Economic Development In Turkey Research Articles

The Forecasting of TheNumber Tourists Arriving in Turkey with Intuitionistic Fuzzy Regression Functions Approach

The impacts of the tourism sector on countries are felt in various areas such as economy, cultural heritage and social development. Tourism contributes significantly to a country's foreign exchange earnings and positively affects the trade network. Tourists' spending boosts local economies and increases employment. These effects are particularly important for Turkey. Tourist visits can be used as a tool for regional promotion. Therefore, tourism demand forecasting is necessary to make the best use of these positive effects on Turkey's economic development and to plan tourism activities. Artificial neural network methods and fuzzy systems for time series forecasting problem are frequently used analysis methods in recent years. In this study, the time series of the total number of tourists visiting Turkey on a monthly basis is analyzed with the intuitionistic fuzzy regression functions approach, which is a generalization of the fuzzy regression functions approach. The analysis performance of the intuitionistic fuzzy regression functions approach is evaluated using fuzzy regression functions approach, multilayer perceptron artificial neural network and multiplicative neuron model artificial neural networks. As a result of the analysis, it is concluded that the intuitionistic fuzzy regression approach produces better forecasting results than both some artificial neural network models and the fuzzy regression functions approach. Since this is the first time that the intuitionistic fuzzy regression functions approach has been used in forecasting the number of tourists, the study aims to contribute to the literature and to help tourism industry employees to be more efficient and successful by providing them with the opportunity to make better future planning.

MOVEMENT TO COASTAL TOWNS IN TURKEY: Urban Rescaling, Local Deregulation and New Prospects for the Predatory Construction Sector

AbstractIn Turkey, as in many Mediterranean countries, the Covid‐19 pandemic enhanced the mobility of the country's affluent classes to coastal towns. Many decided to settle there permanently, either by making their second homes their main residences, or by purchasing or renting new property. This has created severe social, infrastructural and environmental problems in these towns because of transformed demographics, a largely unregulated construction boom, increased renovation activities and an unprecedented rise in real‐estate and consumer‐goods prices. In this article we contextualize these problems in relation to the Justice and Development Party's neoliberal policies of urban governance and rescaling in the past 15 years. The government, having given the construction sector the main role in Turkey's economic development, subsequently granted it new spatial opportunities through the authoritarian and centralized allocation of urban and rural land. Coastal towns have been the target of unregulated urban growth and predatory construction in this process and have thus provided new spatial development prospects. Local governmental reform in 2012, which introduced radical urban rescaling and weakened district municipalities’ planning and regulation capacities, further intensified the process. These factors have had a severe impact on coastal towns and their middle‐income residents, who face new mobility pressures.

Knowledge accumulation at the regional level and the role of intellectual property rights

ABSTRACT There has been a growing debate on the role of intellectual property rights (IPR) in the accumulation of knowledge and more recently on the role they play in ensuring long-term economic growth by supporting knowledge creation and expansion, incentivizing investment in R&D and innovation. This research aims to reveal the effects of industrial property rights on regional economic development in Turkey. In addition, and recognizing the heterogeneity across regions within the same country, we conduct the analysis with a caveat, by differentiating the effect across developed and developing regions. Our results suggest that industrial property rights have played a dual role, first by promoting the effort on investment in innovation activities measured as R&D intensity, and the amount of R&D employees, and second, by contributing to economic development. However, the impact differs between developed and developing regions.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF ISLAMIC FINANCE IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF TURKEY: A REVIEW

