Turkish Tourism Research Articles

VOLATILITY MODELLING FOR TOURISM SECTOR STOCKS IN BORSA ISTANBUL

This paper examines the volatility of the tourism sector in Borsa Ýstanbul in Turkey, paying special attention to the role of exchange rate exposure in the process. The GARCH, BJR (TARCH) and EGARCH models are employed to estimate the volatility in the stock returns of Turkish tourism firms using daily data from 02 January 2002 to 13 April 2020. The results suggest that: (i) compared to the GARCH and GJR model results, the EGARCH model provides valuable information on the volatility of returns in tourism sector and on the impact of exchange rate on stock returns; (ii) the impact of exchange rate risk on stock returns is significant and positive for 3 tourism firms and negative for 2 firms; (iii) the findings on volatility of stock returns indicate that the time-dependent components of volatility is clearly more important than the time-independent component of volatility in predicting current volatility; (iv) the volatility of stock returns are highly persistent and the volatility at time t is more sensitive to past period volatility than past surprises in the market; (v) surprisingly, while there is no leverage effect, shocks have asymmetric effect on volatility implying that the impact of negative news do not outweigh positive news (or the impact of positive news on volatility is higher than the impact of negative news in the market).

BOLU’DA TURİZM

Bolu is situated in the West Blacksea region, on the motorway that combines Istanbul with Ankara. It has got a lot of tourism attractiveness suchas: sea, lake, forest, wildlife, thermal water. The province has got a very long history and a lot of important historical richnesses for example mosques, baths, tombs, brideges. There are a lot of holiday villages, motels, pensions, five star hotels and camping sites that offer facilities for everyone. According to the seasons Botu has got different kinds of facilities suchas hunting, sports. In the summertime sea tourism, in the winter-mountain tourism and in every seasons thermal tourism. In 1996 the number of touristic resorts with tourism Licence was 14 and the capacity was 2400. Because of its geographical place and also its charm it has an important tourism potential, but in the last 5 years time the number of tourists decreased. Bolu needs some studies to take its real place among Turkish tourism. The way Bolu could develop is only this way because it hasn't got any important source of income except the developing industry.

A suggestion for financial condition index for Turkish tourism sector

Purpose- When the economic structures and growth behaviors of the countries are examined, it is seen that the countries with the advantage in the tourism sector have achieved significant role if they give the necessary importance to this sector. It is insufficient and incomplete to consider the issue only in terms of macroeconomic indicators. In our study, we think that this sector should take place in the plans made by considering this sector and should be followed carefully. When the world literature is examined, it is seen that tourism financial conditions index has been developed and it has taken place in finance literature. However, we believe that we need to be taking into consideration of terrorism for this index in countries like Turkey. In our study, we introduce a new index by extension with terror variable to the tourism financial conditions index which is used and developed in the literature. Methodology– In this study, Consumer Confidence Index (CCI), Composite Leading Indicator (CLI) Consumer Price Index (CPI), Real Effective Exchange Rate (REE), number of tourist arrivals (ARV) and number of terrorist attacks (TRR) for the period between 2004:01–2017:12 are used. The Factor Analysis is used to determine the direction of the coefficients of variables. The main purpose of data normalization is to guarantee the quality of the data before it is subjected to any analysis. In the study, min-max and z score methods, which are the most commonly used statistical normalization methods, were used in the normalization of variables. Findings- According to factor analysis findings, only terror variable affects negatively on the TFCI. Other variables affect positively on the TFCITwo composite indicators were formed from the combination of the variables obtained as a result of standardization. These two variables are different in structure. Both composite indicators are made primarily from seasonal effects of the removal process. Conclusion- As a result, Factor analysis is used to determine the direction of the coefficients of the variables that form the index. According to factor analysis findings, only terror variable affects negatively on the TFCI. And then two separate standardization methods were used to form the composite indicator. These are Z-standardization and Min-Max method. The variables obtained with both methods have seasonal effects, also the seasonally adjusted indices are reported.

Turizm Sektörünün Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Ampirik bir Çalışma

In this study, it was aimed to reveal the effect of tourism sector in Turkey on the economy between the years of 1980-2016. Within this context, the effect of tourism incomes on the growth rate of GDP per capita in the ARDL model established. According to error correction factor found as a result of the analysis, the effect of shock that is possible to occur in the short term within the model without constant term can be eliminated in 1/1.10 term whereas the effect of shock in the model with constant term can be eliminated in 1/1.95 term. Moreover, a significant and positive relation between the factors was identified in the short and long term. It is believed that the sector should be featured more in order to increase these positive effects of Turkish tourism on economy.

