Turkic Inscriptions Research Articles

Teaching genesis of old Turkic alphabet and its connection with Turkic tribe Tamgas

Old Turkic inscription with 2500-years history from the beginning of the 5-4th century A.D., it has been proven that archaeologists have come to prove that European Rune has reached the Turkic steppe. Every nation in the world has its genealogy, peculiarities and viewpoints. Each nation has its own language, customs, thinking system and value. It is common today that the Old Turkic language, which has been around for 300 years, has a great deal of social studies. The main aim of this paper is that the history of old Turkic inscriptions was formed 4-5th centuries before the European Rune inscription, and that this subject should still be studied in depth. The purpose of this study is to lay the foundation for Turkologists by training future philologists, and to open the way for a more in-depth study of our vision in the future. In recent years, the discovery of many exhibits in the territory inhabited by nomads can serve as an occasion to change the content of the prediction. This paper presents the thought that old Turkic scripts inherent to them. This idea is based on the opinions of famous scientists, based on the symbols of the Old Turkic tribes. This article focuses on scientific research from current scientists. The new data presented during the training of future philologists regarding the genesis of the ancient Turkic script will be analyzed.

Türk Runik Bibliyografyası’na Ek III

Thousands of studies have been worked on the old Turkic inscriptions, which are the first known written period texts of the Turks, since the first day they were discovered. This article aims to add to the current bibliography published in 2017 as the Turkic Runic Bibliography (İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat Publications). The article contains the overlooked studies in the Supplement section, and the studies studies in 2021 and 2022 in the New Publications section.

According to Old Turkic Inscriptions Average Time of Life among Turks

Old Turkic inscriptions found in various geographies today have been studied by researchers in various aspects. In this study, the average life expectancy of the old Turks was determined in the light of the data obtained from the Orkhon Inscriptions, Yenisei Inscriptions and Kyrgyzstan Inscriptions. When determining these life periods, the lifestyle of the old Turks, the geography in which they lived, the economy and health services were taken into account. It has been determined that data on the average life expectancy are usually found in the Yenisei inscriptions.

SLAB GRAVE BURIAL CULTURE AND THE HUN (XIONGNU) CONNECTION

The oldest state known to have been founded by the ancestors of the Turks is the Asian Hun State. The earliest records on the Huns date back to 2070 BC and are based on the legendary story of the Xia Hou Dynasty, of which the first known ruler was Chunwei. In Chinese sources, separate from this legend, the nomads who came from the north and raided Chinese lands were called Rong, Di, Shan Rong, Quan Yi, and Quan Rong. Accordingly, the ancestors of the Huns were called Northern Di in general, Xunyu in the Xia period, Guifang in the Yin period, Xianyun in the Zhou period and Xiongnu in the Han period. Of these, the Rong and Di were relocated west of the Yellow River after they were defeated by the Zhou Dynasty, and they were divided into two as Red Di and White Di. The Rong, Di and Yi tribes are mentioned in the northern lands of China before 771-481 BC. One of the tribes mentioned in Chinese sources and subjugated by Modu is the Dinglings who were later referred to as Toles in Turkic inscriptions. During the northern and western expeditions of Modu in 201 BC, it was named for the first time with the Kyrgyz. They were recorded by Chinese sources as having settled around Baikal Lake as nomadic people. This is the main subject of our article. It is stated by many researches that the ancestors of the Dinglings are the community who created the Andronovo Culture. Starting from the Bronze Age and continuing throughout the Iron Age, shallow slabs of wide granite were placed around graves, a tradition which seems to have spread as far as the Orkhun region. The graves of this cultural period which date back to 1000 BC and are thought to have connections with the Karasuk Culture on the one hand and the Glazkov Culture on the other hand. They are of great importance, especially since they were also utilized by the Huns. Their developments beyond Khakassia are very important since those are the lands where they were last seen after Andronovo Culture. Although scholars have rejected the claim that the Huns are the ancestors of the Mongols, in terms of anthropological and material culture Huns have connections with the nomadic Europoids of the Baikal and Yenisey region. In this respect, cultural development continued towards Baykal and Otuken. With this study, we will discuss the period of Slab Grave Culture or Flat Stone Grave Culture, which has not yet been specifically studied in Turkey. Through this analysis, we will reveal important links with the Huns and other pre-cultures, then reveal their relations in terms of burial culture and material remains. In this respect, the connections of the Andronovo, Begaz Dandybai, Karasuk and Slab Grave and the characteristics of the Hun graves and cultural continuity in the directions of the area extending from the Kazakhstan, Yenisey and Baykal triangle to Mongolia will be elaborated upon. Cultural continuity will also be shown in terms of material remains, especially the tomb structure style. According to Chinese sources, there is plenty to learn about the early Turkic tribes’ presence in this region.

