Turkey's International Research Articles

ITTIHAD AND IKHTILAF AL MATHLA' (DISCOURSE AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION)

The determination of the day in Islam is particularly influential, especially in terms of worship, the determination of the beginning of the islamic lunar month, which corresponds to the circulation of the Moon. One Hijri month comprises 29 or 30 days. There are two methods in calculating the beginning of the islamic lunar month, that is the hisab method and the rukyat method. From both approaches, the term mathla' (area boundaries based on the reach of the new Moon) originates. Mathla' is divided into mathla' ikhtilaf (local mathla') and mathla' ittihad (global mathla'). From the two mathla', there are diverse opinions regarding the use of mathla'. Therefore, the government is present and seeks to avoid this imbalance through imkan ar rukyat. This research involves qualitative research, categorized as library research, described descriptively with systematic, correct explanations and relevant sources. The dialogue on the two mathla' is reaping the pros and downsides among numerous madhhab imams and Muslim personalities. The three madhhab priests believe that global mathla' is the reference for the people, except for the Shafi'i priest. Figures such as Hasbi Ash shiddieqy consider that global mathla 'as a basis for attaining the unity of the ummah. In contrast to Thomas Djamaluddin, Basit Wahid and Yusuf al-Qaradhawi who prefer local mathla' as a reference. This study also examines the application connected to mathla', namely the Islamic Calendar at Turkey's International Hijri Calendar Unity Conference (IHCUC) congress. What has implications or effects if the new moon on one continent has appeared is not necessarily the same on other continents. This happens because the geographical position of the area is different. It gives a favourable critique to establish a shared opinion for the benefit of the people.

The UK,The Council of Europe and Turkey's International Human Rights Obligations in a State of Emergency: Submission to Foreign Affairs Committee: United Kingdom's Relations with Turkey

This report argues that the UK should urge Turkey to ensure that its state of emergency declared under Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR; the Convention) remains temporary; that the emergency measures taken by Turkey following this declaration remain proportionate to the exigencies of the situation; and that none of the non-derogable rights of the Convention, including the prohibition of the death penalty should be infringed upon. As the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR; the Court) has been extremely deferential to Contracting Parties as to the existence of a state of emergency within its jurisdiction, it is incumbent upon the other Contracting Parties to the Convention to use political and diplomatic ties to ensure its temporariness.Secondly, this report argues that the legitimacy of the ECtHR and its judgments have been undermined through the lack of implementation of the UK’s and other Contracting Parties’ Convention obligations and through political rhetoric attacking the ECtHR. There is evidence that this defiance of Court judgments is encouraging other Contracting Parties to do likewise. This trend is particularly worrying in light of Turkey’s declaration of a state of emergency and suggestions that it could reintroduce the death penalty in clear violation of Protocol 13 of the ECHR. This report therefore urges the UK to take positive steps in vindicating its international human rights obligations under the ECHR and avoid political rhetoric that may damage the legitimacy of the ECtHR.

Turkey's International Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts Committed by the Ottoman Empire

This paper examines the legal consequences of the commission by the Ottoman Empire of internationally wrongful acts, including acts of genocide, against the Armenian population during World War I. Specifically, the present paper examines the following question: can the modern State of Turkey (which was only officially proclaimed in 1923) be held responsible, under international law, for internationally wrongful acts committed by the Ottoman Empire before its disintegration? This paper first briefly examines whether Turkey should be considered, under international law, as the "continuing" State of the Ottoman Empire or whether it should instead be deemed as a "new" State, We will show that Turkey is, in legal terms, "identical" to the Ottoman Empire and is therefore "continuing" the international legal personality of the Empire. This paper will then focus on the legal consequences arising from this conclusion of continuity. Our analysis of past case law and State practice shows that both in the context of secession and of cession of territory, the continuing State continues to be held responsible for its own internationally wrongful acts committed before the date of succession. Accordingly, Turkey should be held responsible for all internationally wrongful acts committed by the Ottoman Empire.

A Note on Shifts in Turkey's International Trade Pattern*

It is frequently stated that Turkey's trade orientation has shifted in the last decade away from Europe and more towards the East, specifically Arab countries and Middle East. However, comprehensive presentation of the situation is lacking, causing concern over the validity of the statement. This paper examines the foreign trade of Turkey for years 1995 to 2012. The analysis focuses on a number of country groups and product categories. The analysis confirms the shift away from EU and towards not only Arab countries but Asia as a whole, primarily due to gas imports from Russia. It is observed that Turkey's exports are becoming more focused towards manufactured goods and increasing in technological complexity. An interesting observation is the increase in the share of “commodities and transactions not elsewhere classified”, especially with the Arab countries.

