Turkish Woman Research Articles

A listening guide analysis of an immigrant woman’s journey away from the changing landscape of home

ABSTRACT Psychological science frequently treats the human psyche as isolated from the environment within which it exists. In this paper, I employ the Listening Guide method, a relational, embodied, dynamic form of qualitative inquiry, to conduct and analyze an interview with a young Turkish woman on her journey as she relocates to a city in Western Europe. Tracing the psychological logic within her narrative leads me to find that she holds together the psychologically incongruent processes of longing for vividly remembered places that are pervasively lost and rationalization regarding why they are not to be missed. Interpreting this discovery against the backdrop of her inner world, I find that for her, remembering and longing for places go hand in hand with her desire to envision, revitalize and reconstruct elements of remembered and felt places during the immigration journey. This research has implications for immigration studies as it demonstrates the psyche as embedded in places.

The Leadership of Behice Boran in the Turkish Workers’ Party (October 1, 1970 - October 10, 1987) (A Historical Study)

Behice boran was the first Turkish woman to lead a political party in Turkey. Throughout her political career, she witnessed three military coups in Turkey and had different reactions to each. The year 1960 marked the actual beginning of Boran’s political journey and was also a pivotal point in Turkish history as it saw the first military coup, which allowed the formation of parties and labor unions. This led to her becoming the leader of the Turkish Workers’ Party in 1970. However, the party faced a setback following the second military coup in 1971, which differed politically from the first due to the presence of the right-wing on the political scene, restricting the leftist movement. Boran was arrested for the third time during the period (1971-1974), and she criticized this coup. She was released from prison in 1974 and managed to re-establish the party in 1975, but it was closed again following the third military coup in 1980, leading to her fourth arrest. Due to her deteriorating health, she was released and decided to leave Turkey, seeking political asylum in Belgium, where she remained in exile until her death in 1987 after spending seven years in exile.

Belonging and Otherness in Postmigrant Society: Experiences of Young Women of Turkish Background in Germany

The social position of women of Turkish background has often been questioned on the basis of the dominant societal perception imaging them as being isolated in the domestic sphere, oppressed by traditional, cultural, and patriarchal norms, and thus unable to integrate into the broader German society. Although the younger-generation women, born and/or raised in Germany as children of Turkish migrant workers, to a great extent actively participate in public life via education and the job market, at a discursive and social-relational level they are still often perceived and categorized as the non-German and the non-European Other. This paper takes a closer look at the gendered and racialized experiences of young women of Turkish origin by paying special attention to how othering relates to belonging in the postmigrant social context in Germany. On the basis of ethnographic field data collected via in-depth and expert interviews, it intends to engage in a critical-reflexive discussion from the perspective of a social group that has long been imagined as dwelling at the margins of society. Drawing upon recent discussions on the culturalization of migration (and integration) issues, the paper traces the current articulations of the culturalized perceptions of ‘the Turkish woman’ through the reflections of young women of Turkish origin, and discusses belonging in light of their experiences of exclusion and otherness. Taking a critical approach to studying the concept of integration as a discursive historical process, the paper suggests that the self-positionings of the research participants have been substantially affected by the mainstream integration-centered discourse and its interfaces with othering. However, young women’s active and subversive ways of dealing with these exclusionary discourses and practices point to a rather critical view of belonging, articulated through a stated consciousness of the past and present context, and claims for recognition in postmigrant Germany.

Selfless Subjectivities that (Re)Build the Nation: Remaking the “Modern Turkish Woman” in the Early Republican Period in Türkiye

This study explores the newly constructed female identities of the Early Republican Era in Türkiye (1923–1945). Through a thematic analysis of three contemporary women's magazines (Aile Dostu, Ev-İş, and Asrın Kadını) it aims to examine how conceptualizations of marriage and family were refashioned in the magazines to fit in the images within the newly constructed domestic ideologies of the state. We argue that the “selfless” subjectivities offered by the magazines point to dialogically constructed narrative identities which are not stable but fluid. The women's magazines of the Era aimed to reconstruct new identities by representing the Republic's ideas and official ideology to its people. Thus, they became one of the tools of social engineering in the way of “transforming the nation” into a “modern,” “Westernized” one. Analysing these magazines help us identify the repertoire of subjectivities and narrative identities from which women drew while making sense of their selves during an era of transformation.