World Bank data (2009-2019) provides that Turkey has been facing economic development challenges in terms of GDP growth rate, GDP per capita, inflation rate, unemployment rate, and youth unemployment rate during the last decade. Though 2020 data is not yet available, 2019 data depicted a very challenging year for Turkey. This paper aims to review the challenges in the economic development of Turkey and provide the solutions by applying the notions of participatory finance (Islamic finance) for the development of the economic growth, per capita income, inflation rate, unemployment rate, and the youth unemployment rate of Turkey. This study applied a critical literature review analysis to explore the challenges. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development reported that Turkey observed a worsening asset quality of the banking sector, deleveraging by lenders, unstable market, reduced investor confidence, and shallow public and private investment in 2019. Similarly, the conventional finance literature illustrated prudent strategic financial decisions support in improving these issues. However, the Islamic finance literature demonstrated that interest-free financial mechanisms are comparatively more resilient and supported a sustainable economic development. Though the contributions of the participation (Islamic) finance are poor due to its size, this mechanism of finance has enormous prospect of contributions to the Turkey’s economy as demonstrated in other countries. The current Turkish government supports participation (Islamic) banking and expects to reach 15% assets by 2025.
 
 Keywords: Economic development, Islamic finance, interest-free, economic development.
 
 Cite as: Alam, M. K., & Ullah, M. H. (2022). Contributions of Islamic finance in the economic development of Turkey: A review. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(2), 336-357. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss2pp336-357

Growth Effects of Remittance: A Case of Turkey Diaspora

In the age of globalization, remittances are an essential part of human life. This analysis's key objective is to examine the effect of remittances in developing economies like Turkey on economic development. The 1980 to 2020 time-series data used in this analysis which use numerous time series estimating techniques. Sending data is given by the Banks of Turkey and in a million dollars. Simultaneously, economic development or GDP data are provided by world economic indicator, the World Bank, and the new US dollar. The findings indicated that there are both short-term and long-term ties between transactions and economic development in Turkey. Therefore, results indicate that Turkey's transition flows positively affect Turkey's person and Turkey's macroeconomic scenario. The government should implement policies that allow Turkey in overseas countries to submit transmissions through official channels.

699770 Women and Economic Development in Turkey: An Empirical Analysis

After the industrial revolution, the role of women in the economy has increased all over the world. .The phenomenon of globalization has further increased the role of women in the economy. Turkey is no exception to this development. Especially in the last two decades, the labour force participation rate of women in Turkey shows a significant increase. The education level and rate of women has increased in the same way. This study examines the role of women on economic growth of Turkey and covers the years 1991-2018. In this period, the relationships between women's labour force participation rates and economic growth in Turkey were examined empirically using VAR and Granger Causality methods. The findings show a positive relationship was observed between female labour force participation and economic growth.

Uneven Centuries: Economic Development of Turkey since 1820

Uneven Centuries: Economic Development of Turkey since 1820

Yeni Hitit Yabancılar İçin Türkçe Ders Kitabı C1 Seviyesinde Görünüş Kategorisi

Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi, Türkiye'deki sosyal ve ekonomik gelişmelerle beraber akademik çalışmaların arttığı bir alan hâline gelmiştir. Alan yazına bakıldığında yabancı dil öğretimi üzerine yapılan çalışmaların Türkçeye göre daha detaylı olduğu söylenebilir. Bu çalışmalardan biri de yabancı dil öğretiminde görünüş (aspect) ve kılınış (aktionsart) kategorilerinin incelenmesidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminde Yeni Hitit Yabancılar için Türkçe ders kitabı C1 seviyesinde hangi görünüş türünün daha çok kullanıldığını tespit etmek ve bu durumun sebeplerini araştırmaktır. Görünüş kategorisi üzerine farklı sınıflandırmalar bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada görünüş kategorisi Johanson (1971, 1994)'un sınıflandırmasına göre incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın başında görünüş ve kılınış kategorilerinden bahsedilerek alan yazındaki sınıflandırmalara değinilmiş, daha sonra Yeni Hitit Yabancılar için Türkçe ders kitabı C1 seviyesinde yer alan okuma metinlerindeki görünüş işaretleyicileri incelenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler görünüş kategorisinin, incelenen metinlerde kullanılan anlatım teknikleri ve fiillerin kılınışlarıyla ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir.