The Rate of Unionization in the Turkish Tourism Industry

The Rate of Unionization in the Turkish Tourism Industry

Sino-Turkish Tourism Cooperation under the Framework of the Belt and Road Initiative

In recent years, China has vigorously promoted the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). As a key area of communication among peoples, tourism has become an important aspect for cooperation between China and the countries along the ‘Belt and Road’. China established the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 2018 to promote the cultural and tourist industries, providing important support for their development. Meanwhile, Turkey has abundant religious and cultural tourism resources, and it is actively tapping the Chinese market, hoping to attract more Chinese tourists. This has laid the foundation for tourism cooperation between the two countries. In 2018 the Year of Turkish Tourism was celebrated in China. Within the year a series of cultural and tourist activities by Turkish organisations were carried out in various Chinese cities for the purpose of enhancing the appeal of Turkish tourism. Despite the outstanding advantages of Turkey’s tourist resources, its unstable security situation and political disputes between the two countries have negative impacts on tourism cooperation. Moreover, Turkey’s domestic tourist industry is facing a shortage of measures to effectively meet the language needs of Chinese tourists, which also inhibits the willingness of Chinese tourists to travel to Turkey.

The Funding Structure of Turkish Tourism Sector and a Model Proposal for Tourism Revenue

For decades Turkey has strived for increasing tourism revenues with the ultimate aim to reduce the current account deficit. Turkish governments have offered several incentives such as reduced utility prices, funding alternatives for tourism investments and reduced tax rates, while pursuing policies aimed at eliminating any bureaucratic barriers that may hinder growth in the tourism sector. An official document which incorporates an ambitious and extremely detailed plan to achieve 50 million tourist arrivals and revenues of USD 50 billion by 2023 is on the agenda. This paper is prepared for contributing to the literature on tourism economics based on Turkey which is rare. The aim of this study is twofold; firstly the debut analysis of the funding structure of Turkish tourism sector is realized by using the aggregate balance sheet of 555 tourism companies. Then, a model is proposed by using the linear regression by which the effects of the variables of public incentive disbursements, terrorism index, Real Effective Foreign Exchange Rate, Share of Loans to Tourism Sector in Total Loans provided by financial system, average expenditure incurred by tourist and the tourism receipt level of major and geographically more substitute competitor of Greece on Tourism revenue level is examined.

Corporate social responsibility and organizational citizenship behavior

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of incumbent employees’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) perceptions toward multiple stakeholders on their organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) within the context of the tourism and hospitality sector in Turkey. It also aims to examine the mediating role of job satisfaction in these relationships.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 215 white-collar employees working full-time in non-managerial positions of hotels and travel services in Istanbul and Antalya regions of Turkey, using a self-administrated questionnaire. The research hypotheses were tested using multiple regression analysis.FindingsThe result of the study showed that two of the four CSR dimensions, namely, CSR toward society and environment and government, had a significant and positive effect on OCB. On the other hand, CSR toward employee was the only variable among the four dimensions of CSR perception that had a significant and positive effect on employee job satisfaction. The finding of the mediation analysis unfortunately failed to support the mediation effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between CSR perceptions and OCB.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was limited to the Turkish tourism and hospitality sector. Thus, these findings may not be generalized to other sectors or countries. Future research should consider other sectors both in Turkey and other countries to extend the generalizability of the findings of this study.Practical implicationsThis paper indicates that employees working in tourism and hospitality sector are highly concerned about their organizational, legal, societal and environmental social activities, which subsequently make them engage in extra role behaviors. Organizations are hereby advised that government law and regulation abiding, society and environmental social activities are very important in the effective functioning of the organizations and improving their service quality, which in turn can help increase their profits and long-term value creation.Originality/valueScholars in the area of CSR often explore the effect of a single dimension of CSR. Therefore, this paper contributes to the body of literature by examining the effect of employees’ CSR perceptions toward multiple stakeholders on employee behavior. Further, it is one of the few papers that highlights the positive effect of legal dimension of CSR on employee behavior within the context of the tourism and hospitality sector.

Turkish tourism and hospitality students’ international posture: attitudes toward the international community

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to define Turkish tourism students’ stands regarding international community, i.e. international posture, which is a neglected area of research in terms of tourism and foreign language education curricula. Design – This study was designed based on a baseline survey model followed by an associational design. The former phase aimed to determine the tertiary Turkish tourism students’ stands regarding the international community. The second phase explored the relevance of participants’ international posture to gender, school type, and employment background in jobs requiring contact with foreigners, perceived proficiency in languages including English, German, and Russian. Methodology – Data were first analyzed using descriptive statistics, then compared by gender and school type using t-test and ANOVA, and finally correlations between students’ stands regarding the international community and employment background and perceived proficiency in different languages were tested. Findings – Results suggested that Turkish tourism students see themselves moderately connected to the international community and are moderately interested in international affairs and are moderately ready to interact with people other than Turkish. Originality of the research – The productivity and sustainability of tourism industry depend largely on the well-educated staff; however, the quality of education of tourism students, especially on intercultural awareness, is an under-researched issue.

DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TOURISM IN DIYARBAKIR, TURKEY

Health tourism has grown in all over the world but the number of patients coming for health tourism to Turkey is very limited yet. Health tourism is potentially one of the strongest areas of Turkish tourism supply. This study provides a profile of the health tourism sector in Diyarbakır, Turkey. Although tourism officials discuss from different viewpoints that health tourism is one of the strengths of Diyarbakır tourism for future investment, the promotion of city’s qualified health institutions and staff, historical and natural places, and hospitality of citizens is not adequate in creating demand for health tourism. The aim of the study is to investigate the current status of health tourism in Diyarbakır and to make recommendations for future investments and promotional activities in order to increase number of medical tourists. The study is based on data delivered from tourism and health institutions for the years 2015-2018. The current paper reports that in 2016 and 2017 there is a meaningful increase in total tourist and health tourist number visiting Diyarbakır. Most of the patients received health service from private hospitals and came from Iraq. Germany, Syria and Azerbeijan are the countries which other health tourists come from. Foreign patients received healthcare service mostly from cardiology, orthopedics and traumatology clinics. Internal medicine, urology and general surgery are the following most prefferred health services by health tourists.

TÜRK TURİZM SEKTÖRÜNÜN İTHALATA BAĞIMLILIĞININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZ

Every sector in the economy needs both domestic and imported inputs to be able to be found in production. Measuring the import dependency of the Turkish tourism has been aimed by means of input-output analysis in production with this study. During this study had been benefited from input-output analysis by using 2002 and 2012 Input-Output Current Tables published in 2008 and 2016 by Turkey Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). In these tables, sectoral consolidation has been selected and nine-sectored new input-output tables have been created that shows relations between each other. According to the results obtained from the input-output tables of 2002 and 2012, it was determined that the tourism sector increased the intermediate inputs provided from abroad by the production stage

Asymmetric responses in the tourism demand function

In this paper we examine the tourism demand function in Turkey in order to formulate policy suggestions that may help private agents and public authorities in designing their appropriate actions. To this purpose, we include asymmetries in our analysis and examine the role of human capital, as well as, the role of information, communication and technology (ICT) using a dynamic Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Our findings show: (a) the existence of asymmetries and in particular that negative shocks such as a reduction in the income of visitors' countries or an increased real exchange rate variability, not only reduce tourism arrivals by more than the increase of tourism arrivals driven by equal-size positive shocks, but they also impact much earlier on tourism inflows into Turkey; (b) investment in human capital could have a large long run impact effect on Turkish tourism industry; (c) policies encouraging ICT should have a positive influence and (d) tourism marketing campaigns abroad should be directed towards Turkey's major trading partners.

A general overview of Turkish tourism

International tourist movements are increasing every year and tourism revenues are increasing accordingly. The effort to get more shares from this growing market brings competition. when the tourism movements in the country were examined, the revival of the tourism movements took place only in the 1980s, with a record increase in the number of tourists and tourism revenues between 1983-1989. As of 2017 Turkey has regained its sixth world status which it lost in 2016. The most improvement in the number and the ratio of the tourists who came to our country between 2014 and 2018 are from the former Soviet Union and B.D.T. countries. From these countries, Russia has become the country that sends the highest number of tourists to Turkey with 4 715 438 tourists in 2017, compared to 2016 with an increase of 444.35%. It is thought that our country will be among the top 5 countries in the world by giving more opportunity to the promotion of tourism places, and working on alternative tourism places. Especially, it is predicted that the number of foreign visitors will increase greatly by increasing the number of airports constructed in various places of our country, including Airport 3 in Istanbul. The investments made for the development and spread of the tourism in our country will increase the number of tourists coming in and it is thought that it will make a big contribution in the economic sense as well. In this research, it is aimed to present proposals for the development of tourism by examining the development of Turkish tourism in recent years in this direction.

Turkish Tourism and Hospitality Students’ Social Anxiety and Avoidance

ABSTRACTIn tourism and hospitality services employee–customer interaction constitutes a significant proportion of the service provided and hence the quality of the service. This study explores levels of social anxiety and social avoidance among tourism and hospitality students in Turkey. Results received from 615 students revealed that 54% of the students had mild, 37.4% moderate, and 3.4% severe levels of social anxiety. Only 5% of the students had no social anxiety. In terms of social avoidance, 63.4% of the students occasionally, 27.2% often, and 1.3% usually avoided social interactions. This study has significant implications for tourism and hospitality program managers at universities as well as for tourism and hospitality managers in the industry.