The construction of the Turkish woman author’s image through translation: the image of Suat Derviş in In The Shadow of the Yalı

ABSTRACT This study seeks to explore the paratextual packaging of Suat Derviş’s In the Shadow of the Yalı through a sociological lens, probing the connections between the consecrating power of translation and its role in dispelling cultural stereotypes. Arguing that asymmetrical power relations and translation flows have a significant impact on the representation of cultures in and/or through translation, the study first focuses on the stereotypical image(s) of the Turkish women writers in the Anglophone book market. Secondly, the study notes that the representation of Derviş for the Anglophone reader’s reception is beyond the confines of those images, revealing the role played by the translator Maureen Freely in challenging the prevailing practices of Western image construction and dissemination. Thirdly, against the backdrop of the distinction between translation as consecration and consecration by translational agents, the study scrutinizes the paratextual framing strategies that serve to transfer the consecrating agents’ symbolic capital to Derviş. The study concludes that while translation into a dominant literary field might be the initial step toward consecrating a writer from a less dominant culture, translation becomes an instrument that propagates existing power hierarchies when translational agents perpetuate the stereotypical representations that influence the positioning, promotion, and reception of translations.

The Biography of the Repressed Turkology in Bulgaria

This article is a review of the book “Turkology in Exile: Mefküre Mollova. A Biographical Study”, authored by Zeynep Zafer and Murie Muratova. Mefküre Mollova (1927–2009) was the first Turkish woman and university professor in Bulgaria, who gained international fame with her research in the field of Turkology. She devoted herself to unexplored issues of Turkish dialectology, related to the Turkish dialects in Bulgaria and other linguistic questions. Mefküre Mollova was among the founders of the Turkish Philology at the University of Sofia. She had worked for only about 7 years (1953–1961), when she and her husband were dismissed from their academic positions. Although unemployed and persecuted in communist Bulgaria, Mefküre Mollova continued to publish her work both in the country and abroad. She published her research in four languages – French, Turkish, Bulgarian, and Russian, but mostly in French. Mefküre Mollova was also the first Turkish poet to publish poems in Turkish periodicals and the only woman who managed to publish an independent collection of poems in Turkish in Bulgaria. In addition, she is the first author of several well-written travelogues. Having gained fame and recognition around the world, in her homeland she and her husband Riza Mollov are forgotten and neglected. Their refusal to collaborate with the communist authorities and to falsify academic research stigmatized them for decades and the autors hope that this book will contribute to correcting this injustice.

Coding Whiteness and Racialization: Living in the Space as an Insider-Outsider

This study analyzes whiteness from the perspectives of “politic of location” to understand how it has changed and applied across the globe, rather than ignoring the relevancy of white supremacy for some geographies that have a racially homogenous population. The first part of the article interrogates my personal experiences of whiteness in Turkey which has a racially homogenous population. In Turkey, my experiences with whiteness were not as a result of directly having white bodies, but rather by being a part of the dominant culture, nation, religion, and language. The second part of this study discusses my experiences of whiteness in the United States. I highlight the different ways in which I experienced whiteness that had to do with my position as a Muslim Turkish woman in racially diverse America. In this autoethnography, by showing my relations and experiences within the discourse of whiteness and racialization of Muslims, I show how whiteness has significantly different meanings in different locations, and how whiteness’s ideology affects people’s experiences through local and global power relations.

Turkey’s First Female Auto Racing Champion: Samiye Cahit Morkaya

The aim of this study was to analyze the experience of Turkey’s first female auto racing champion Samiye Cahit Morkaya during the early Republican period in the context of efforts to construct Turkey’s modern women’s identity. Newspapers and magazines published between 1932 and 1935 when Samiye Cahit participated in auto racing, were analyzed. Morkaya came at the top by breaking her own records in all races in which she participated. Starting with the first race she entered in 1932, she was called the first lady driver, and her success was portrayed as elating in the media of the period. Her championship in 1933 following her wins against male opponents resulted in a court case. The records she broke in 1934 were presented in the newspapers of the period as a hallmark of the ambition, courage, talent, and bravery of Turkish women. The accident she experienced in the 1935 races led to the end of her racing career and permanent loss of function in one of her arms. Consequently, while Morkaya represented the Western – modern – image of a woman on the one hand, on the other hand she challenged the traditional image of a Turkish woman with her successes in breaking down gender stereotypes.