Economic Developments in Turkey According to British Annual Reports (1970-1980)

<p class="ql-align-justify">This article aims to reveal the economic developments occurring in Turkey between 1970 and 1980, as seen through the eyes of British diplomats. It is also aimed at the non-specialists who want to understand more about Turkish economy in 1970s. The immediate beneficiary of the 1960 coup was the Justice Party, a successor to the dissolved Democrat Party, which, in spite of military efforts to hold it back, won more votes than its rival People’s Republican Party (PRP) in every general election between 1961 and 1971. Initially, it was forced to join a series of short-lived coalitions with the PRP. However, after its convincing victory in the 1965 election, it was able to form a government of its own under its new leader, Süleyman Demirel. Demirel was the one who consolidated the party’s organizational strength by using his control over what remained essentially a highly politicized programme of planned economic development. However, it was also Demirel who saw this same strength weaken as elements on the right defected from his leadership to form new organizations like the National Action Party and the Islamic National Order Party. One reason generally put forward to explain this phenomenon was the further multiplication of often contradictory economic interests that could no longer be contained within a single organization. Another reason was the growing militancy of a number of workers’ and student organizations. It is clear that many army officers shared this apprehension, and were only too ready to launch a second intervention in 1971 to put an end to a situation of growing administrative chaos and political violence. However, once again, the senior generals who took charge of events had no agreed programme of reforms, and contented themselves with minor constitutional amendments aimed at curbing some of the freedoms granted in 1961. Given the highly politicized atmosphere in Turkey in the 1970s, and the fact that it resulted in yet another military intervention in 1980, it is probably inevitable that analysts tend to highlight quite different explanations for the lack of a firm government, the politicization of most parts of the state administration and the growing violence. Others concentrate more on the underlying stresses and strains posed first by a period of rapid social transformation and then, by a long period of economic crisis from 1973 onwards, when high oil prices combined with a loss of American aid after the intervention of Cyprus and a decline in the remittances sent back by Turkish workers in Europe to produce a crippling shortage of foreign exchange. In the events, of course, all these factors played their part. Nevertheless, it should also be noted that by 1980, the year of the third military intervention, the economic situation had much improved as a result of the introduction of the economic stabilization plan agreed with the IMF in January 1980. There is no doubt that, when it came, the army’s intervention in 1980 had widespread popular support. However, this does not mean that the majority of the Turkish people were prepared to see a long period of military rule. The generals intended to return to full civilian rule as soon as possible. The fact was that ANAP was able to dominate Turkish politics for the rest of the 1980s. One of the reasons for that was the partial success of its domestic policies aimed at transforming Turkey from a protected, inward-looking economy to one based on the export of manufactured goods in the highly competitive world markets.&nbsp;

Uneven Centuries: Economic Development of Turkey since 1820 by Şevket Pamuk, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2018, xvi + 352 pp.

Uneven Centuries: Economic Development of Turkey since 1820 by Şevket Pamuk, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2018, xvi + 352 pp.

Human and technological investments within the economic development of turkey: research and development expenditure, and higher education spending for students and graduates

Human and technological investments within the economic development of turkey: research and development expenditure, and higher education spending for students and graduates

TÜRKİYE’DEKİ KARAYOLU TRAFİK KAZALARINDAKİ EĞİLİMLER, 1980-2016

T he objective of this article is to examine the trends of traffic crashes, deaths and injuries in Turkey from 1980 to 2016. A time-series methodology were used to analyze crash trends per 1000 people, 1000 driver, 1000 vehicle and a million vehicle-kilometer traveled (VKT). Furthermore, the association between economic development of Turkey and traffic crashes were explored. The effectiveness of highway investments and traffic enforcement on traffic crashes, deaths and injuries were also discussed. Results shows that even though a dramatic increase is has observed in income, vehicle ownership and VKT in Turkey, road traffic deaths has decreased by 17% in the last 26 years. However, crashes and injuries has continued to increase, and death rates are still higher than rates in the European Union (EU) countries.

