Climatic Conditions In Turkey Research Articles

Impacts of essential oil and extracts obtained from coriander cultivars (Coriandrum sativum L.) on important some pathogenic bacteria

In this study, the antibacterial activity of the essential oil obtained from the seeds of two coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) cultivars (Gürbüz and Arslan) and extracts obtained from the seeds, leaves and stems with methanol and ethanol against 7 Gram-positive (Escherichia coli ATCC®25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC®9027, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC®14028, Serratia marcescens ATCC®13880, Proteus vulgaris ATCC®6380, Enterobacter cloacae ATCC®13047, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC®4352), and 1 Gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC®6538) were evaluated. Summer sowing was carried out for the supply of herbal materials and the plants were grown in Yozgat / TURKEY climatic conditions. Linalool (average 74%) has been noted as the main component in essential oils, and γ-terpinene, geraniol and camphor have been identified as other important components. It has been determined that essential oils exhibit varying levels of activity against S. aureus, E. coli, S. tyhimurium, S. marcescens, P. vulgaris, and E. cloacae bacteria in this study.

Life cycle cost assessment for thermal insulation of above-ground spherical container with different capacities in hot fluid storage processes

Due to environmental and economic reasons, thermal energy saving has gained more importance especially in industry. This study is concerned with the application of insulation to improve thermal energy storage in spherical shaped containers positioned high above the ground. For this purpose, the thickness of the insulation applied to spherical containers of different diameters was optimized for convection and radiation heat transfer using life cycle cost analysis. In Turkey, the mechanism of storing the thermal energy of water at different temperatures in four different climatic conditions in Turkey (Ankara, Antalya, Erzurum, and Istanbul) in a container has been investigated. The results of the study show that the optimum insulation thickness and energy savings rise as the water storage temperature and the diameter of the container increase. While there is a 46% increase in the optimum insulation thickness for the vessel diameter from 0.5m to 3m in 20 °C water, a 69% increase is achieved in 100 °C water. Similarly, 85% and 114% increases were found for the optimum insulation thickness from 20 °C to 100 °C for 0.5m and 3m, respectively. In climates with the lowest heating degree-hours (Antalya), the highest energy savings are achieved with the lowest insulation thickness. To accurately determine seasonal storage heat load, a revised heating degree-hour method using hourly solar-air temperature data is recommended. This provides a 13% increase in energy savings.

The effect of temperature and relative humidity on milk yield of holstein dairy cattle raised in agricultural enterprises under different climatic conditions

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of air temperature and relative humidity on milk yield of the Holstein dairy cattle raised in Agricultural Enterprises under different climatic conditions in Turkey (Polatlı, Türkgeldi, and Çukurova) and to examine the differences between the enterprises. Records of milk yield on the test day for the years 2014-2020 obtained from the General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises (TİGEM) were utilised in the study. The data set related to milk yields included the number of Holstein cows, data on different lactation orders, control records of milk yield and information of the animals for some environmental factors. In the study, values of four temperature-humidity indices (THI) consisting of different combinations of daily maximum and minimum temperature and humidity values were examined in order to assess the effect of temperature stress on milk yield. Consequently, the difference between the enterprises in terms of the combinations of the temperature-humidity index was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). The THI value calculated for the agricultural enterprises varied between 10 and 102. It was determined that dairy cattle were exposed to heat stress between May and November in Türkgeldi and Polatlı Agricultural Enterprises in the cold climate zone and between April and July in Çukurova Agricultural Enterprises in the temperate climate zone. While the THI value with low humidity weight was the optimal indicator in a humid climate, the THI value with high-temperature weight was the best indicator of heat stress in a semi-arid climate.

Traffic Lights Detection and Recognition with New Benchmark Datasets Using Deep Learning and TensorFlow Object Detection API

Today, traffic lights are widely used in places with high vehicle traffic. Especially in autonomous vehicles, fast and high accuracy detection and recognition of traffic lights are critical. Machine learning methods are generally used to do this. Deep learning models give more successful results than machine learning methods in detecting the exact location of traffic lights in different climatic conditions. In this study, Faster R-CNN Inception v2 deep learning model was trained and tested on two different datasets that we prepared and published publicly under variable traffic and climatic conditions in Turkey. Successful results were obtained with fewer data by using the Transfer Learning method with the help of TensorFlow Object Detection API in the training of the model. It has been shown that the datasets we have prepared can be developed considering the conditions in other countries and successful results will be obtained.