Coding Whiteness and Racialization: Living in the Space as an Insider-Outsider

This study analyzes whiteness from the perspectives of “politic of location” to understand how it has changed and applied across the globe, rather than ignoring the relevancy of white supremacy for some geographies that have a racially homogenous population. The first part of the article interrogates my personal experiences of whiteness in Turkey which has a racially homogenous population. In Turkey, my experiences with whiteness were not as a result of directly having white bodies, but rather by being a part of the dominant culture, nation, religion, and language. The second part of this study discusses my experiences of whiteness in the United States. I highlight the different ways in which I experienced whiteness that had to do with my position as a Muslim Turkish woman in racially diverse America. In this autoethnography, by showing my relations and experiences within the discourse of whiteness and racialization of Muslims, I show how whiteness has significantly different meanings in different locations, and how whiteness’s ideology affects people’s experiences through local and global power relations.

REFLECTIONS OF THE REPUBLIC GAINS ON MERSIN

After the victory, reforms were made in many areas in order to complete the social and political structures in Turkey and to reach the levels of the powerful states that are contemporary. The modernization model of the Republic of Turkey, which adopted the Kemalist thought system, covers all social, political, economic and cultural areas. In the practice that occurred the revolutions; every decision, every practice, every thought was handled on a national scale and considered as national solutions. Another feature of the reforms is that; it is inclusive of all parts of the country rather than being regional. Considering Anatolia as a whole, reforms in all cities were developed as the achievements of the republic. One of these cities was Mersin. Especially the practices of the reforms which are about in the field of education in Mersin, are at a level that can set an example for other provinces. In addition, the fact that the first female Mayor and educator Müfide İlhan, who represented the image of a modern Turkish woman in Mersin and also who was trying to be built together with the republic, shows an important step towards the achievements of the Republic. The aim of the study is to examine the reflections of the achievements of the "Modern Turkish Republic", which is being tried to be establish, in Mersin.

Reading Turcophilia: The Turkish Life of Pierre Loti in Aziyadé and Fantôme d’Orient

Aziyadé (1879) and Fantôme d’Orient (1891), an autobiographical debut novel and a travel narrative by Pierre Loti, are key texts in French exoticist literature. Set in the Ottoman Empire on the eve of its disintegration, Loti’s debut novel illustrates a young man’s discovery of life à la turque through an account of his stay in Istanbul and his liaison with Aziyadé, a young married Turkish woman from a harem. The affair ended with his departure, but Loti’s fondness for Istanbul remained. He returned to the city ten years later, as a best-selling literary writer and a member of the Academie Française, to seek the traces of his past. Fantôme d’Orient is the account of his three-day stay in search of his Turkish life and a self-reflexive meditation on memory, loss, death, and distance. Loti’s Turkish persona and profound attachment to the country raise questions on affect and affinity, or on what it means to write as a Turcophile. Taking its cue from the links among exoticism, imperialism and travel writing, this paper illustrates the personal, the political, and the poetic implications of Loti’s assumed Turkish identity. Focusing on affect and rhetoric, it seeks to answer how affinity shapes discourses conditioned by power and empire, highlighting its poetic potential and political sensibilities.

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy for Dysfunctional Anger: A Case Study

Anger and related problems are common conditions in everyday life. Anger is often experienced as a feeling that leads to disruptive consequences. Often, anger can be seen among young people, especially in romantic relationships. This case study didactically presents rational-emotive behavior therapy treatment of dysfunctional anger in an 18-year-old Turkish woman. The client mostly experienced intensive anger problems including physical signs and symptoms. The therapy sessions covered the client’s problems with her boyfriend. Treatment focused on disputing irrational beliefs, engaging in imaginal exposure, providing psychoeducation about the principles of rational-emotive behavior therapy, and cognitive restructuring. Treatment was provided in eight sessions with a three-week follow-up. The client filled out the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire – Short Form and the Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scale. The questionnaires were used during the pre-test, mid-test, post-test, and follow-up. The psychometric scores were clinically significant. Levels of happiness and anger control increased, moreover the level of anger decreased after the end of the rational-emotive behavior therapy-based sessions.

