Turkish Soccer Research Articles

The Relationship between Chronotype and Photoperiod in Soccer Players: Seasonal Differences

It is understood that the difference in daily sunlight duration between summer and winter seasons in T�rkiye is approximately 4 hours 51 minutes. In T�rkiye, a country located on both the European and Asian continents, it is a matter of curiosity whether the difference in daily sunlight duration of almost 5 hours, specific to the seasons, can have a significant effect on chronotypes. Especially the fact that the display of sports performance varies throughout the day according to chronotypes is of significant importance in the sports science community. Therefore, in this research, the relationship between the season of birth and chronotypes of the soccer players participating in the Development Leagues affiliated with the Turkish Soccer Federation during the 2022-2023 season was examined. The population of this cross-sectional study consisted of 8,952 soccer players, while the sample size was composed of 402 soccer players with a 95% confidence level. The survey technique was used for data collection, and in this context, the "Turkish form of Morningness-Eveningness Stability Scale" was employed. Based on the findings of this study, the conclusion reached is that the season of birth does not have a significant impact on the chronotypes of soccer players in the age range of 14-19. We believe that conducting further research in this field is important for a better understanding of chronotype mechanisms. It is recommended that future studies be conducted on different sample groups and in regions with varying altitudes.

Biomechanical analysis of accuracy penalties-kicking performance for Turkish Soccer players: Group-based analysis without goalkeeper

Background and Study Aim. It is stated that kinetic performance factors are important in the successful execution of accurate kick-penalties, thus, its offer excellent performance despite a substantial kinetic method change in their implementation. The aim of the study is to biomechanical analysis of accuracy penalties-kicking performance for Turkish soccer players. Material and Methods. The study group consisted 15 male students of Turkish Regional Amateur League players (Age: 21.08± 1.56 years old). Two video cameras placed at optical axes X&Y filmed penalty-kick performance of the subjects. we analysed the best three scores by video analysis Dartfish 9.0 software. Standard statistical methods were used for the calculation of mean±SD. the Statistical significance at p<.05 for Pearson product—moment correlations. Results. Accurate penalty-kicks showed significant positive relationship of knee Pi angle value in backswing, ball Contact phases, trunk angle value in ball contact with the accuracy at p<.01. Significant negative relationship of inclination_body angle value, time of foot contact at p<.01, and distance pivot foot&ball value at p<.05 in the follow-through phase. Conclusion. Such knowledge should aid in clarify the relationships between variables of penalty kicking during The performance phases and accuracy. the present preliminary investigation of accurate penalty-kicks performance indicates Support-leg characteristics demonstrated in knee angle values an important factor in Backswing, Ball Contact phases with the accuracy of penalty kicking. also, the Foot Contact time and Inclination_Body angle in that.

Can Social Media Predict Soccer Clubs’ Stock Prices? The Case of Turkish Teams and Twitter

Finance literature in sports focuses on three main methods of stock price prediction in soccer: based on match results, pre-match expectations, or match importance. For pre-match expectations, betting odds is commonly used as the indicator of investors’ sentiments. We propose to include Twitter data as another indicator of this variable, and analyze the links among soccer match results, sentiments, and stock returns of the four major Turkish soccer teams. Our results show that social media can be a strong indicator of pre-match expectations and investors’ sentiments in stock price prediction.

Fenerbahçe ve Beşiktaş’ın Hisse Senedi Getirileri Şike Duyurusuna Nasıl Tepki Verdi?

Football is one of the most important sport activities in the worldwide, where stock prices are very sensitive to game results. On 3rd of July 2011 Beşiktaş and Fenerbahçe, the two major Turkish soccer teams, were accused of match-fixing which suddenly dampen their share prices. This study assesses to compare the stock market performances of both Beşiktaş and Fenerbahçe when they earn the right to enter group stages in UEFA European League before the match-fixing and after the match-fixing announcement by using event study method. The results indicate that the announcement of entering group stages in UEFA European League before the match-fixing process has a positive impact on both teams’ stock movements. On the other hand, after the announcement of match-fixing, negative effect is achieved for both of the teams, even they earned the right to enter group stages. Interestingly the evidences show that Fenerbahçe’s stocks are affected heavily during the match fixing process while the same negative effect is not strong for Beşiktaş. The findings of this study will contribute to the literature as it is the only study that compares the effect of match-fixing process on the stock market returns of both Beşiktaş and Fenerbahçe when these teams are successful in international areas by considering UEFA European League as the case.