The Impact of Tourism on the Cultural Environment in Turkey: The Case of Antalya

Tourism has begun to develop with the development of the socio-economic structures of the countries after the Second World War and has become one of the fastest growing and expanding sectors in the world economy since this period.When tourism is rapidly growing, developing countries that have limited resources such as Turkey have to make rational investment decisions for the economic future of the country. Turkey’s tourism policies that focus on coastal tourism began to be applied through development plans in the 1960s. In the five-year development plans that started in 1963, tourism was selected as the priority sector in the economic development of Turkey and the main principle of tourism sector was defined as mass tourism until the 1980s.In this period when tourism investments were increasing, for the preservation of the natural and cultural heritage, it was aimed to give priority to the regions which were seen as most convenient for tourism investments.In the 1960s, Antalya was one of the selected priority regions according to the directions of the development plans to concentrate on the regions with high ability to attract tourists and to get short-term results. After the 1980s, although the concept of individual tourism has been mentioned in the development plans, mass tourism investments in Antalya have increased rapidly with the Tourism Incentive Law No. 2634 issued in 1982. From the 1980s, accommodation facilities in various categories have filled the city, thus the negative impacts of tourism on the natural, cultural heritage and social structure have begun to become evident.The tourism sector contributes greatly to the economic, cultural and social development of both developed and developing countries. However, the rapid and unplanned development of the tourism sector and focusing just on the economic impact of tourism for a long time has caused negative natural and socio-cultural influences.In Antalya, overpopulation caused by the rapid development of tourism has caused deteriorations on the cultural and natural environment. Particularly, Kaleiçi which is the historic center of Antalya has been through cultural and social transformations and lost its original character.The aim of this study which is based on the ongoing doctoral thesis is to discuss the role of tourism developments shaped by national policies and legal regulations with reference to the transformation process of cultural values in the case of Antalya Kaleiçi. In the first part of this study, national tourism policies and investments in Turkey and the interaction between them and the protection of the historic environment are explained. In the second part, the cultural, spatial and social impact of national tourism policies and investments in the case of Antalya are determined.

Economic Development in Turkey and South Korea: A Comparative Analysis

Economic Development in Turkey and South Korea: A Comparative Analysis

Thirty Years of Conflict and Economic Growth in Turkey: A Synthetic Control Approach

This study seeks to estimate the causal effects of PKK separatist terrorism on economic development in Turkey using the synthetic control method. By creating a synthetic control group that reproduces the Turkish Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before PKK terrorism emerged in the late 1980s, we compare the GDP of the synthetic Turkey and the actual for the period 1955–2008. Our study finds that the Turkish per capita GDP would have been higher by about $2600 had it not been exposed to terrorism. This translates into an average of 21.4% higher per capita GDP over a period of 21 years.

A study on desktop publishing and digital applications used in publicity and advertisement strategies in tourism in Turkey

Tourism is one of the important sectors which play a significant role in supporting economic development in Turkey just as in many other countries. Turkey is a country which has made vigorous efforts in order to develop tourism sector. Within this contex, Turkey is continuing to develop fast by concentrating on areas such as investment, publicity, marketing in tourism. It is seen that various publicity and advertisement campaigns are being carried out in Turkey in order to publicize the country and make it a brand in tourism. Distances between countries have decreased as a result of the globalization and technological developments in the recent years, which has led countries to tend towards new types of tourism in order to gain advantages and new markets. Therefore, countries have started to attach importance to publicity and advertisement campaigns. This is the main cause of the macro level competition being experienced between countries in tourism sector. The countries which aim to increase their market shares in this competitive environment have concentrated on publicity and advertisement campaigns. The advertising activities used by Turkey in tourism are greatly diversified thanks to the different methods and means employed. This study seeks to bring to light the activity performance of these practices by evaluating the new strategies of publicity and advertisement campaigns used in tourism sector in Turkey. This study includes domestic and foreign literature reviews. In addition, the activity report for 2015 of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the data provided by State Planning Organization and Turkish Statistical Institute were studied. The study contains the outstanding examples of new publicity activities which have developed as a result of the technological developments witnessed in Turkey in the recent years.