Education in Turkey in terms of gender asymmetry

The wide representation of women at different levels of the education system is not only an indicator of the prestige and status of the teaching profession, but also an important indicator of the socio-cultural and political development of society. The purpose of this article is to analyze the Turkish education system in terms of gender asymmetry. The research problems include: 1) the study of the historical reasons that led to the phenomena of gender asymmetry in certain “zones” and at certain levels of education; 2) the study of the motives for choosing a teaching profession by women of different age groups; 3) determination of the social profile of a Turkish female teacher; 4) the formation of recommendations for overcoming gender asymmetry in the field of Turkish education. Contrary to prejudice, Turkey is not a “gender bounded” country; moreover, its educational system is subject to problems common to the systems of most developed countries. The main ones are: 1) underrepresentation of female teachers in higher education (with a tendency to reduce the gender gap) and 2) underrepresentation of women in leadership positions. Despite the fact that all conditions have been created in Turkey for the professional development of a female teacher, the mentality of the average Turkish woman does not allow her to put her career interests above the interests of her family. This, in our opinion, largely explains the “restriction” of female education at the level of secondary specialized and insufficient “popularity” of higher education. For further study of the manifestations of gender asymmetry, a more detailed study of all stages of the Turkish education system is required, using data from different regions, in particular, from the southeast region. The situation there may differ significantly from the situation in the central regions, and the problem of adapting the education system to regional conditions will be extremely relevant.

SOME ILLUSTRATIONS OF FEMALE CHARACTERS IN ATSIZ'S BOZKURTLAR NOVEL

In this article, the place of Turkish female characters in society is explained in Hüseyin Nihal Atsız's novel Bozkurtlar. The article consists of three chapters; the life of Hüseyin Nihal Atsız, the place of the ancient Turkish woman in society and Turkish female characters in the novel Bozkurtlar. In the first part of the article, information about Atsız's life, literary aspect and political identity is given. In the second part, the place of women in ancient Turkish society is explained in detail. In the third part, Bozkurtlar novel written by Atsız is discussed and Turkish female heroes in the story are depicted considering their various features. These women reflect to the reader as an ordinary woman who can hunt better than her husband when necessary, a young girl who is protected by the laws and who can resist the orders by relying on these rights, a sovereign who has gained the respect and love of her own people or a woman who loves her homeland enough to leave her title. In the conclusion part, it is emphasized that the woman who is the companion of her man in the difficult steppe life in the ancient Turkish society is respected as a valuable being in contrast to other societies in the same period. This article was written to reveal the status of women in ancient Turks. Keywords: Description, woman, Turkish, status, Atsız, Bozkurtlar

MU‘İZZÎ DÎVÂNI’NDA BİR SELÇUKLU HÂTUNU: TÂCEDDÎN HÂTUN

Büyük Selçuklu Devleti sarayında Emîrüşşü‘arâ unvanıyla yarım asrı aşkın bir sürede bulunan Emîr Mu‘izzî (öl. 518-521/1124-1127), Selçuklu tarihi ve kültürü açısından önemli bir şahsiyettir. Sultan Alp Arslan’ın şairi olan babası Burhânî sayesinde çocukluğundan itibaren saray çevresinde yaşayan Mu‘izzî’nin 19.000 beyit civarındaki Dîvân’ı, bilhassa Melikşâh (öl. 485/1092), Berkyâruk (öl. 498/1104), Muhammed Tapar (öl. 511/1118) ve Sencer (öl. 552/1157) gibi Selçuklu sultanları, vezirler, emîrler ve devlet adamları için yazılmış şiirlerden oluşmaktadır. Onun şiirlerinde birçok tarihî şahsiyet hakkında bilgiye ulaşabilmek mümkündür. Bunların yanı sıra hayatına dair tarih kaynaklarında çok fazla ve detaylı malumat bulunmayan ve Mu‘izzî’nin, Dîvân’da adına övgüde bulunduğu şahsiyetlerden biri de daha çok Tâceddîn Seferiyye ya da Seferiyye Hâtun olarak bilinen Sultan Sencer’in ve Sultan Muhammed’in anneleri Tâceddîn Hâtun’dur (öl. 487/1094). Mu‘izzî’nin Dîvân’ında ve düşünce dünyasında Tâceddîn Hâtun’un ne şekilde yer aldığını tespite çalışmak birçok açıdan anlam yüklüdür. Bir yandan Mu‘izzî’nin, Tâceddîn Hâtun’u hangi özellikleri ve yönleri dolayısıyla eserine dâhil ettiği hakkında sonuçlara ulaşılabilecek, öte yandan Tâceddîn Hâtun’un edebî ve tarihî metinlerdeki varlığı hakkında bilgiler elde edilebilecektir. Böylece Mu‘izzî’nin Tâceddîn Hâtun methiyelerindeki beyanları ve bilgileri, bu alanda yapılan çalışmalara katkı sağlayacaktır.