PHONO-MORPHO-SEMANTICS OF THE ABORIGINAL NOUNS IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

Nouns, which are the leading groups of words, have always needed to be studied in the field of linguistics. In particular, it was necessary to study the influence of phonosemantic and phonomorphic-semantic phenomena on the phonetic or phonetic, semantic features of words in the modern language. On the contrary, another group of nouns does not change its appearance, but changes its internal lexical composition. Some have lost their old meanings, while others add new lexical meanings. According to researchers, the noun was used in ancient Turkic inscriptions. Orkhon-Yenisei monuments have their own system of phonetic, morphological and semantic features. Introduces many settings for correct reading and translation of individual words. Scientists also explained in detail the peculiarities of recording sounds in the monument. Focuses on phonetic and grammatical structure. The article discusses the phonomorphosemantic characteristics of ancient nouns and the definition of nouns in the language of medieval written monuments from the point of view of the modern Kazakh language. In addition, scientific concepts of indigenous words were generalized, the opinions of scientists-researchers of Kazakh linguistics, such as Marhabat Tomanov, Berikbai Sagyndykuly, Zhamal Mankeeva, etc. were taken as a basis.

ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPONYMS IN THE MANUSCRIPT «QISSA-YI DJENKNAME-YI RISALE-YI SHAH-I MERDAN»

The names of lands and waters, the names of people are a mirror of the culture, customs, beliefs,worldview of a certain people. Among them, anthroponyms are a valuable heritage in the study of the history of the language, culture of the nation. Literary anthroponyms are the main branch of anthropo-nymics that requires important research. Especially among the medieval Turkic inscriptions that have survived to the present day, there are characters important to both history and literature. The article dealswith the role and analysis of anthroponyms in the heroic poem about Hazrat Ali written at the beginningof the twentieth century. The object of the study is the religious manuscript “Kissa-i Jenkname-i Risale-i Shah-i Merdan”, writ-ten in the postclassical Chagatai language. Exploring the anthroponymic space of this text, we divided anthroponyms into historical and mythological characters.In our work, we consider the identification of proper names in the anthroponymic space of themanuscript. Among them there are historical characters such as the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), His family and companions, and the mythological characters of Indian (Firuz Shah), Persian (Jam-shid Shah) and Chinese (Salsal Shah) legends as well. Key words: proper nouns, anthroponym, religious epic, Hazrat Ali, Chagatai language.

About the treatise of al-Farabi «Kitabul-Khuruf»

The names of lands and waters, the names of people are a mirror of the culture, customs, beliefs,worldview of a certain people. Among them, anthroponyms are a valuable heritage in the study of the history of the language, culture of the nation. Literary anthroponyms are the main branch of anthropo-nymics that requires important research. Especially among the medieval Turkic inscriptions that have survived to the present day, there are characters important to both history and literature. The article dealswith the role and analysis of anthroponyms in the heroic poem about Hazrat Ali written at the beginningof the twentieth century. The object of the study is the religious manuscript “Kissa-i Jenkname-i Risale-i Shah-i Merdan”, writ-ten in the postclassical Chagatai language. Exploring the anthroponymic space of this text, we divided anthroponyms into historical and mythological characters.In our work, we consider the identification of proper names in the anthroponymic space of themanuscript. Among them there are historical characters such as the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), His family and companions, and the mythological characters of Indian (Firuz Shah), Persian (Jam-shid Shah) and Chinese (Salsal Shah) legends as well. Key words: proper nouns, anthroponym, religious epic, Hazrat Ali, Chagatai language.