Terrorism and tourism demand: a case study of Lebanon, Turkey and Israel

Using a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model, this paper examines the impact of domestic and transnational terrorism on tourism demand (as measured by visitor arrivals) to Lebanon, Turkey and Israel. The distinguishing feature of this paper is that we use a dynamic framework that takes into account (i) the intensity of terrorism and (ii) the associated spillover effects. The empirical results, based on monthly data from 1995 to 2007, reveal that terrorism in one country affects visitor arrivals not only to that country but also to other countries. We find that tourists view Lebanese and Turkish tourism markets as substitutes. Terrorism in Israel, of all types (i.e. domestic or transnational) and intensities, affects visitor arrivals to Lebanon and Turkey. In overall terms, terrorism has a much larger negative impact on visitor arrivals to Lebanon.

Social dialogue in the tourism industry : An evaluation of Turkey by interpolation method

Social dialogue, an indicator of decent work, is the workers, the employers, and the state engaging in triple business associations and consensus attempts to determine economic and social policies (Görmüş, 2007). Therefore, social dialogue requires an effective organization of workers and employers. The tourism industry in Turkey is characterized by the fact that employment is quantitatively effective, but the unemployment rate is high. Also, the unregistered workforce is high in terms of labor quality; therefore, social protection is not effective, working hours are high, and wages are low so that the right to work is not fully realized under unionization and collective bargaining. It is assumed that social dialogue cannot be realized effectively because it is quite low. The purpose of this study is to examine the inadequate social dialogue even though there is an effective legal framework. In this study, social dialogue, which has been dealt with by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in the context of decent work, was measured as proposed by the ILO. The statistical and legal aspects of social dialogue were examined using data from the Turkish tourism industry. The results support inefficient rates of social dialogue. However, a strong social dialogue may improve working conditions of employees and solve conflicts among the involved parties.

Turizm Sektöründe Strateji Seçimi için Bulanık Veriler Yardımıyla Hiyerarşik Ağ Modeli ve SWOT Analizi: Türkiye Örneği

Tourism sector is very important for Turkey economy because of the size of domestic and foreign tourist number of Turkey. Turkey has been a key tourism point from past to present. It is located in both Asia and Europe continents and it has lots of naturel and historical resources. In this paper, we analyzed Turkish tourism sector in a hierarchical network model which was integrated with SWOT analysis with its strenghts, weaknesses, opportunities and threats branches in concept of Turkish 10th Five Years Development Plan’s for selecting the most suitable tourism strategy. In this study the hierarchical model was analyzed by triangular numbers. Firstly, model’s criteria and sub-criteria were analyzed by fuzzy AHP, and secondly they analyzed by fuzzy ANP. In conclusion, the results were compared and the ratings and ordering of the alternative tourism strategies were presented.

Heterogeneous community perspectives of emotional solidarity with tourists: Considering Antalya, Turkey

AbstractThis work examines emotional solidarity to determine to what extent residents' perceptions are heterogeneous by considering a host of sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables. An on‐site survey instrument was administered to 660 residents living in the popular Turkish tourism destination, Antalya. Psychometric results provide support for the employment of the Emotional Solidarity Scale and its factor structure in an international context. Significant differences in Emotional Solidarity Scale factor means were found across five variables (e.g., gender, age, education level, tourism employment status, and level of tourism dependence). Theoretical and practical implications are offered, as are the limitations and potential future research opportunities.

Persistency in tourism expenditure in a small-open economy

This study aims to examine whether the shocks to the Turkish tourism have a permanent or a transitory effect on tourism expenditure for the period 1964–2012. We took the structural break periods from Lumsdaine and Papell (LP) unit-root test as a base and implemented the Augmented Dickey–Fuller unit-root test for the three different sub-periods of the series of tourism expenditure. In this study, we also estimated the measure of half-life for the effects of shocks on the series under consideration and the grid-bootstrap method to estimate confidence intervals. The results show, irrespective of the structural breaks, the effect of shocks on tourism expenditure is persistent; however, considering the structural breaks, the effect of shocks on tourism expenditure is transitory.

Refugee Crisis (RC) After the Arab Spring (AS) and Its Impacts on Turkish Tourism Industry: The Case of Istanbul

The Spring began as social movements in Middle East though shortly after uprisings, regime changes and civil wars are emerged. Apart from all, more than five million people are forced to refuge from Syria to neighbouring countries. The article is intended to explore the effects of the refugees on Turkish tourism industry with special evidences from Istanbul. The semi-structured elite interviews have been used as the data collection method. Eight face to face interviews are made in Istanbul with scholars, professionals and specialists from different areas and study fields. Five common themes are derived from the collected data namely, illegal employment, tourism investment, tourism demand, social conflict and tourist experience. The case study makes important theoretical contribution to the tourism literature since it examines the impacts of refugee crisis with a different perspective from migration-led tourism or tourism-led migration.