"I've never been that traditional domestic Turkish woman": Self, culture, and the dissociative mind

There is an increasing overlap between contemporary interpersonal/relational theories and psychological anthropology, especially related in their conceptual formulations of, respectively, the self and culture as dynamic, multiplicious, and discontinuous process. The author argues that these corresponding formulations behoove us consider self and culture are interwoven processes that continuously inform and shape each other, and are shaped by dissociative mental processes. Drawing from a series of ethnographic interviews and participant observation conducted among a cohort of Turkish women, the author argues during the process of enculturation, people learn pertinent, yet devalued, aspects of their culture, and incorporate them into their self-consciousness disjointly. These disjointed aspects of the self can become activated, however, during experiences of cultural discontinuity; the result is often disorganization and inner-conflict regarding identity.

“Désenchantée I left Turkey, désenchantée I have left Europe”: emotions, genre and gender in Zeyneb Hanoum’s A Turkish Woman’s European Impressions (1913)

ABSTRACT Zeyneb Hanoum’s A Turkish Woman’s European Impressions (1913) contains the letters of Zeyneb Hanoum and her sister, sent to the British journalist Grace Ellison during their travels as exiles through Europe after fleeing Istanbul. Ellison was crucial to the publication of this genre-bending narrative, which circulated as harem literature and travel writing while also resembling life writing. Scholarship on the text has valued its portrayal of feminist transcultural friendship and although critics have noted its distinctive use of emotive language, there is yet to be an interrogation of how this use of emotions as tone, language and structure disrupts conventions of genre and the wider historical context of the text. In light of the recent turn to affect theory and the history of emotions, this article reassesses this text’s feminist value, through its relationship to literary traditions of travel and emotive elements of orientalism as a technique of imperial domination.

A BLACK DIAGNOSIS OUT OF THE BLUE: BRONCHIAL ANTHRACOFIBROSIS

SESSION TITLE: Wednesday Medical Student/Resident Case Report Posters SESSION TYPE: Med Student/Res Case Rep Postr PRESENTED ON: 10/23/2019 09:45 AM - 10:45 AM INTRODUCTION: Bronchial anthracofibrosis (BAF) indicates blackening of the airways with concomitant scarring often due to exposure from cooking over an open fire. It often presents late in life with a COPD-like syndrome in non-smokers. BAF is progressive and can lead to obstruction of the bronchial tree. Here we present a case of BAF secondary to years of cooking over a charcoal stove. CASE PRESENTATION: A 74-year-old Turkish woman presented with a four month history of cough, hemoptysis, and dyspnea on exertion. She was a non-smoker, but reported she had cooked for many years over a charcoal stove in her home. A chest x-ray showed a right lower lobe opacity. A chest CT showed a right hilar obstructing peribronchial mass concerning for neoplasm. She was then referred to pulmonology for bronchoscopy. Initial bronchoscopy noted dark anthracotic-like pigment throughout the right bronchial tree and bronchial obstruction. Washes were negative for infectious or malignant etiologies. A repeat bronchoscopy with endobronchial ultrasound with fine needle aspiration of a pretracheal-subcarinal lymph node revealed abundant anthracotic pigment and no evidence of malignancy. She was started on inhaled corticosteroids and supplemental oxygen. Her symptoms slowly improved, and follow up imaging showed very slow progression of the obstruction. She did have positive interferon gamma release assay testing and was treated with INH. DISCUSSION: Anthracosis was initially associated with lung disease in coal miners, but has been associated with smoke exposure from open fire cooking and dust. Darkening of airway mucosa can be seen in smokers and tuberculosis as well. The presentation of bronchial anthracofibrosis is similar to COPD, with patients noting dyspnea on exertion, cough, and sometimes hemoptysis. It generally affects older patients, predominantly women. Pulmonary function testing generally reveals obstruction with normal DLCO. Imaging will often show airway obstruction as in malignancy and generally leads to bronchoscopy. Bronchoscopy reveals bluish-black pigmented mucosa and bronchial stenosis. Lymph nodes with a hypoechoic, scattered nodular pattern are unique to anthracosis. BAF can appear similar to tuberculosis, therefore patients should have complete workup and treatment for this. There are no clear treatment studies, but BAF is typically managed similarly to COPD. CONCLUSIONS: Bronchial anthracofibrosis should be suspected in older patients with COPD-like symptoms without history of tobacco use, but with exposure to biomaterials such as smoke and dust. Patients with BAF should also be ruled out for active tuberculosis. Reference #1: Mirsadraee M. Anthracosis of the lungs: etiology, clinical manifestations and diagnosis: a review. Tanaffos. 2014;13(4):1-13. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Gopal Punjabi, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Lauren Thornton, source=Web Response

