
 Results: The study revealed that the plant was 175.24 cm tall with 10 numbers of leaves on main shoot. Additionally, the leaf lamina length and width were found to be 54.08 cm and 15.18 cm respectively from the study. The leaf disposition was erect with distant venation and wavy leaf margin. Moreover, the rhizomes were found to have distant inter nodal pattern along with tertiary rhizomes. The crop recorded higher yield 249.63 quintal per hectare against the local varieties in all the locations.
 Conclusion: From the study, it can be inferred that the farmers may adoptMegha Turmeric-1 over their local varieties for better yield and returns.

Effect of Container Volume and Planting Density on Ginger and Turmeric Growth and Yield

Domestic production of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizomes is increasing. The objective of this study was to compare growth and rhizome yield of these crops using different container volumes and planting densities. Two greenhouse experiments that lasted 28 weeks each were conducted. In Expt. I, one sprouted rhizome of a single ginger variety (Bubba Blue) and four turmeric varieties (Hawaiian Red, BKK, White Mango, and Black) were transplanted into either small (1.5 gal) or large (13.3 gal) round containers. In Expt. II, either one or three sprouted rhizomes of two ginger varieties (Bubba Blue and Madonna) and two turmeric varieties (Indira Yellow and Hawaiian Red) were transplanted into either large (13.3 gal) or medium (3.9 gal) round containers. In Expt. I, there were an increase in plant growth and yield with increasing container volume, as both crops produced more than double the shoot, root, and rhizome fresh weight (FW) when grown in large compared with small containers. In Expt. II, rhizome yield of ginger was 44% higher in medium than large containers, and container volume did not affect yield in turmeric. Total dry weight (DW) was higher in plants grown in the larger container volume in both species in Expt. I, and turmeric only in Expt. II. However, ginger in Expt. II had an 18% higher plant DW in the medium compared with the large container. The higher density in Expt. II increased yield and biomass production per container compared with the lower density, regardless of variety and container volume. Overall, net revenue per container was higher in Expt. II than Expt. I because of the higher rhizome yield. In Expt. I, the higher yield of ginger compared with turmeric increased sales revenue of this species, despite a lower sales price per kilogram. In contrast, the higher yield of turmeric in Expt. II resulted in higher sales revenue and net revenue per container compared with ginger. Based on our results, medium containers could be used to minimize material and space costs for ginger and turmeric production under the conditions evaluated in our study.

Comprehensive assessment of phytometabolites and health benefits of Geographical Indication turmeric in India

The interest and demand for the Geographical Indication (GI) turmeric have increased significantly in recent years as research unfolds their unique benefits. Still, their comprehensive and comparative metabolite profile remains to be analysed in detail from a nutritional perspective. This investigation reports phytochemical constituents, nutraceuticals, and bioactivities of four GI turmeric (Erode turmeric, Kandhamal haldi, Waigaon turmeric and Sangli turmeric) in India. The results revealed considerable differences in major quality parameters viz., essential oil (4.00-5.60%), oleoresin (8.36-18.12%) and curcuminoids (2.23-5.50%). Among the GIs, Waigaon turmeric was superior in terms of quality parameters and rhizome traits. The Erode turmeric contained significantly high protein (4.64%) and several minerals (K, Ca, Fe and Mg). The IC50 values of DPPH scavenging assays (160.72 – 194.25 μg ml-1) and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays (126.50 – 146.57 μg ml-1) ensured the potent antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of GI turmeric. The GC-MS profile of essential oil unveiled six major compounds such as, ar-turmerone, β-sesquiphellandrene, α-zingiberene, α-curcumene, α-turmerone, and curlone. The brightest yellow colour was observed in Sangli turmeric and dark orange in Waigon turmeric, based on L*, a* and b* values. All the four GI turmeric varieties are good sources of spice for people to consume but Waigaon turmeric was found to be superior among them.

Estimates of genetic variability, inter character association and path analysis in turmeric over environments

Pooled data of 27 traits, including quantitative and qualitative, from 15 turmeric varieties grown in three locations over two years were used to estimate the genetic parameters of variability and path analysis. High genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) combined with high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was observed for collar girth, length of mother rhizome, number of mother rhizomes, weight of mother rhizome, weight of primary rhizome, number of secondary rhizomes, primary rhizome inter-nodal length, bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), demethoxycurcumin (DMC), curcumin (CUR) and yield. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent mean (GAM) was recorded for plant height, number of shoots, leaf petiole length, leaf length, collar girth, length of mother rhizome, girth of mother rhizome, primary rhizome inter-nodal length, dry recovery, oleoresin, BDMC, DMC and curcumin. Correlation coefficients showed that yield was significantly associated with collar girth, weight of mother rhizome, number of primary rhizomes, weight of primary rhizome and number of secondary rhizomes. Path coefficient analysis at phenotypic level revealed that, positive direct effect was high for length of mother rhizome followed by number of mother rhizomes, weight of primary rhizome and curcumin content. The study confirmed that characters such as weight of mother rhizome, girth of mother rhizome, weight of primary rhizomes, number of primary rhizomes and curcumin content can be relayed upon to form selection criteria in turmeric.

