Turkey's Accession Research Articles

АNALYZING THE COPENHAGEN CRITERIA AND REFORMS IN THE CONTEXT OF TURKEY’S ASPIRATION FOR EU MEMBERSHIP

This study provides a scholarly overview of Turkey's political landscape , especially in the context of its aspirations for European Union (EU) membership and its commitment to the Copenhagen Criteria. The article describes the historical trajectory of Turkey's Westernization efforts, dating back to the period of Tanzimat and thereforms of Ataturk. The author emphasizes that EU membership is a strategic imperative for Turkey.The author highlights the path of Turkey's reforms since 2001, paying special attention to significant achievements in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, which are a constant reason for rejecting Turkey's application for membership. However, the author highlig hts the continuing problems, in particular restrictions on freedom of expression and assembly, exacerbated by Turkey's withdrawal from international conventions (Istanbul Convention) protecting marginalized groups, especially women affected by gender-based violenc e . Emphasizing the urgent need to address these issues, this article highlights the path of the Republic of Turkey towards concerted efforts by domestic and international stakeholders to strengthe n democratic principles and protect human rights in a changing political environment. The article presents a scientific discourse aimed at promoting a detailed understanding of the trajectory of Turkey's accession to the EU and its broader implications for democratic governance and huma n rights in the region. For a more detailed study of the issue under study, government reporting documents were used: the Report of the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights andFreedom of the United States and the Report of Turkey on the fulfillment of criteria

Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Eğitim ve GençlikAplikasyonlarına Katılımı Sürecinde Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri Desteğiyle Kültürel ve Akademik Amaçlı Değişim Programlarının İncelenmesi

In the process of social and scientific progress and change recorded since the beginning of human history, the effort to communicate, learn new things and transfer the acquired knowledge from generation to generation stands out as an ongoing dynamic action and effort. The search for what is different and new and change has become a part of human nature.Dec. The desire for change has not been limited to a single area throughout human history, but has made itself felt on many issues. This process extends from the past to the present and has entered the field of interest of more than one area and subject by not focusing on a single area. Communication and informatics are also one of the areas that attract the most attention among these fields. Our era is called an information age, and society is turning into an information society with this change. In this context, learning processes have also been influenced by communication and information technologies to the necessary extent. In the process of Turkey's accession to the European Union, the most important element of integration manifests itself in the field of education. In multidimensional research and investigations, “Erasmus Intensive Language Course (EILC)”, which is carried out within the scope of Higher Education Erasmus Exchange Program with a conceptual and practical perspective on the use of information and communication technologies in terms of Turkey's participation in European Union Education and Youth programs, in other words, “European Language Passport” for “Erasmus Intensive Language Course (EYDC)”, in other words, "European Language Passport", Within the framework of the “Council of Europe Common Criteria for Languages (CEFRL) Learning, Teaching and Evaluation Document” of the “European Language Development File” consisting of “Language Learning History (Language Biography)” and “European Language Achievement and Experience File”, tools such as web-based self-assessment (diagnostic) tools have been created for Turkish taught as a foreign language based on the “Swiss Self-Assessment Checklist Can Do Statements” and e-course applications have been prepared for reading, listening and writing skills it is seen. Key Words: European Union, Exchange Programs, Education and Youth Applications

Turkey and Non-Membership of the European Union: Issues, Prospects, and Challenges

This paper on "Turkey and Non-membership of the European Union" explores the issues, prospects, and challenges that seem intractable in Turkey's accession to European Union (EU). The paper adopted secondary sources (books, journal articles, internet materials, dailies, monographs, etc.) for data collection. The findings were analyzed using content analysis while anchoring on the integration theory, which served as its theoretical framework of analysis. It was discovered that religion and cultural identity, weak economy, demographic nature, and other reasons constitute the principal challenges impeding Turkey's membership application into the EU. The paper also revealed that Turkey is a member of NATO and its geographical location and military strength appears to favour NATO's interest in the Middle East. Nevertheless, her illegal occupation of Northern Cyprus has strongly complicated negotiations for her membership in the EU. Findings revealed further that the uncontrollable and controversial issues had negatively impacted Turkey and the European Union in areas like political, security, economic, social, and humanitarian needs of the people. Therefore, this study regrettably observed that the relationship between Turkey and the EU appears to remain a distant prospect in the unknown future. This is why the paper recommends that the EU should adopt the modernisation of Ankara's agreement and a gradual integration model as a mechanism to enhance a better working relationship with Turkey even if both parties later fail to marry together.