Dynamic balance performance of professional turkish soccer players by playing position

Background and Study Aim: Balance control has been regarded as a crucial factor in sports and indicated as an important element to be examined for the risks of injury. But it is unknown whether the dynamic balance changes according to the player positions in professional soccer players. To determine whether there were differences in the dynamic balance performance of the different positions of Turkish professional soccer players from within one squad. Material and Methods: Twenty-four professional soccer players were divided into 4 groups by the coach, including goalkeepers (n = 3), midfielders (n = 6), defenders (n = 7) and forwards (n = 8). Prior the competition season, anthropometric characteristics of players were measured. Then, players were tested Y Balance Test (YBT) for the anterior (ANT), posteromedial (PM), and posterolateral (PL) reach distances and limb lengths bilaterally. Results: The goalkeepers were heavier compared with the midfielders. Furthermore, the BMI of the goalkeepers were higher than midfielders and defenders (p< 0.05). There were no significant differences in the ANT, PM, PL, and COMP score between the groups (p> 0.05). The values for reach asymmetry were lower than four centimeters among groups in the all reach direction with regards to reach asymmetries, except normalized posterolateral direction. Conclusions: The results of this study have shown that the YBT performance scores do not differ between the groups. Future studies are required to create specific norms related to dynamic balance performance and establish risk cut-off score for professional soccer players.

A Comparative Look at Aggression and Self-esteem among Turkish versus International Super and Premier League Soccer Players Playing in Turkey

This study comparatively examines aggression and self-esteem among Turkish versus international (foreign) male super and premier league soccer players playing for the Turkish Football Federation. A sample population of one hundred twelve (112) out of all possible athletes of the above description has been featured in this study. Both Coopersmith’s Self-Esteem Inventory (1974) (adapted into Turkish by Turan & Tufan (1987)), as well as an aggression inventory developed by Ipek Ilter Kiper[1]—and which include reactive-expressive, reactive-inexpressive, and proactive-relational aggression — were used as data collection tools. T-tests, alongside single direction variance analysis were used for data analysis. Accordingly, meaningful correlations were found among super versus premier league soccer players when it came both to inexpressive and expressive aggression as well as self-esteem. However, no meaningful correlation had appeared to emerge upon comparing the point scores between international versus Turkish soccer players for all three sub-types of aggression, for aggression on whole, and for self-esteem. On the contrary, a sound correlation was found between expressive aggression and the marital status of all of the players in question. Two further meaningful correlations had been identified with respect to self-esteem and the age of all of the players, as well as with respect to expressive aggression and players’ education levels. In contrast, no meaningful correlation had emerged out of the total point scores for all three subtypes of aggression, for aggression on whole, and for self-esteem on whole versus players’ hand and foot dexterities. Nevertheless, one final correlation had been established between players’ sense of expressive aggression versus what position they played on.

An Analysis of the Impact of the Change in Scoring System on Home Field Advantage Soccer Leagues

The impact of the scoring systems on home field advantage in the highest-level Turkish soccer division, Turkish Super League, between the 1959-1960 and 2016-2017 seasons, was aimed to be examined in this study. 2-point system was used in Turkish Soccer Leagues between 1959 and 1987. Since 1987-1988 season, the 3-point system has been started to be used in Turkey. A total of 33,244 games were analyzed and it was revealed that there was a remarkable decline in home field advantage rates after the change in scoring system in 1987-1988 season. In the Turkish Soccer League, the average home field advantage rate was 66,39% before the change in the scoring system, while this rate was found to be 61,40% after the change in scoring system (t=5,041, p=0,000). The results indicate that there is significant difference between 2-point and 3-point systems in terms of total points of home team at home (t=-11,83, p=0,000). The results of this study were also compared with a relevant study of the highest-level soccer league in Spain.