Environmental flow methodology approach based on ecological impact assessment for hydroelectric power plants and hydraulic structures on stream ecosystems in Turkey.

Use areas of streams such as agricultural irrigation, drinking water and energy are important for people's needs. The uncontrolled increase in all these demands on the streams leads to a change in flow amount and regime thereof over time, causing the stream and dependent ecosystems to be adversely affected. The hydrological system and the stream ecosystems may not be significantly affected, with the removal of some water and/or the use of the stream for energy such that a stream does not differ substantially from the natural flow regime in the past. In this context, environmental flow assessments are considered, which are called the flow that should be provided in order to minimize the environmental impacts specific to each stream's flow basin characteristics and its ecosystem. The most reliable method is to determine the environmental water need in different stream systems with a holistic ecological impact assessment, as well as different scientific assessment methods. This study reveals environmental flow methodology studies, which have been revealed by integrated ecological impact assessment aiming to determine the principles and methods suitable for the geographical and climatic conditions of Turkey in order to minimize environmental risks for the design of river type hydroelectric power plants and water retention structures such as ponds and dams, which have been intensively planned, constructed and used for hydroelectric energy especially after 2010 in Turkey, and assessment of the "environmental flow" results established by these studies.

Performance analysis of a solar-assisted dual-tank heat pump system for climatic conditions in Turkey

This study aimed to analyze the performance of a solar-assisted dual-tank heat pump system under climatic conditions in Turkey. This system and its components were modeled and simulated using transient system simulation software. The system was designed not only to supply domestic hot water for a restaurant, but also to heat it in winter and cool it in summer. The modeled system works on the principle that a water-to-water heat pump operating between dual tanks transfers the heat from the cold water tank (source side) to the hot water tank (load side). The hot water for both heating and domestic hot water is supplied from the hot water tank throughout all seasons, whereas, the cold water is supplied from the cold water tank for cooling the space in summer. A photovoltaic thermal collector was integrated into the cold water tank to support the source side of the heat pump and also to generate electricity for the system in winter, but was used only for producing electricity in summer. Analyses were carried out for five provinces (Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Hakkari, and Trabzon) located in five different regions of Turkey. According to the simulation results, the highest seasonal performance factor (2.65) was obtained for Izmir, whereas the lowest seasonal performance factor value (1.74) was obtained for Hakkari. The system worked 52% more efficiently in Izmir than in Hakkari. With the photovoltaic thermal collector, 17.68% of the total electrical energy consumption of the system was compensated for Izmir Province and 12.09% for Hakkari Province.

Energy assessment of different building materials in the education building

Especially recently, as a result of the increase in energy usage and energy demand in buildings, energy saving has become a substantial study topic in buildings. The amount of energy used to maintain the internal temperature of buildings and to provide partial heating and cooling in buildings constitutes a large part of the energy demand. Therefore, to decrease the requirement of energy, it is required to minimize energy losses and use energy more efficiently. A school building was designed using the SketchUp program and the designed building was modeled with the OpenStudio software plug-in tool and Eneryplus, to assess the energy efficiency between Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) and Brick. The energy scenario for the two-building material is discussed for Izmir City, Turkey Climatic Conditions.