Legal bases of Ukraine’s European integration

The purpose of the article is to analyze trends in the development of legal support for Ukraine's European integration. In essence, the Association Agreement with Ukraine differs from the Association Agreements, signed by the European Union in the early 1990s with Central European countries, preparing to join the EU, or with the Middle East, North Africa and Latin America, which do not have any chances of joining the EU. The coordination of the issues of European integration of Ukraine depends on the effectiveness of the mechanisms of functioning of the legal institution of society as an apparatus, organized by society and responsible for the formation, observance and implementation of legal relations of legal entities. The legal order of the European Union does not provide for a special accession procedure. In June 1993, the Copenhagen membership criteria were developed, covering the candidate country's ability to have a functioning liberal democratic political system, to introduce European law into national law, and to have an economy capable of competing in the EU Common Market. The European Union set a precedent for the admission of a state with an unresolved territorial conflict when it accepted the Greek part of Cyprus on 1 May 2004. Outside the EU, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus remains recognized only by Turkey. This problem remains unresolved and is hampering constructive negotiations on Turkey's accession to the European Union. Therefore, the issue of recognizing Ukraine as a candidate for EU membership has a broad geopolitical context. Ukraine is working with the European Commission to agree on the procedure for negotiating accession to the European Union. The European Union has different strategies for negotiating the accession of new countries

БАЛКАНСЬКІ ІНТЕГРАЦІЙНІ ПРОЄКТИ: ІСТОРІЯ І СУЧАСНІСТЬ

The aim of the article is to highlight the attempts of Balkan regional integration in the twentieth century and early XXI century. The Balkan region occupies a special place in European history. Various civilization influences intersect in the Balkans, and trade routes from Europe to the Middle East have traditionally passed. The uneven historical development of the Balkan peoples has led to the severity of the formation of nation-states and the dominance of conflicting internal regional and external interests in the Balkans. The conflict potential of Balkan history was due to the clash of ideas of "great" state formations in the form of "Greater Serbia", "Greater Albania", "Greater Serbia", "Greater Macedonia". An attempt to resolve these contradictions on an international basis was an attempt to implement the Yugoslav project. This project had two different implementation attempts. After the First World War, Yugoslavism was embodied in the format of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. After the Second World War, a more successful attempt at international integration was made in the form of Yugoslav federalism. However, exogenous processes have overturned the achievements of endogenous regional integration. The implementation of the European integration project of the Balkan countries depends on the readiness of the European Union to accept them and on the readiness of the Balkan countries to become part of the European Union. The European integration of the Balkan countries raises the question of the borders of the European Union. Turkey remains on the verge of civilization influences. Turkey's accession to the European Union is of strategic global importance. The qualitative characteristics of the European Union depend on the solution of this issue. The EU does not synchronize the accession process of the Balkan countries with the negotiation process with Turkey. It is impossible to do that, because Turkey is more than all the six Balkan countries that emerged after the breakup of Yugoslavia.

Opening the Black Box: The Turkish Military Before and After 15 July 2016

Opening the Black Box: The Turkish Military Before and After 15 July 2016

Contemporary Turkish-French Rivalry in Libya

The research represents a real attempt to show the contemporary competition and conflict that erupted between countries to control the countries that affected by The Arab Spring. Especially the oil-rich, including Libya, which has a distinguished geographical location, so this is what made France and Turkey engage in a political adventure, an economic competition, and an attempt to establish influence in Libya. The State of Libya was completely destroyed in order to control its oil, which is targeted by Western countries and their oil companies. The Turkish government tried to exploit its Islamic identity to influence the emotions of the Libyan parties and provided support for them. Then, it made an agreement with the Libyan government headed by Fayez al-Sarraj to demarcate the maritime borders, which gave it space to pressure against its opponents in the Mediterranean, after its negotiations to join the European Union failed due to France's refusal to join. The research was divided into five parts, the first dealt with contemporary Turkish-French relations, while the second one dealt with Turkey's position on the French intervention in Libya in 2011. The third one showed France's position on Turkey's accession to the European Union. The fourth one clarified the Turkish-French relations after the 2011 Libyan crisis. The fifth one included the contemporary French strategy in Libya, and finally the sixth one revolved around the impact of the Turkish-French competition on Libya. Keywords: crisis, oil, Libya, Turkey, competition, France.