Technical performance analysis of goalkeepers with respect to the sidedness in Turkish Soccer Super League

Technical performance analyses of 45 goalkeepers with respect to handedness and sidedness in Turkish Soccer Super League were monitored by hand notation method during the season of 2015 and 2016. The results of this study showed that there were significant differences in the distribution between goalkeeper’s saved and scored actions in the following variables. These were as follows; catch the ball with two hands, reaching the ball with right hand at higher level, reaching the ball with left hand at higher level, penalty kick to the right side, penalty kick to the left side and reaching to right side in one on one situation. Percentages were not significantly differentiated in other variables between two groups. In conclusion, scoring a goal rates were increasing at the left side of goalkeepers in all positions. This weakness of goalkeepers can be due to higher proportions of right handedness goalkeepers.
 Keywords: Goalkeeper; sidedness; technical performance analysis

Patronage and industrial football: explaining the de-politicization of Turkish soccer fandom

Turkey has arguably one of the most passionate fan bases in the world. Yet, the political silence that permeates through the ranks of the fan bases of Istanbul’s ‘big’ clubs is puzzling as the country slowly decays into authoritarianism. What explains this silence and the surprising apolitical disposition of fans? I argue that a multi-layered de-politicization process hangs over Turkish soccer, nested within a web of clientelistic relations that stretches from the state to the clubs and fan groups. The military’s heavy-handed approach to suppressing political expressions of all sorts for several years following the 1980 coup helped ensure the de-politicization of soccer stadiums. Likewise, as major beneficiaries of state funds and sponsorships, soccer clubs sought to avoid political trouble and were actively involved in discouraging fan groups from political activism. Empirically, the article focuses primarily on the post-1980 period and the ‘big three’ of Istanbul, i.e. Fenerbahce, Galatasaray and Besiktas.

Determination of the anxiety- related SCC6A4 gene promoter S and L alleles in Turkish Soccer Players

Determination of the anxiety- related SCC6A4 gene promoter S and L alleles in Turkish Soccer Players

The effect of morphological characteristics on the physical and physiological performance of Turkish soccer referees and assistant referees

Physical fitness and physiological status play an important role in the referees’ performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the body structure and morphological characteristics of Turkish Ssccer refereesand assistant referees and to determine the effect of these variables on physical performance. A sample of 158 male referees and 55 asisstant referees (mean age 31.8 ± 4.2 and 37.4 ± 3.3 years)was evaluated. Physical assesment were conducted using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIRTL1) and Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) for referees and Active Recovery Intermittent Endurance Test (ARIET) and the RSA for assistant referees. We analyzed heart rate assesments. The measures used to assess morphological characteristics were age, weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat (BF), body mass, and fat free mass.The ANOVA test (Tukey test)was used to determine the result. Correlations between the referees’ fitness test performance and their morphological characteristics were examined using Pearson’s correlation (p<0.05). To result of this study, point to the existence of a strong correlation between morphological and physical and physiological characteristics. According to the literature, we found that greater BF and a higher BMI may negatively affect areferee’s running performance.

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL USING AHP PRIORITIES FOR SOCCER PLAYER SELECTION: A CASE STUDY

The process of player selection in multi-player sports like soccer is a complex multi-criteria problem. In this paper, a two-phase approach is proposed for soccer player selection. In the first phase, the attributes of each player – based on their position within a soccer team – is prioritised using the Analytic Hierarchic Process (AHP). In the second phase, a 0-1 integer linear programming model is developed using the weights of player attributes, and the top performers are determined for inclusion in the team. Finally, a case study on the Turkish soccer club called Fenerbahce is used to illustrate the applicability and performance of the proposed approach.

Relative age effect in Turkish soccer

Relative Age Effect (RAE) refers to the difference between the individuals who were born in the early or the later period of the same year. The purpose of this study was to investigate the existence and prevalence of RAE in Turkish Soccer. The data were collected from 3074 (530 professional players and 2544 amateur players) active players who play for eight different age categories of 19 soccer clubs in Turkish First Soccer League. The significance of the distributions by birth month, distributions by quarter-year and the differences between groups were analyzed through chi-square test. For all categories, first month (January%=22.10), and first quarter (Q1%=44.44) of distributions by birth month and were found to be significantly high (p<0.01). The researchers observed the existence and prevalence of RAE in youth and professional teams of Turkish Soccer Clubs. Trainers should evaluate players carefully during talent selection, in order to eliminate this unfair competition.