A Study on the Hapax Legomenon ‘yogun yolpa’ Hendiadys in Old Uyghur

In Turkic, hendiadys has an important place as a method that is used for the emphasis of an expression. In addition to Old Turkic inscriptions, hendiadyses, which are often used in Old Uyghur texts, still survive in contemporary Turkic languages. In this article, the hendiadys of yogun yolpa i.e. ‘unmannerly, cumbersome, rude, ugly’ which appears only once (hapax legomenon) in Old Uyghur texts, and never in works from other periods, will be studied in comparison to examples from contemporary Turkic languages. The etymology of the two words yogun and yolpa which form the hendiadys will be investigated. The first element of the hendiadys, yogun, ‘intense, rude, rough, ugly’ has already been the subject of various studies. The other element of the hendiadys, the word yolpa, which does not appear in any other text, is analysed in this article.

A New Reading and Interpretation on Kuray I (A 4) of the Altai Republic Inscriptions

Old Turkic Inscriptions with Turkic runic letters are located on various places of Central and Inner Asia. Texts in Turkic runic letters located on the Altai Republic, a state of the Russian Federation called Altai Republic Inscriptions and their quantity is above a hundred today. In this article, a new reading and interpretation has been made on the text in Turkic runic letters beneath number four, the Kuray I Vessel of the Altai Republic Inscription. On the inscription, presence of a saying stating that drinking, therefore being drunk will cause illnesses was presented to the attention. In the article, evaluations has been made about the words and grammatical structures on the inscription after the “previous readings and interpretations” and “a new reading and interpretation” parts. It was touched upon that one of the drawings beneath the Vessel could be the mark of the dynastic tribe of the Uyghur Khanate, Yaglakar.

With a front Vowel Spelling of Enclitic Ok in the Tuñuquq Inscriptions and Reinterpretation of Some Lines (11 = I/S 4, 16 = I/S 9, 21 = I/E 4 and 30 = I/N 6)

The new readings and interpretations about the Old Turkic Inscriptions are very valuable in terms of Old Turkic. The Tuñuquq inscriptions are an invaluable treasure in literary and historical terms. The inscriptions were discovered in 1897 by Y. N. Klements. Two years after their discovery, Radloff published the first scholarly edition of the Tuñuquq inscriptions (1899). They were read again and interpreted by many philologists after the first edition. In the Tuñuquq inscriptions, the enclitic Ok occurred in form {-k} and kök in four places (Lines 11, 16, 21, 30). After evaluating the previous interpretations about these four places in the article, a new interpretation will be put forward. As a result, it will be questioned whether the enclitic Ok has such a form like kök or {-k}.

Functioning of some religious concepts in the ancient Turkic written monuments

The Ancient and medieval Turkic monuments affecting language, history, religion, mentality, and other key issues of the Turkic peoples have great importance in the Turkic studies. The samples of the ancient Turkic heritage engraved on the stone represents a whole treasure that 210 has not yet been fully explored. In addition to the historical and archaeological value of these stones, there is no doubt that they can provide information about the spiritual culture of the Turkic peoples of that time, including their way of life, customs, and religious beliefs. The article considers several religious concepts that existed in the ancient Turkic society. They are an integral part of its religious beliefs. Compared to the medieval written monuments, ancient Turkic inscriptions are based on the "eternal stones" of the Turkic kagans. The main purpose of writing on stones is to pass on from generation to generation and preserve this message addressed to the Turkic peoples. However, the cracks that appeared on the sites led researchers to different conclusions, and also contributed to the formation of several versions of the translations. When studying the ancient Turkic monuments in Kazakh Turkology, first of all, the article considers the small and large inscriptions in honor of Kultegin, as well as the inscription in honor of Tonyukuk. The significance of the religion is described in the first lines of the two inscriptions of Kultegin, where the kagan begins with the name of the Creator “Tengri like and Tengri born” and “When the blue sky is above” (in the meaning Tengri). It should be noted that the word “Tengri”, which is also found in the medieval Turkic sources, goes back precisely to the ancient Turkic writings. The study examines concepts such as Tengri, Umai, eternity, death, and the nature of humanity

Genealogical Analysis of Shepherd, Sheep and Wolf Metaphors in Turkish Thinking System: From Old Turkic Inscriptions to Old Anatolian Turkish