Turkey's Strategic Vision and Syria

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Ahmet Davutoglu, Strategik Derinlik: Turkiye'nin Uluslararasi Konumu [Strategic Depth: Turkey's International Position] (Istanbul: Kure Yayinlari, 2001). 2. “Turkey shifts sights eastwards as EU relations stall,” Oxford Analytica, April 24, 2012, http://www.oxan.com/Analysis/DailyBrief/Samples/TurkeyShiftsSightsEastwards.aspx. 3. Fareed Zakaria, “Worries About Turkey are Fact-Free Paranoia,” Newsweek, May 12, 2007, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/05/13/a-quiet-prayer-for-democracy.html. 4. See Laura Peterson, “The Pentagon Talks Turkey,” The American Prospect 13, No. 16 (September 9, 2002), http://prospect.org/article/pentagon-talks-turkey. 5. World Bank , “Turkey – World Bank Partnership, Some Highlights & Results,” January 2011, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Resources/FormatResults2010-ECA-CB-New-Turkey.pdf. 6. German Marshall Fund of the United States , “Transatlantic Trends 2010,”, http://trends.gmfus.org.php5-23.dfw1-2.websitetestlink.com/?page_id=3175. 7. German Marshall Fund of the United States , “Transatlantic Trends 2010,”, http://trends.gmfus.org.php5-23.dfw1-2.websitetestlink.com/?page_id=3175. 8. See “Istanbul summit tries to increase pressure on Syria,” BBC, April 1, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17576134. 9. For an analysis of Davutoglu's speech, see Sami Kohen, “Is Turkish Foreign Policy Too Ambitious?” Al Monitor, May 12, 2012, http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/04/overly-ambitious.html. Additional informationNotes on contributorsÖmer TaşpınarÖmer Taşpınar is a professor at the National War College, and a non-resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution

Decoding Turkish Foreign Policy Hyperactivity

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. “Türk halkIna göre 'dinsel eşitlik' teori düzeyinde kaldIğI sürece sorun yok!” [According to Turkish people there is no problem as long as ‘religious equality’ remains at theory level.], Radikal, November 18, 2009, http://www.radikal.com.tr/Default.aspx?aType=HaberYazdir&ArticleID=964940. 2. For a detailed breakdown of the results, see “2007 Turkiye Genal Secim Sonuclari” [2007 Turkey General Election Results], Hurriyet, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/secimsonuc/default.html. 3. See Ipsos KMG, “Turkiye'yi Anlama Klavuzu -2010” [A Manual for Understanding Turkey-2010], January 16, 2010, http://www.ipsos-kmg.com/T%C3%BCrkiyeyi_Anlama-K%C4%B1lavuzu_2010_Yay%C4%B1nland%C4%B1. 4. See “Q&A: Turkey's Ruling Party on Trial,” BBC News, July 28, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7490653.stm. 5. See Ahmet Davutoğlu, Stratejik derinlik: Türkiye'nin uluslararasI konumu [Strategic Depth: Turkey's International Position] (Istanbul: Globe Publications, 2001). 6. See Ahmet Davutoğlu, “New World Geopolitics: How Turkey is Contributing to Global Peace and Security as a Member of the UN Security Council” (speech, International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, January 29, 2010), http://www.iiss.org/recent-key-addresses/turkish-foreign-minister/watch-the-speech/. 7. See Katrin Bennhold, “Leaders of Turkey and Israel Clash at Davos Panel,” New York Times, January 29, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/world/europe/30clash.html. 8. See Julian Borger, “Turkey Confirms it Bars Israel from Military Exercise Because of Gaza War,” Guardian, October 12, 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/12/turkey-israel-military-gaza. 9. See “Turkey Accepts Apology from Israel for Insult to Ambassador,” Hurriyet, January 13, 2010, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkey-to-recall-ambassador-if-israel-makes-no-apology-2010-01-13. 10. See Barak Ravid, “Lieberman to Turkey: Israel Won't Apologize for Gaza Flotilla Raid,” Ha'aretz, July 5, 2010, http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/lieberman-to-turkey-israel-won-t-apologize-for-gaza-flotilla-raid-1.300128?localLinksEnabled=false. 11. See Suzan Fraser, “Israel says Turkey Ties Warm after Defense Minister Visits Ankara but Analysts are Skeptical,” Associated Press, January 17, 2010, http://blog.taragana.com/politics/2010/01/17/israel-says-turkey-ties-warm-after-defense-minister-visits-ankara-but-analysts-are-skeptical-13696/. 12. See Gilles Whittell, “Turkey Recalls Ambassador after US Vote on Armenia ‘genocide’,” Times, March 5, 2010, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7050439.ece. 13. For more on the deal, see “Iran Signs Nuclear Fuel-Swap Deal with Turkey,” BBC News, May 17, 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8685846.stm. 14. See Janine Zacharia, “Spat over Iran May Further Strain Relations Between Allies U.S., Turkey,” Washington Post, May 24, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/23/AR2010052303882.html. Additional informationNotes on contributorsZiya MeralZiya Meral is a London-based Turkish analyst, writer, and a doctoral candidate at the University of CambridgeJonathan ParisJonathan S. Paris is a London-based foreign affairs analyst, senior fellow with the South Asia Center of the Atlantic Council, and associate fellow with the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation at Kings College, London