PERFORMANCES OF SOCCER COACHES WITH RESPECT TO THEIR LICENCE DEGREES AND TEAM S LEAGUES: A RESEARCH ON TURKISH SOCCER COACHES

PERFORMANCES OF SOCCER COACHES WITH RESPECT TO THEIR LICENCE DEGREES AND TEAM S LEAGUES: A RESEARCH ON TURKISH SOCCER COACHES

Posttraditional Migrants

This article analyses the participation of migrants in sport. Based on the case study of a Turkish soccer club in Germany, it scrutinizes the structural and processual features of ethnic self organization. The club responds to the problems of social order in modern complex societies—problems emanating from the pluralization of social life-worlds—by employing a number of characteristic answers. Among them are the segmentation into sub-worlds, the composition of an integrative ideology of friendship as well as the creation of a soccer style. In processes of legitimation and delegitimation, questions of belonging and recognition are being negotiated. All of this allows for the management of ambivalence in everyday life and contributes to the distinctively posttraditional character of community. The article suggests that a sociology of social worlds approach can substantially contribute to the study of the interactive social structures of society.

Distribution of Angiotensin-1 Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion and α-Actinin-3 Codon 577 Polymorphisms in Turkish Male Soccer Players.

Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) gene and α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene polymorphisms are considered to be the most important candidate genes for genetic predisposition to human athletic performance. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the distribution of ACE and ACTN3 polymorphisms for the first time in male Turkish soccer players. In this prospective study, our cohort consisted of 25 professional players, all with Turkish ancestry. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction length polymorphism was used for the characterization of the genotype of ACTN3 and single PCR for ACE. For ACE genotype, 16%, 44%, and 40% of the players had insertion/insertion (II), insertion/deletion (ID), and deletion/deletion (DD) genotypes, respectively, whereas 20% had XX, 36% had RX, and 44% had RR genotypes for ACTN3. When we examined the allelic percentages, for ACE, D allele was recorded as 62 and I as 38, and for ACTN3, R allele was 62 and X was 38. Our results were in agreement with the previous reports, indicating the presence of ACTN3 D and ACE X allele in soccer players. We suggest that ACE and ACTN3 genotypes are important biomarkers for genetic counseling for the individuals who are prone to be successful soccer players.

Dental Trauma and Mouthguard Usage among Soccer Players in Izmir, Turkey

The aims of this study were to verify the occurrence of dental injuries in 343 amateur Turkish soccer players in İzmir and the level of knowledge of the teams’ soccer players about mouthguards. The soccer players were interviewed to determine the occurrence of dental trauma during soccer and mouthguard usage level. The data were analyzed with descriptive analysis to determine absolute and relative frequencies of answers for each one of the questions. Only 35 (10.2%) soccer players reported the occurrence of some type of dental injury during soccer practice. Regarding emergency conducts, approximately 84 players (24.48%) answered that replantation could be obtained after teeth avulsion, 23 players (27.38%) answered that successful replantation could be obtained within 2 hours immediately after injury, and 60.71% were not able to answer this question. Regarding mouthguard use, 61.8% of soccer players did not know about mouthguards. It was possible to conclude that dental injuries are common during amateur soccer practice and that there is a lack of information in the soccer players related to the emergency conducts and prevention of dental trauma.

The investigation of heart rate variation on endurance of professional soccer players

The main aim of the present study was to determine whether performance on the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test can predict the real match performances, or not. The sample of players consists of elite professional soccer players (age 23.02±4.49 years, soccer experience 10.04±4.2 years, body mass 73.61±6,15 kg, height 1,79 ±0,52 m, body mass index 19,12 ±0,4 kg m , body fat 8,32 ±2,96 %) who were the members of the 2 Turkish Soccer Federation. For assessment of aerobic endurance performance used, the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 1 was performed. Heart rate was recorded by a Polar Vantage NV heart rate monitor placed around the chest for continuous heart rate recordings throughout selected stages of the test. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Data are expressed as means and standard deviations for each variable. It is seen that the research group uses 83 % of MaxHR in average Heart Rate according to minimum, average and maximum HR values obtained according to max HR values of the research group. As a conclusion, it is understood that heart rate is an important factor obtained from the yo-yo test that the soccer players show similar efforts during the competition. So the heart rate values taken from this test used as intermittent test has the quality to estimate the players match performance.

Identification levels and motives: a case of among Turkish soccer spectators and fans

Identification levels and motives: a case of among Turkish soccer spectators and fans

The politics of Indonesian and Turkish soccer: a comparative analysis

With soccer playing an increasingly important political role in both Turkey and Indonesia, this essay seeks to highlight similarities in the politics of soccer in two parts of the world that share cultural and political traits but are geographically distant from one another.