Experimental investigation on the thermal characteristics and grey correlation analysis of frost penetration depths for different subgrade soils

In this study, thermal characteristics of the subgrade soils (well-graded sandy soil, low-plasticity clayey soil and low-plasticity silty soil) were tested by a KD2-Pro Thermal Properties Analyzer. Then, frost penetration depths have been predicted by modified Berggren equation for a subgrade section considering climatic conditions of Turkey's geographic regions. Experimental results showed that the thermal conductivity is maximum for the well-graded sandy soil and the minimum values were determined for the low-plasticity silty soil. The highest values of heat capacity, thermal diffusion and thermal resistance have been measured for the low-plasticity clayey soil and minimum values of the heat capacity, thermal diffusion and thermal resistance were observed on the well-graded sandy soil specimens. The maximum frost penetration depths were predicted for the well-graded sandy soil specimens and the minimum frost penetration depths were observed on the low-plasticity clay soils due to water holding capacity and high insulation of clay. In addition, the Gray correlation analysis was utilized to present the correlation degree between the frost penetration depths and different parameters including thermal characteristics, average annual temperatures, number of days covered snow, surface freezing index, and correction factors. Results showed that the thermal characteristic has more influence than other parameters on the frost penetration depths.

Design, manufacturing, numerical analysis and environmental effects of single-pass forced convection solar air collector

Solar air collectors (SACs) are one of the best methods of utilizing renewable energy sources. The increasing need for quality and suitable energy was led to the require for further development of many known engineering applications. In this study, four different absorber plate SACs were designed using exergy-based methods (exergetic indicators) to assess the environmental effects of SAC. Their thermal performance and exergy efficiencies were determined. Also, absorber plate geometric configurations of SAC were examined. These SACs were single pass and forced convection collectors. One of the designed collectors (Das Model) was manufactured and tested at constant mass flow and different times under Elazig province climatic conditions in Turkey. The numerical analysis method was made with the computational fluid mechanics (CFD) program. For this purpose, 3D models of the SACs were drawn. The error values of the models obtained in CFD analysis were less than 1%. The differences between the thermal efficiency, friction factor and manufacturing methods of the solar collector were investigated. In addition, the behavior of some exergetic indicators on the performance of the SACs and the environmental effects of the collectors were investigated. Therefore, some of exergetic factors were taken into consideration including exergy effect, waste exergy ratio (WER), environmental impact factor (EIF), exergetic sustainability index (ESI) and improvement potential (IP). Finally, energy-based environmental impact analyzes were conducted for the life cycle assessment of SAC. A SAC model was determined to less environmental impact than others.

Forage Value of Some Popcorn (Zea mays L. everta) Genotypes

In this study, it was aimed to determine forage yield and yield characteristics of some popcorn (Zea mays L. everta) genotypes and find out the using possibilities of popcorn as a feed material. Study was carried out during the second crop growing season under Sanliurfa, Turkey climatic conditions in 2017. The experiment was designed complete randomized blocks design with three replicates. In the research 13 popcorn new genotypes were used as a crop material. In the study, tassel flowering duration values ranged from 52.0 day to 58.0 day, plant height from 161.23 cm to 210.20 cm, leaf number from 11.16 to 13.90 number ear-1, stem diameter from 21.12 mm to 25.39 mm. Also, another characteristic such as height of fist ear value values were between 74.1 cm and 111.4, biomass yield between 5092.9 kg da-1 and 8069.28 kg da-1. Dry matter yield values varied from 1812.28 to 3333.54 kg da-1, harvest index from 17.72% to 41.64%. When the plant height, biomass yield and dry matter yield values evaluated together for forage value of popcorn genotypes it was determined that 5YTR1305, AYCİN R-997, KUM1347 and 235EAD05 popcorn genotypes was found better than others. It was observed that biomass yield in popcorn plant reached 8 tons da-1 and dry matter yield over 3 tons da-1. It has been seen that popcorn can be used as a feed source for livestock animals.

Design and performance evaluation based on economics and environmental impact of a PV-wind-diesel and battery standalone power system for various climates in Turkey

Utilizing electricity from renewable resources is very attractive to decrease the dependence on fossil fuels. As a result, hybrid power systems are gaining more attention. This paper focuses on the optimal design and dynamic simulation of renewable-based, hybrid standalone power systems. The designed system is able to meet the energy need of a building with 5 kW peak electricity demand. Both the technical and economic feasibility of the system was investigated under various climatic conditions of Turkey. Diesel fuel consumption, energy cost and annual CO2 emissions were estimated and compared with the diesel generator-only system. A parametric analysis was also conducted to understand the impact of the capacity of the PV array, wind turbine and the battery on the CO2 emissions and the levelized cost of energy. The system in each location was optimized based on the minimum energy cost and CO2 emissions.