Assessment of genetic variation in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) varieties based on morphological and molecular characterization

Assessment of genetic variation in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) varieties based on morphological and molecular characterization

Essential Oil Chemotypes of Four Vietnamese Curcuma Species Cultivated in North Alabama

Curcuma (turmeric) species are important culinary and medicinal plants, and the essential oils of Curcuma rhizomes have demonstrated promising pharmacological properties. The essential oils (EOs) of Curcuma species possess a wide variety of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anticancerous, antiproliferative, hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic, antirheumatic, hypotensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antithrombotic, antityrosinase, and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitory activities, among others. Curcuma oils are also known to enhance immune function, promote blood circulation, accelerate toxin elimination, and stimulate digestion. C. longa (turmeric) and C. zedoaria (zedoary) are the most extensively studied species of Curcuma due to their high commercial value. There is some interest in expanding the cultivation of Curcuma species to the southern regions in North America where the climate is favorable. The purpose of this work was to examine the rhizome essential oil composition of four species of Curcuma (C. aromatica, C. caesia, C. longa, C. zanthorrhiza) that were obtained from Vietnam and cultivated in North Alabama. The rhizome essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatographic techniques. The essential oils of C. aromatica were dominated by curzerenone (14.7–18.6%), germacrone (10.7–14.7%), 1,8-cineole (5.2–11.7%), and an unidentified component (8.7–11.0%). The major components in C. longa rhizome oil were ar-turmerone (8.3–36.1%), α-turmerone (12.7–15.2%), β-turmerone (5.0–15.4%), α-zingiberene (4.6–13.9%), and β-sesquiphellandrene (4.6–10.0%). The essential oils of C. caesia and C. zanthorrhiza were rich in curzerenone, curdione, and germacrone. These adapted turmeric varieties in North Alabama have potential use for medical purposes and medicinal plant oil market demands in the U.S.

Evaluation of different turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) varieties in Southern Laterites of Kerala

Genetic variability was studied for rhizome yield and its contributing characters among twenty seven turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) genotypes. The analysis of variation revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits viz., plant height, number of tillers, number of primary rhizomes per plant, number of secondary rhizomes per plant, yield per plant, length of mother rhizome, girth of mother rhizome, weight of mother rhizome, length of primary rhizome, girth of primary rhizome, weight of primary rhizome, length of secondary rhizome, girth of secondary rhizome and weight of secondary rhizome. Turmeric variety Shobha recorded the highest fresh rhizome yield which was on par with the yield given by the variety Punjab Haldi II and local type Sadanandapuram local. PCV was higher than GCV for all the characters indicating the influence of environment in the expression of traits, while the difference varied among the traits. High PCV and correspondingly high GCV was recorded for the all the characters studied except girth of mother rhizome and secondary rhizome. High heritability coupled with high GA was observed for all characters except number of primary and secondary rhizomes per plant indicating the additive nature and scope of improvement of these characters by phenotypic selection. Keywords: Turmeric, Curcuma longa L., Variability, Heritability, Genetic advance

Growth and Yield Components of Some Turmeric Varieties (Curcuma Longa L.) As Affected by Inorganic Fertilizer Levels in Umudike, South-Eastern, Nigeria

A research on growth and yield components of some turmeric varieties (Curcuma longa L.) as affected by inorganic fertilizer levels in Umudike, South Eastern Nigeria was carried out at the teaching and research farm of the University, during 2018/2019 cropping seasons. It was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Results, showed that plant height and number of tillers for both varieties and fertilizers levels increased at 2, 4, and 6 months after planting (MAP) during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Variety 021 and 400 NPK (15:15:15) Kg-1 produced tallest plants and highest number of tillers over other varieties and fertilizer levels. Crop growth rate was positive at 2 – 4 MAP and negative at 4 – 6 MAP, with 021 and 400 NPK (15:15:15) kgha-1 producing higher growth rate. Heaviest rhizomes fresh weight (kg plot-1) of 3.74 and 3.75, rhizome dry matter content of 14.49 and 16.8%, rhizome dry weight of 23.57 and 23.90g and harvest index of 2.60 and 2.70% was yielded by UMT 021 variety over other varieties. The level of 400 NPK (15:15:15) kg ha-1 produced heaviest rhizome fresh weight of 4.47 and 4.57 kg plot-1; rhizome dry matter content of 19.42 and 25.8%; rhizome dry weight of 27.54 and 27.8g and harvest index of 2.81 and 3.20%, over other levels. Consequently, variety 021 and 400 NPK (15:15:15) kgha-1 are recommended for sole production of turmeric in Umudike, South Eastern Nigeria.