Culture Economy for Economic Development: Assesments on Cultural Heritage in Turkey

Cultural economics can be grouped under four main headings: cultural heritage, arts, media (film, radio, television, music, journalism, and publishing) and creative services (design, advertising, new media, architecture, and software). These cultural goods and services that constitute the cultural economy interact with other industries. This interaction has an impact on the development process by creating added value for the economy through the multiplier effect. The cultural industries that are also referred to as creative industries tend to have a significant economic impact, mainly in terms of providing employment and increasing exports. In contrast, tourism, textiles, jewellery, toys, and many other suppliers ensure the development of these industries by creating indirect economic impacts. In this context, firstly cultural economics and its scope will be discussed, and its relationship with economic development will be explained. Next, referring to examples of tangible and intangible cultural heritage, the impact of cultural economics on the economic development of Turkey will be explored, specifically with regards to the Cappadocia region.

TÜRKİYE’DE SÜRGÜN BİR ALMAN NEOLİBERAL: WİLHELM RÖPKE

The purpose of this paper is was to bring forward the importance of human factor and economic sociology in economic life. Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Ropke, one of the most important dissidents of Nationalist Socialism policies implemented in Adolf Hitler’s management, was obliged to leave his country. He continued his academic studies at Istanbul University in from 1933 to 1937. He supported to adopt the principle of “Etatism” in order to ensure economic development in Turkey. He made substantial contributions to German Neoliberalism with an approach to Economic and Social Humanism. He stressed the influence of ideal society understanding in the social market economy. The state must be effective in market organization. The private sector must be protected by law against competition between public economic enterprises and monopolies. It is essential to develop social policies so as to continue liberal economies’ existence. Nowadays, economic crises faced by the countries cannot be solved by conventional methods. It is inevitable that a third way of searching brings up again.

Assessment of coal deposit using multivariate statistical analysis techniques

ABSTRACTEnergy is one of the indispensable factors regarding the economic development of Turkey. Examination of calorific values in coal deposits has importance in the production of energy, and thus planning of the coal deposit. In this article, multivariate statistical analysis techniques, including cluster analysis and discriminant analysis, were applied to calorific values obtained from boreholes. Cluster analysis grouped borehole locations into two clusters based on the similarity of calorific values. Afterwards, discriminant functions were supported to cluster analysis and developed a linear discriminant function. Based on the locations of the boreholes, it was concluded that calorific values are a highly central part of the coal deposit. Thus, this article shows the usefulness of multivariate statistical analysis techniques for understanding spatial variation of coal deposits and effective deposit management.

Pillars of Social and Economic Development for Future (KBE-Knowledge Based Economy-HC-Human Capital)

In this study had been investigated from cognitive ability to economic development in Turkey. Turkey has young population, and developing country. It has candidate member of European Union. It has member of OECD. This means that I compared with OECD countries Pisa examination. I used to EUROSTAT’s data EU countries. The main objectives of this study are to compare developing and developed countries population and education system for economic and social development. Literature review, there are several papers and research human capital and economic development. We should be investigating multidisciplinary approach. Because it is differ from social, cultural, economic and political level. Bologna progress is obliged to regulate for member to EU. Research Methodology, in this study welfare level and GDP is dependent variable. Enrollment, student, education programs, population, employment, IQ tests and Pisa scores are independent variables. There is positive correlation individual and cognitive skill to human and social capital. But there is cultural and social effect for measurement. I find that high average scores are strongly associated with increases in school enrollments and large reductions in the unemployment. Data, I used official statistical data fort this paper. United Nations, OECD, EURESTAT, and World Banks data had been used also. Enrollments by educational institution 2014-2015 in Turkey, Pre-school, enrollment student are 1156661, Primary school students are, 5434150, Junior high school students are 5278107, General high school, students are 2902954, Vocational and technical high school students are 2788117. Higher educational institutions students are 5139468 (2013-2014). Total enrollment student are 22715465. Classical method and programs is insufficient for in the World. Globalization, unemployment and for job ability requires new paradigm. I investigated and compared with these subjects. Key words: Conclusion and advice, ”21st century skills”, ”career readiness”, ”next generation learning”, ”new basic skills”, ”higher order learning ” requires new program paradigm for Turkey.