Root traits and carbon input by sweet sorghum genotypes differs in two climatic conditions

Response of sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] root traits and carbon (C) input under two different climatic condition is not well understood. The aims of this study were to characterize and compare root biomass and root traits of several sweet sorghum genotypes at field condition and to estimate their C input to into soil. Roots and shoots were analyzed for C concentration and CO2 was calculated. Root samples were collected through monolith root sampling techniques. Root morphological characteristics like root surface area and root volume were differed between locations as well as locations × genotypes interactions. Root surface area varies from 423,800 to 887,800 m2 ha-1 in Mediterranean soil and 339,100 to 579,600 m2ha-1 for Harran soil. All sweet sorghum genotypes inputs root and shoot C as well as CO2 higher in Mediterranean than Harran soil. Root C input varies from 140 to 386 Mg ha-1 in Mediterranean soil and 112 to 224 Mg ha-1 for Harran soil. A greater diversity of root traits was found on several sweet sorghum genotypes irrespective to plant biomass C inputs into the soil. However, compared to several sweet sorghum genotypes, their lower C input to soil needs to be recognized to ensure a balanced C budget. This study concluded that several sweet sorghum genotypes can be a good source of soil C sequestration under different climatic conditions of Turkey.

Growing Degree Day and Seed Yield Relationships in Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Under Different Sowing Seasons and Locations of Turkey

Mustard is grown in mild winter regions as late fall and in hard winter regions as late spring crop. Mustard has high degree of adaptability under wide range of climatic conditions in Turkey. Temperature is an important weather parameter affecting the growth and development of the mustard. The sum growing degree day (GDD) for a growing season is related to plant development which is depends on the accumulation of heat. The aim of this study was to determine the adaptation of mustard, under sowing seasons (spring and fall sowing) and locations in terms of crop growth (emergence, 50% flowering, physiological maturity, and sum growing degree days) and seed yield of mustard. Two-year field experiments in a split-plot design with four replications were carried out during 2013-14 and 2014-15 growing seasons at eight different ecological locations. These locations included Ankara, Aydin, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Isparta, Tekirdag, Tokat and Sanliurfa provinces of Turkey-as classified by Koppen-Geiger ecological conditions. The Brassica juncea L. (mustard seeds) were collected from wild conditions in the Konya province of Turkey. The results showed that, sowing seasons and locations significantly affected seed yield and GDD. The maximum seed yield of 3754.9 kg ha-1 was obtained from Tokat (warm humid) during fall sowing with total accumulated GDD of 1512.1 °C for mustard. Sum growing degree-days accumulated in different sowing seasons and locations occurred between 1132.0 °C and 2285.1 °C depending on the related ecological conditions. Fall season crop in Aydin location had the maximum growing degree days. Overall, fall season accumulated more growing degree days due to longer period of sunshine in comparison to spring season with less sunshine days resulting in longer vegetation period.

Performance analysis of a solar-assisted ground source heat pump system in climatic conditions of Turkey

In order to contribute to widespread use of RES in Turkey, a solar-assisted ground source heat pump system was modeled using TRNSYS software and simulated for heating and supplying daily hot water to meet the needs of a restaurant in five sample provinces having different climatic conditions. During the simulation, the dining room temperature of the restaurant was kept constant at 22?C during the winter season and a total of 300 Lph of water (55?C) was used for 15 minutes four times a day. According to the simulation results, power consumption rates in the solar-assisted ground source heat pump system were determined as about 60% for the heat pump, 16% for heaters, 14% for the ground pump and 8% for fans and other pumps. The highest power consumption, as expected, was obtained for Hakkari Province (6723 kW) in the Eastern Anatolia region, which has a cold climate, while the lowest power consumption was obtained for Izmir Province (2822 kW) in the Aegean region, which has mild climatic conditions. The lowest seasonal performance factor and solar factor values were calculated as 2.27 and 32% for Hakkari and the highest as 2.71 and 56% for Izmir, respectively.