AB’nin Açık Bilimi: Türkiye’nin İnovasyon Potansiyeli İçin Yükselen Bir Güç

The concept of open science includes the development of studies by researchers around the world and serves open access to the scientific world. These studies contribute greatly to researchers, institutions, and thus to the progress of science. The contribution of the European Union to open science gives great support to the R & D and innovation projects offered worldwide, and the project calls for the European Union Project Program by the European Commission are among the major actors in this field. Turkey's EU efforts to integrate research and innovation potential is increasing in the last 5 years. These studies indicate that Turkey's accession to the European Union Project is ongoing with the announcement of the program, including the academies and scientific perspective through national spots. European Union Project programs; HORIZON2020, ERA-NET, EUREKA show a great contribution rate of significant importance worldwide. This article confronts us relatively unrecognized value of the research findings with Turkey 2019 data is taken into account statistics of Turkey's contribution by 27.5% to research programs and joint international number of scientific publications by 5.2%. Only 33.5% of these academic publications are cited in foreign publications. Moreover, the fact that 24.1% of doctoral students and less than 17% of private sector are foreigners provide insufficiency of the innovative contribution of these statistics to the open science of the European Union. Following these data, the success rate from the EU project programs to H2020 shows a limited number of national applications made with the statistics obtained; By the end of 2019, 781 institutions across Turkey, with a total number of 588 projects deemed worthy to receive a grant in the amount of EUR 167.6 million has already received grants. This ratio is mostly composed of private sector and universities. This statistical ratio indicates that Turkey's EU contribution to the study of innovation Artilleria greatly needed. Increasing the employment of experts and foreign languages who will be offered as a solution and close monitoring of eu project programs can be listed among the target solutions.

An empirical analysis of the sustainability of meeting the convergence criteria for Turkey's accession to the European Monetary System

This paper compares Turkey against three other European Union countries, namely Germany, France and Italy in terms of the convergence criteria of the Maastricht Treaty and the Stability and Growth Pact for the potential acceptance of Turkey into the European Monetary System with single currency euro. The paper uses quantitative empirical analysis using macroeconomic data for the period 1999-2016 for all the three countries to compare and analyse the conditions of convergence between them. Results show convergence of EU countries in most criteria of the Maastricht Treaty and the Growth and Stability Pact during 1995-1999, prior to the creation of the European Union. During 1999-2005, Turkey exhibited convergence in all criteria except exchange rates, inflation rates and interest rates - during 2005-2016 it lacked convergence in areas of exchange rates, inflation rates and interest rates, again demonstrating that the country was not ready for economic integration with EU. This study attempts to consider the sustainability of Turkey's accession into the single currency European Monetary System using economic and monetary criteria only. The results from this research could throw insights into the macroeconomic and financial viability of the potential entry of Turkey into the single currency eurozone from policy perspective.

An empirical analysis of the sustainability of meeting the convergence criteria for Turkey's accession to the European Monetary System

An empirical analysis of the sustainability of meeting the convergence criteria for Turkey's accession to the European Monetary System

Turkey's Hegemonic Legacies and EU Accession Bid

The current paper focuses on Turkey’s EU accession bid in the light of Ahmet Davutoğlu’s thoughts for her positioning in the peripheral and the international systems. The importance of analyzing the former Prime Minister’s thoughts and methodology is high for anybody to understand Turkey’s strategic aims and their consequences for the systemic stability mainly on the regional level. Moreover, the afore-mentioned debate refers to the problematique of the future of the EU, the transformation of its nature and the core issues surrounding the post-war stability in Europe, since Turkey is a candidate country for EU accession. In other words, the nature of Ahmet Davutoğlu’s foreign policy priorities and practices is described in parallel with the substance of the cosmotheoretical values having led Europe to a relatively peaceful post-war coexistence of its nations.

Understanding Ever-Changing Dynamics in Turkish-EU Relations during the AK Party Era (2002-2018)

Since the 1960s, Turkey-European Union relations and Turkey's accession process has followed a bumpy road. Brussel’s impositions and Ankara's reluctance to implement EU’s fundamental reforms have been the main determinant of Turkey's relations with the EU. However, this situation changed drastically with the AK Party coming to power in 2002 as the necessary reforms to fulfill the Copenhagen criteria were carried out at an unprecedented pace. Nevertheless, even after 17 years, despite the positive developments that occurred during the AK Party rule, Turkey is still not a member of the EU. This article argues that this situation is the result of the changing dynamics at both the local and international level. In this context, the study examines the accession process during the AK Party by separating in three different phases: 2002-2005 period when the relations improved, 2005-2013 period when the relations became stagnant, and finally 2013-2017 period when the relations were broken. This article contends that the changes in political dynamics in Turkey and Europe followed by the changes in the international balance of power have a direct impact in the fluctuations that occurred during these three phases. As a result, it is important that we analyze these factors in order to understand the Turkey-EU relations.