The Shifting Sands of State Power in the Middle East

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Barack Obama, interview by Joe Klein, Time, January 21, 2010, http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1955072-6,00.html. 2. Ahmet Davutoğlu, Stratejik derinlik: Türkiye'nin Uluslararası konumu (Strategic Depth: Turkey's International Position) (Istanbul: Küre Yayınları [Sphere Publications], 2001). 3. For more details on the Israeli-Iranian relationship, see Trita Parsi, Treacherous Alliance - The Secret Dealings of Iran, Israel and the United States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007). 4. International Labour Organization, “Economic Growth, Employment and Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa,” Employment Working Paper no. 19, 2008, http://www.ilo.org/employment/Whatwedo/Publications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_105106/index.htm. 5. International Labour Organization, “Economic Growth, Employment and Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa,” Employment Working Paper no. 19, 2008, http://www.ilo.org/employment/Whatwedo/Publications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_105106/index.htm. In Iran, the real gross domestic product per person employed grew by about 20 percent between 1990 and 2003, while the index of real wages grew by 13 percent between 1994 and 2001. 6. See “Egypt: Elections and Future of the Muslim Brotherhood,” STRATFOR Global Intelligence, April 11, 2008. 7. Deborah Amos, “Mideast Water Crisis Brings Misery, Uncertainty,” NPR.com, January 7, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122294630. 8. See“Drought Blights Syrian Villages, Residents Dying of Hunger,” Environment News Service, January 27, 2010, http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2010/2010-01-27-01.html. 9. Hichem Karoui, “Demographics of Africa and the Middle East Continue to Explode,” April 12, 2006, http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Demographics_Of_Africa_And_The_Middle_East_Continue_To_Explode.html. Additional informationNotes on contributorsAlastair CrookeAlastair Crooke is the author of Resistance: The Essence of the Islamist Revolution (Pluto, February 2009) and is the director of the Conflicts Forum, which is based in Beirut. He has worked with Islamist movements for more than 20 years, serving until 2003 as an EU mediator charged with negotiating and facilitating various ceasefires and agreements with Islamist movements

Os estudos de segurança na Turquia: situando a Turquia no "ocidente" por meio de "escrever a segurança"

A concepção de segurança nacional orientada externamente e focada militarmente não lida suficientemente bem com as inseguranças turcas, inseguranças estas compartilhadas com outros países em desenvolvimento. Apesar disso, durante toda a Guerra Fria, houve pouca discussão acerca da limitada relevância de tais conceitos e teorias tradicionais das Relações Internacionais para tratar das inseguranças turcas. O artigo procura explicar este fato fazendo referência à preocupação política prevalecente no período, qual seja, a de situar a Turquia no "Ocidente". Os trabalhos acadêmicos sobre segurança nesse período, sugere o artigo, ajudaram a situar a Turquia no "Ocidente" mediante a representação de suas preocupações como aspectos da segurança "ocidental", e não como preocupações típicas de países em desenvolvimento. O ponto é que, ao longo da Guerra Fria, as representações da Turquia como "parceira júnior" dos Estados Unidos na luta contra o comunismo não só ajudaram a reproduzir sua identidade "ocidental", mas também embasaram os escritos sobre segurança na Turquia. O artigo está dividido em três partes. A primeira discute o problema da disjunção entre os conceitos e teorias de Relações Internacionais e as "realidades" do mundo em desenvolvimento, enfatizando a importância do contexto histórico para a compreensão de por que e como conceitos e teorias viajam entre mundos. A segunda parte analisa de que maneira a questão da irrelevância dos conceitos e teorias tradicionais foi tratada pela literatura de Relações Internacionais turca durante a Guerra Fria. A terceira analisa os debates da década de 90 sobre a concepção turca de "segurança nacional".

Turkey's International Relations

Turkey's International Relations Get access Cevat Açikalin Cevat Açikalin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 23, Issue 4, October 1947, Pages 477–491, https://doi.org/10.2307/3016558 Published: 01 October 1947