Effects of different fin parameters on temperature and efficiency for cooling of photovoltaic panels under natural convection

The photovoltaic panels are one of the most efficient energy systems that generate electricity by absorbing the solar radiation. Nevertheless, when the sun's rays are converted to electricity, a high amount of waste heat is generated. Therefore, the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) panels needs to be studied to minimize the amount of waste heat. There is a non-linear relationship between the temperature, the current and the voltage values produced by the PV panels. In the present study, the performance of 75 W PV panels with polycrystalline cell structure under Elazig, Turkey climatic conditions were experimentally investigated. The system performances such as temperature, power and efficiencies were analyzed by applying different fin parameters (length, sequences) to PV panels. The aluminum fins were applied with 10 different configurations as given by A1-A10. The cell temperatures, output powers, power loss ratios and energy-exergy efficiencies were calculated based on measurements of the experimental study. It was observed that the temperature did not distributed homogeneously on the PV panel. In terms of the efficiency, the fins are designed as staggered array and the 7 cm × 20 cm dimensions showed the best results. The highest energy and exergy efficiencies values of the finned panels (A5) were calculated as 11.55%, and 10.91%, respectively.

Environmental control of daily stem radius increment in the montane conifer Cedrus libani

Growth response of conifers is species- specific and depends on site and climate conditions. Studies on daily radial stem growth use different analytical approaches to determine species reactions to environmental conditions. These results contribute to improve forecasts of tree growth under a changing climate. During 2013 and 2014, radial stem growth of 33 mature Cedrus libani individuals growing under different climatic conditions in Turkey and Germany was monitored hourly using high precision point dendrometers. Stem radius increments (SRI) were extracted from dendrometer readings. The annual course of SRI showed site-specific patterns with mean daily values ranging between 9.9 and 29.3 µm over the growing season. Correlation and principal component analyses indicated that humidity and low temperatures during the growing season favored SRI. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that precipitation and relative air humidity were the most important factors influencing daily SRI. Climate-growth relationships were further evaluated using the regression tree method. Precipitation was the most significant factor on daily SRI for all sites. The close coupling of SRI to relative air humidity and precipitation underlines the importance of stem water status for radial stem growth of C. libani which is native to regions with summer drought. It further explains the superior growth of C. libani in Germany.

Dry weight and nutrient uptake of twenty one sweet sorghum genotypes grown in two separate locations of Turkey

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a type of cultivated sorghums and has been recognized widely as potential alternative source of bio-fuel because of its high fermentable sugar content in the stalk. A substantial variation of dry matter (DM) yield and nutrient uptake information is needed for sweet sorghum genotypes under different climatic and soil conditions. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess the genotypic variation irrespective to dry matter yield and nutrient up take of sweet sorghum genotypes (ii) to investigate nitrogen use efficiency of sweet sorghum genotypes. This field study was conducted in Adana and Urfa location of Turkey for one growing season where twenty one sweet sorghum genotypes were used as testing plant that collected from USA. These twenty one genotypes were selected through screening of forty nine genotypes. The experiment was conducted randomized block design with four replications in both locations. Growth parameters, nutrient up take and nitrogen (N) use efficiency was determined for the twenty one sweet sorghum genotypes. Biomass yield exhibited non-significant differences among genotypes. In contrast, significant differences were observed between Adana and Urfa irrespective to biomass yield. The N use efficiency by several sweet genotypes varies from 385 to 836 kg/ha and 282 to 779 kg/ha in Adana and Urfa locations respectively. Sweet sorghum genotypes responded differently to potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) uptake. The K uptake varies 381 to 1472 and 374 to 1405 kg/ha in Adana and Urfa locations respectively. The Ca uptake also varies 115 to 582 and 115 to 424 kg/ha in Adana and Urfa locations respectively. The Mg uptake varies 81 to 300 and 50 to 226 kg/ha in Adana and Urfa locations respectively. Our results suggest that diverse genotypic variation from different geographical regions should be considered from better sweet sorghum production from the collected sweet sorghum varieties. This study concluded that sweet sorghum genotypes may be used to develop new varieties with higher dry matter production and lower nutrient utilization by these genotypes along with the adaptations of several climatic conditions in Turkey.