The Kurds of Turkey: National, Religious and Economic Identities

The Kurds of Turkey: National, Religious and Economic Identities

Turkish -European motives of the agreement of Turkey to the European Union: The most important difficulties faced.

This research aims to identify the most important motivations Turkish-European mutual in Turkey's accession to the EU, as the Turkish rush to go to join the European Union was the product of a number of motives, including what was a political, economic or security, as they find in the European Union, key to resolve most of the problems experienced by. Moreover, the EU interest in oil issues, stability, human rights and democracy, particularly in the Middle East and Central Asia region, And that the causes of instability spring from these areas also, as well as Russia's policy in the nearby areas and seeks to restore its status as a superpower in the region after the collapse of the Soviet Union, all of this points to the importance of Turkey for the EU, and nevertheless, Turkey and the European Union show that they are two things far apart they are moving away from each other, so the presence of a group cannot be ignored from the difficulties that may prevent the entry of Turkey into the European Union, at least in the foreseeable future.

UPAYA PEMERINTAH TURKI UNTUK BERGABUNG DENGAN UNI EROPA

The European Union is an inter-governmental organization whose members are European countries. Since July 1, 2013 already has 28 member countries, many countries of the European region who want to join the European Union, one of which is Turkish, the extent to which the Turkish government's efforts to join the European Union? This study aims to determine the extent of the Turkish Government Efforts To Join The European Union (2004-2008). To be able to Turkey joining the European Union must meet the Copenhagen criteria which consists of the political criteria, economic and acquis, Turkey must conform to all the regulations of the European Union so researchers try to analyze from the effort, constraints, and prospects for Turkey to join the European Union. This type of research is a qualitative research method used is descriptive analysis techniques. aims to describe the facts related to the problem under study. Most of the data that is collected through library research, online data retrieval, and documentation, data were then analyzed with a theoretical approach to dealing with International Relations. The results showed that the Turkish government has made progress in meeting the criteria candidates are awarded by the European Union, Turkey showed promising economic growth, recorded during the year 2004-2008 Turkish economic growth averaged 7%. Turkey managed to adopt new chapters in the Acquis criteria, although there are many other chapters that have not adapted to the European Union, in the political aspects of the Turkish government has been working hard to solve the problem of ham with the Kurds, Armenia and Cyprus, but in line with the efforts that have been The Turkish government in its application, there are still many obstacles that eventually make Turkey's accession to EU membership back hampered..

Review of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Turkey with a Particular Focus on Recycling of Plastics

Although there is an established regulatory programme for recycling of solid wastes in developed countries, improper disposal methods are still broadly adapted in developing countries. Turkey, as an economically developing country, has a number of open dumps in operation. This creates a great risk for the environment and also for human health. However, Turkey's accession to European Union requires compliance with the European Union legislation and therefore there is currently an increasing pressure on the government authorities to develop a sustainable approach to recycling (particularly focusing on plastics) and composting activities and integrate strategies aiming at pursuing sustainable society in Turkey. In this respect, the aim of this paper is to (1) provide a review of existing situation related to municipal waste management system in Turkey and (2) identify the gaps and weaknesses of the system particularly focusing on recycling of plastics. This will aid Turkish cities to form their waste management strategy by promoting recycling activities and also developing countries which are dealing with the similar problems in their waste management mechanism.

Book Review: The Fall of the Turkish Model: How the Arab Uprising Brought Down Islamic Liberalism by Cihan Tuğal