Simbolika vode u književnom narativu Emine Sevgi Özdamar / THE SYMBOLISM OF WATER IN EMINE SEVGI ÖZDAMAR'S LITERATURE

Emine Sevgi Özdamar (born 1946 in Malatya/Türkiye), one of the most prominent representatives of German-Turkish literature in the contemporary German speaking literature, establishes in herIstanbul-Berlin trilogy The Sun On a Halfway an intercultural dialogue between Türkiye and Germany, between two cultures, two traditions and two languages. She creates a “third space” by using the model of aesthetic and literary hybridisation and by literally translating idioms, phrases, proverbs and fairy tales from her mother tongue Turkish into German. In the novels Life is a Caravanserai Has Two Doors I Came in One I Went out the Other, The Bridge of the Golden Horn and Strange Stars Stare at the Earth, the first person female narrator has woven her life story from the time before her birth till her early thirties. In her life between Malatya, Istanbul and Berlin, between patriarchal society, tradition, religion and social conventions, on the one hand, and the modernity of the West on the other, the motif of water plays a significant role. When talking about the river (e.g. about the Euphrates) and the seas (Aegean Sea, the Marmara Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn), about the rain or ritual wash, the nameless heroine sees the water as a mythical, religious and political sign in its role as blessing, healing, punishment, friendship and hostility, homeland and otherness. Through the water in myth, religion and socio-political reality Özdamar writes about a young Turkish woman in her search for identity between two worlds, two traditions and cultures.

McArdle's disease in a Turkish woman due to an intronic variant of PYGM gene

Objective: Glycogen storage disease type 5, also known as McArdle disease, is a hereditary disorder with progressive myopathy. It is characterized by onset of exercise intolerance with premature fatigue and painful muscle cramps in childhood or adolescence. Temporary myoglobinuria may occur after exercise due to rhabdomyolysis. Patients may have mild muscle weakness since childhood. Muscular atrophy with fatty replacement may develop in adult life. McArdle disease is a relatively benign disease and rarely severe myoglobinuria can cause acute renal failure as a complication of widespread rhabdomyolysis. This autosomal recessive disease is caused a homozygous mutation of the PYGM gene encoding muscle enzyme myophosphorylase C. Case: A 36-year-old woman admitted to the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation polyclinic of Giresun University Hospital with a complaint of gradually increasing progressive weakness and tiredness since 13 years age. CK serum level has been found to in normal range; even after exercise. The findings demonstrated myogenic abnormalities on electromyography, multiple glycogen-containing vacuoles and undetectable muscle myophosphorylase activity on muscle biopsy. The genetic analysis revealed no pathogenic mutations in exon regions of PYGM gene. But in sequencing analysis, the rs71049658, insertion/ deletion variation in intron 17 was determined. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ-10) 30mg/day, vitamin B6 250mg/day and L-carnitine 1gr/day treatment protocol has been applied and after two months the treatment, clinical improvement has been achieved. Conclusion: In this case report, an atypical McArdle case with a diagnostic challenge has been presented. We thought that this polymorphism in the myophosphorylase gene may lead to a severe mosaic alteration in mRNA splicing, including exon skipping, activation of cryptic splice-sites, and exon-intron reorganizations.