Genellikle söz sanatları ya da anlam değişmeleri içerisinde ele alınan metafor, bir kavramın yerine benzerlik, analoji, yakınlaştırma, çağrışım, karşılaştırma vb. ilişkilere dayalı olarak başka bir kavramın kullanılması biçiminde tarif edilir. Dilin zihinsel gücünü gösteren metaforlar, kaynak bakımından dilsel olmakla birlikte dili aşan bir yapı göstererek düşünceyi ve zihinsel süreçleri de kapsamaktadır. Sosyal ve kültürel ögelerin etkisi bağlamında her dilin metafor üretme kapasitesi vardır. Çağdaş metafor anlayışı çerçevesinde George Lakoff ve Mark Johnson tarafından geliştirilen kavramsal metafor kuramında dilin soyutlamaya dayalı oluşturduğu sistemle insanların dünyayı algılayış biçimleri arasında koşutluk bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda toplumların değişim ve dönüşümlerini, süreklilik ve kırılmalarını metaforlar aracılığıyla çözümlemek mümkündür. Konuya -yazınsal metinler özelinde- Türk kültürü açısından yaklaştığımızda Türk dili yadigârlarının sunduğu metafor dünyasından yola çıkarak Türk kültürünün gelişim çizgisini ve Türk düşünce sistemini takip etmek mümkün görünmektedir. Bu makalede, belirtilen tasarım ve amaç doğrultusunda Türk edebiyatında çoban, koyun ve kurt metaforlarının siyasi bir figür olarak gelişimi üzerinde durulmuş; bu metaforlara siyasi bir içeriğe sahip olma sürecinde hangi anlamların yüklendikleri, yazınsal metinlerin sunduğu malzemeler ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Bu noktada eski Türk yazıtlarından yola çıkılmış ve Batı Türkçesinin ilk halkasını oluşturan Eski Anadolu Türkçesi metinlerini içine alacak şekilde bir sınır belirlenmiştir.

Analysis of the Algorithm of Semantic Structure in the Examples of Old Turkic Inscriptions

While doing research on Old and Middle Turkic texts, it is important to analyse and solve the meaning structure in order to understand these texts and transfer them to Turkish and other languages. Researchers especially transfer or translate some of the Old Turkic sentences in different meanings. We believe that this problem can be solved by revealing the algorithm of semantic structure of the texts. For this reason, in our research, we use semantic roles, semantic complements, semantic categories, description of verb qualities, text context, semantic structures and valency by keeping and analysing some records of some Old Turkic inscriptions in a combining approach. In revealing the semantic structure of various sentences, it will be explained how to obtain the semantic valency and semantic roles coded in the meaning of a verb in accordance with the text content and the sample sentences will be analysed and shown in practice.

Türk Runik Bibliyografyası’na Ek II

Thousands of studies have been worked on the old Turkic inscriptions, which are the first known written period texts of the Turks, since the first day they were discovered. This article aims to add to the current bibliography published in 2017 as the Turkic Runic Bibliography (İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat Publications). The article contains the overlooked studies in the “Additions” section, and the studies studies in 2019 and 2020 in the “New Publications” section.

Scientific debate about the genre of the Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions

This paper attempts to define the genre of the Orkhon-Yenisei Old Turkic inscriptions. The Orkhon -Yenisei inscriptions, found in the territory of modern Mongolia, attracted researchers’ attention in two directions. First, the interest was shown in scientific field, and then in the field of fiction. Along with the historiography, the Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions have been studied from a cultural point of view, as well as from the point of view of literary criticism. Today Azerbaijani, Turkish and Russian scientists still dispute about the genre of the Orkhon-Yenisei written monuments. Different views have been expressed on the genre of the Orkhon-Yenisei written monuments. The researchers emphasize The Old Turkic written monuments emphasized the fact of the presence of researchers in the rhythm of folk poetry and “weighty verses”. Taking into consideration the feature of narrative written in verses and the connection with a folk poetry, a number of researchers define these inscriptions as poems in prose (F.E. Korsh, Amid Abid). Other authors note that the inscriptions are “a small literary work” (Vasfi Mahir Gochatürk). Furthermore, the inscriptions are considered “a small literary work”, “common Turkic historical heroic poems”, “epitaphs”, “graveyard poetry”, “a separate genre”, “prose texts”, “historical legend”, “prose in verses” etc. The Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions manifest themselves as a mixture of prose and poetry, which is characteristic of the Turkic epic. We find the perfect example of this tradition in the epic Kitabi Dede Gorgud, a common Turkic monument. That is, a combination of prose and poetry. The Yenisei epitaphs, the Orkhon “Bangu stones” attract attention as the direction in which the Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions will study the poetics of ancient Turkic literature. Although the Orkhon-Yenisei monuments were studied as texts of poems, epitaphs, epics, chronicles, stories, novels, stories, etc. Orkhon-Yenisei monuments should not be considered as an example of epitaphs. The Orkhon-Yenisei Inscriptions is a historical-documentary novel of poetry, combining genre features of different genres. The existence of such novels of poetry as the Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions created the conditions for the creation of meaningful novels of poetry during the Eastern Renaissance. The creation of a novel of verses by Nizami Ganjavi in the XII century confirms this