Cihan Tugal The Fall of the Turkish Model: How the Arab Uprising Brought Down Islamic Liberalism, London: Verso, 2016; 304 pp.: ISBN 1784783323, 19.99 [pounds sterling] In November 2016, the European Union (EU) Parliament voted to suspend talks with Turkey on its bid for membership of the EU, highlighting the deterioration of human rights and the whittling away of democratic norms under President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's rule. This development almost certainly puts an end to Turkey's accession to the EU as the model country of Islamic liberalism, building a bridge between the East and the West. However, as Ece Temelkuran fittingly argues in her review of Cihan Tugal's book The Fall of the Turkish Model, the EU's agreement with Turkey on the blocking of Syrian refugees had already heralded the collapse of this bridge, and the rise of a wall (Temelkuran 2016). The Fall of the Turkish Model is a well-written and well-researched book offering an alternative reading of Turkey's claim to Islamic liberalism as a model for other Islamic countries to emulate. With its accessible language, the book clearly aims at a broader readership beyond academic circles. The book is focused on the historical development of the Turkish model and how it has been marketed to and perceived in Iran, Egypt and Tunisia. The first three chapters of the book outline the old secular regimes in these countries and demonstrate how various social forces were positioned before their respective Islamic passive revolutions took place, defined by the Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci as processes of 'restoration-revolution'. The relationship between class forces and Islamic movements is well explained in these chapters. The political liberalisation of Islam and its later articulation with neoliberal doctrine is historically and comparatively analysed in Chapters 2 and 3. Following on from this in Chapters 4-6, the author explores precisely what went wrong with the Arab dictatorships that led to the regime crises and the popular uprisings of 2011, but also, ironically, what went wrong with the Turkish model of democratic-authoritarianism leading to the political crisis of 2013. The irony here is, of course, that the Turkish model had long been suggested to Islamic movements in the Middle East as an example of how Islam can be compatible with liberalism and democracy. The marketing of the Turkish model was not only directed towards the West; it was also promoted within the Middle East. This part of the book skilfully questions the dynamics of these uprisings and in particular the role of the new middle classes within late capitalism--as key factors in these revolts based upon an analysis of the strengths and limitations of 'middle-class' revolts. The book finally concludes with its main argument that today's responses to the old regimes connect the dots between disparate events, rising social forces and institutions in history. Tugal disagrees with the orthodox claim that Turkey represents a model for other Islamic countries with its unique form of Islamic liberalism and refutes any suggestion that what went wrong in Turkey is limited to the AKP's (Justice and Development Party) or more directly to Erdogan's arrogance and authoritarian inclinations. He rather puts the very concept of 'Islamic liberalism' under the spotlight and questions the limits of Islamic liberalism through a political society-based explanation. By doing so, he is able to evaluate the claims to both 'justice' and development' in the AKP's rule. However, there are certain problems in the application of this concept of political society, which is taken from Gramsci's Prison Notebooks, to refer to the state in its strict sense. This concept of political society is always used by Gramsci in a dialectical relationship with civil society, in order to conceptualise the integral state. For Gramsci, the integral '[s]tate = political society + civil society, in other words hegemony protected by the armour of coercion' (Gramsci 1971: 263). …

Czech Public Opinion on Turkey's Accession to the EU: An Analysis through the Lenses of Sociological and Discursive Institutionalism*

While Turkey lacks significant levels of public support from the Czech Republic in its EU bid, the existing studies of European public opinion on the question of Turkey do not bring any reasonable explanation as to why this can be so. To shed light on this problem, this article offers an analytical framework derived from sociological and discursive institutionalism. First, it shows that the historical/cultural context in the Czech Republic has created an informal institution built around the norms of “othering” Muslim societies like Turkey (sociological institutionalism). Second, based on the media coverage of selected political issues from Turkey between 2005 and 2010, it argues that this institution both enables and constrains the “discursive ability” of the media in communicating these issues to its audience (discursive institutionalism). Since the media—as a political actor—mostly acts to maintain this institution and does not critically debate it, the public opinion of Turkey as the “cultural other” remains as a dominant perception. The official support of the political elite for Turkey's accession to the EU does not countervail the media influence, as this support is often not conveyed to the Czech public agenda.

The paradox of protection: Human rights, the masculinist state, and the moral economy of gratitude in Turkey

Human rights are among the most-cited criteria for Turkey's accession to the European Union. Focusing on how women's and children's rights figure in governmental reform programs, I explore the institutionalization of rights-bearing subjects in the Turkish official realm. Portrayals of women and children as innocent, depoliticized victims in need of protection and care are meant to persuade state officials to prosecute domestic violence, honor killings, and child abuse. However, this approach narrows the category of rights bearers by excluding groups who do not conform to the image of the helpless victim. Representations of women and children as domesticated rights bearers also consolidate the Turkish state as the locus of “masculinist protection,” reinforcing a moral economy that requires, in return, the grateful obedience of the protected.

Turkey's membership bid to the European Union

This paper presents a brief overview of the EU accession process and Turkey's path to EU membership. The aim of the study is to provide a status report on Turkey's accession negotiations. The researcher here asks some questions to shed light on this case, which is still pending. We have looked into the significant reasons for Turkey to seek joining the European Union, the causes of the repeated refusal of the European Union, the internal Turkish reaction, the external alternatives that the Turkish side has resorted to and the future of Turkey's EU membership bid.