Essential Oil and Microelement Composition of Thymus citriodorus L. and Lippia citriodora H.B.K.

Abstract Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora H.B.K., Verbenaceae family) is indigenous to South America and cultivated as an aromatic plant in various parts of world. Lemon thyme (Thymus citriodorus L.), Lamiaceae family, is a perennial medicinal plant native to southern Europe and is cultivated in the Mediterranean region. These species are cultivated mainly for the lemon-like aroma emitted from their leaves due to the presence of dimethyl-2,6- octadienal, also known as lemonal or citral, which is used in food and perfumery for its citrus effect. The aim of this study was to determine the mineral content and essential oil components of L. citriodora and T. citriodorus plants grown under semi-arid climatic conditions in Turkey. The aerial parts of lemon thyme and lemon verbena plants were extracted using hydrodistillation. The essential oil composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the microelement contents of the herbs were examined via inductively coupled plasmaoptical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The microelement contents were 0.249, 1.630, 16.41, 0.106, and 13.1-36.2 mg kg-1 for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn), respectively, in lemon thyme, and 0.275, 4.584, 248.1, 15.71, and 1.803 mg kg-1 for Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, and zinc (Zn), respectively, in lemon verbena. Fifty compounds were identified in lemon verbena essential oil, including limonene (30.33%), trans-citral (17%), cis-citral (12.77%), caryophyllene oxide (5.71%), and geraniol acetate (4.02%) that together constituted 99.86% of the oil composition. We also identified 22 compounds constituting approximately 85.11% of lemon thyme essential oil, including transgeraniol (30.07%), trans-citral (15.06%), cis-citral (11.71%), cis-geraniol (7.65%), and 3-octanol (6.18%).

Prevention of icing with ground source heat pipe: A theoretical analysis for Turkey's climatic conditions

The purpose of this study is to explore preventing icing by using the ground as a heat source at the appropriate region. The heat energy that can be transferred from ground to surface with an elbow heat pipe was analyzed. This study's variables are heat pipe diameter (10 to 50mm), evaporator and condenser lengths (1 to 5m), ground temperature (3 to 7°C), air temperature (−2 to −10°C) and wind velocity (3 to 10m/s). It is calculated that the heat that can be transferred from ground changes in direct proportion to ground temperature, heat pipe diameter, and evaporator and condenser lengths. The protection area where the heat pipe can prevent icing depends on the heat transferred from the ground. When the heat pipe diameter is 25mm, air temperature is −8°C, ground temperature is 6°C, wind velocity is 6m/s and if the evaporator and condenser lengths are 1m then the protection area is 2.7m2, if they are 5m then the protection area is 14.2m2. The heat transfer from the ground surface to ambient increases with the increase of wind velocity and also with the decrease of air temperature. This increase of heat transfer decreases the protection area. In conclusion, the ground can be used to prevent icing as an energy source for heat pipes in Turkey's climatic conditions.

Performance analysis of a multi crystalline Si photovoltaic module under Mugla climatic conditions in Turkey

Commercially available, a multi crystalline silicon (mc-Si) photovoltaic (PV) module has been monitored outdoors under Mugla climatic conditions in Turkey. Electricity yield of this module is calculated from the uninterruptible measured current–voltage curves from sunrise to sunset during a year. Calculated electricity yield from the measured plane of array or in-plane (POA) irradiation is compared with the calculated electricity from the manufacturer’s electrical values of the module and the measured electricity from the photovoltaic system consisting 26 mc-Si PV modules from the same manufacturer. Calculated annual energy rating for the PV system is 1415.79kWh/kWp and 1414.18kWh/kWp from the manufacturer data and tested module respectively. The measured energy rating value is 1412.78kWh/kWp. Comparison of results from this study with those obtained from the measurements show that the average difference in monthly electricity values varies between ±12% with an annual average value less than 1% and a performance ratio (PR) of 0.72.