Who were the Narrators of the Old Turkic Inscriptions? A Study of the Küli Čor and Tariat (Terh) Inscriptions

Who were the Narrators of the Old Turkic Inscriptions? A Study of the Küli Čor and Tariat (Terh) Inscriptions

TERMINOLOGICAL MEANING OF THE WORD "KAZAKH" IN THE LANGUAGE OF WRITTEN MONUMENTS

The article analyzes the word "Kazakh" from a linguistic point of view and finds out that it is used in two different terms. Linguistic facts and finds prove that the name "Kazakh" appears by the 9th-10th centuries, and the word "Kazakh" is established as an ethnic term that has shaped language, art, culture, military power, the basis for building a strong state. The root of the word "Kazakh" is associated with the semantics of the words Uisin, Khun, Turkic. This is confirmed on the basis of the language of ancient and medieval Turkic inscriptions. On the basis of research and historical data related to the origin of the word "Kazakh", attention is drawn to the features characteristic of the Kazakh people. In addition, the word "Kazakh" is recognized as a term reflecting nationality. It is proved that the essence of the nation is preserved in the language, the analysis of linguistic data reflecting the essence of the Kazakh nation is carried out.

Elements of Pedagigical Archetype on Old Turkic Monuments

Going through various stages of evolution humanity continuously aims to bring up the following generation rich in human qualities. To achieve these noble initiatives, various progressive models of bringing up have been developed from many centuries to the present day. Ancient Turkic monuments inscriptions, the most precious treasures of Turkic world pedagogics play great role in the education of specialists and children upbringing. When specializing future primary school teachers, philologists, and history specialists in higher education, it is necessary to include these great values in the curriculum. It is worth paying attention to the fact that the historical chronicle of ancient Turkic inscriptions on the monuments of Kultegin, bilge Kagan, Tonykok, which are considered the most valuable. The study of the heritage of Orkhon, Yenisei, and Talas monuments as ethnopedagogical values is of great importance in higher education. After all, starting from the kindergarten and school desks, it is obliged to lead the younger generation to the high culture and civilization of the ancient Turkic people. Thus, it would be possible to implement the ideas in the program article by N. Nazarbayev 'The course towards future: spiritual modernization'.

Göttinger Gelehrte und die Anfänge der alttürkischen Forschungen

In the article the author deals with the contributions of Goettingian scholars to the study of the so-called “Runic”-Turkic inscriptions discovered in the early 18th century in Siberia during the 18th and 19th centuries before their decipherment by Vilhelm Ludvig Peter Thomsen (1842–1927) and Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (Vasilij Vasilievič Radlov; 1837–1918). The author points to the scholars speculations on the unknown language of the inscriptions based in Göttingen as well as the research in this field and times outside that town.

On the Authorship of the Old Turkic Inscriptions

AbstractThis article focuses on the authorship of the Kül Tégin and Bilge Kağan inscriptions and manages to reveal the different layers of the text. Through a careful analysis of the Old Turkic inscriptions and the relative Chinese accounts concerning the Türk royal lineage after Bilge Kağan, it concludes that the text on the south side of the Kül Tégin Inscription and the north side of the Bilge Kağan Inscription were narrated by the younger son of Bilge Kağan, Teŋri Teg Teŋride Bolmış Türk Bilge Kağan, in Kaiyuan XXVIII (ca. 740). In that year his elder brother (Teŋri Teg Teŋri Yaratmış Türk Bilge Kağan) passed away, so the Chinese emperor sent envoys to ‘appoint’ him as the new Türk kağan. He took the opportunity of the visit of Chinese delegates led by Li Zhi to ask the Chinese craftsmen to inscribe his words onto his father's memorial. The same text was also inscribed onto the blank side of his uncle's memorial, while inserting a quotation of his father's words.