Turbo Pascal Research Articles

Computerised Telephone Billing System

The need for effective and efficient telephone billing system in Nigerian telecommunication industries is increasing everyday as a result of the match towards technological advancement. As such, this study tried to investigate the existing telephone billing system used in the various telecommunication industries in Nigeria with a view to improving on them. To accomplish this, the researcher developed comparative analysis for five telecommunication industries in Nigeria. Etisalat Network was chosen as a case study because it is the network that has the best quality of service and has lowest customer tariff with an effective and responsive customer care unit. Interestingly, the billing system of Etisalat network was discovered to have some shortcomings such as customer name, town name and town code. All these parameters are not displayed in the bill after calls. This research has therefore made an attempt to incorporate the three parameters which did not exist in the Etisalat call summary receipt. This task was achieved using Software Engineering Approach and the Program Source Code was developed using Turbo Pascal version 6.0.

Electro-Reduction of Dialkyl-2,4,5,7-Tetranitrofluorene-9,9-Dipropionates: Simulation

Simulations of cyclic voltammograms of 9,9-bis(alkylpropionate)-2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenes in N,N-dimethylformamide, using 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte at a mercury-bead cathode, from literature (1), were carried out. Both cathodic and anodic peaks were analyzed using two shareware programs CVSIM and ESP 2.4. CVSIM program written in Turbo Pascal was run using Turbo Pascal free downloaded from web. The ESP 2.4 written in DOS was run using DOS. All the simulations were executed on a PC Pentium IV. Our simulations are consistent with an Electrochemical-Electrochemical (EE) type pathway for compound A and Electrochemical-Electrochemical-Chemical (EEC) mechanism for compound B.

Numerical simulation of solar cells based on III–V nitride compounds

In this paper, we developed a numerical calculation program, using Turbo Pascal, to determine the current–voltage characteristics of a \(\hbox {N}^{+}\hbox {P}\) solar cells in order to find the main parameters influencing the conversion efficiency. We adopted a one-dimensional numerical model for the resolution of the three semiconductor equations, which are: the Poisson’s equation and the two continuity equations of electrons and holes. Our system of equations is written in term of \(\varphi ,\, \varphi _{n}\), and \(\varphi _{p}\), and it’s resolved using the finite difference method. This code enables us to draw the current density versus the voltage for different layer thicknesses, the conversion efficiency versus the minority carrier life time and the spectral response versus the wavelength. In order to compare the conversion efficiency of two different solar cells, we simulated a solar cell based on III–V nitride compounds \((\hbox {In}_\mathrm{x}\hbox {Ga}_{1-\mathrm{x}}\hbox {N})\) and a monocrystalline silicon solar cell.

Book Review: The Gregorian Calendar Reform: Die Gregorianische Kalenderreform von 1582: Korrektur der christlichen Zeitrechnung in der Frühen Neuzeit

THE GREGORIAN CALENDAR REFORM Die Gregorianische Kalenderreform von 1582: Korrektur der christlichen Zeitrechnung in der Fruhen Neuzeit. Dirk Steinmetz (Verlag Dirk Steinmetz, Offersheim, 2011). Pp. 502. euro65. ISBN 978-3-943051-00-1.Since the seminal studies of Schmid and especially Kaltenbrunner towards the end of the nineteenth century, the Gregorian calendar reform has generally received little attention. A noteworthy exception is the proceedings of the Vatican conference commemorating the 400th anniversary of the event in 1982, which, however, is not widely available. This lack of interest is the more surprising, since the calendar reform had serious cultural, political, religious, and social implications, many of which remain to be thoroughly investigated.Dirk Steinmetz's monumental Heidelberg Ph.D. dissertation is therefore a very welcome publication, one that will hopefully stimulate renewed interest in what must be considered as one of the most important cultural events of the early modern period. It seeks to survey the Gregorian calendar reform, covering its mathematicalastronomical, political, theological, and cultural aspects. It starts with a brief outline of the history of the calendar before the reform and a basic description of its most relevant features (pp. 22-71). It then discusses all texts relevant to the reform proper and its immediate reception in Europe (pp. 72-360), Protestant struggles to come to terms with it and their attempts to provide alternatives up to the nineteenth century (pp 361-414), as well as later attempts at reform (pp. 415-24). At the end, we find a glossary (pp. 427-33), miscellaneous tabular materials (pp. 434-59), a computer program for calculating Easter (pp. 459-65), a list of territories and the dates of their introduction of the Gregorian calendar (pp. 466-70), a graphical illustration of the relation between selected texts (pp. 470-1), and finally common lists of illustrations, abbreviations, and bibliography (pp. 472-502). There are no indices.The foreword states that this handsome production is written for the novice as well as the scholar. However, novices not trained in other languages may find it difficult to follow the argument, as the extensively cited sources appear only in the original, primarily Latin and Italian. Also, why provide a computer program in outdated Turbo Pascal, when excellent calculators and converters of Easter dates and calendrical features are readily available on the web (e.g., the extremely useful www.nabkal.de)? References to such online tools surely would have been more welcomed by novices.For the scholar, the strongest part of the book is the core, dealing with the Gregorian calendar reform proper and the immediate reactions caused by it. Here, Steinmetz presents a wealth of material, conveniently Usted in two excellent tables (pp. 99-105, 348-60). Most noteworthy is his identification of previously unknown copies of the Compendium novae rationis restituendi Kalendarium, one of which (Rome, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, 71.2.D.35) is Clavius's own copy. The general perspective on this material is principally that of the historian of science, although some interesting cultural aspects such as logistical problems of introducing the reform in Spain (pp. 133-8) are noted. In the end, Steinmetz only scratches the surface of the many fascinating aspects of the Gregorian calendar reform, its preparation and implementation, and it can only be hoped, as the author stresses himself (p. 15), that cultural, social, political, ecclesiastical, and intellectual historians will dig deeper.Beyond this core period, Steinmetz is less at home, due principally to his tendency not to consult the original sources and to rely on outdated general literature. Thus, certain important sources and details are overlooked, others are described misleadingly or are simply wrong. A few examples may serve to illustrate this, as we turn first to the reception of the Gregorian calendar and other attempts of reform triggered by it. …

Design and Implementation of a Radial Magnetic Bearing With Permanent Magnet Bias

A new yoke winding for a radial magnetic bearing with permanent magnet bias flux is investigated and shown to reduce the copper loss and copper cost, by 32% in the prototype built. Magnetic circuit analysis neglecting fringing was found to give a poor estimate of the permanent magnet bias flux and 3D finite element analysis (FEA) would be needed to model it. However, 2D FEA was sufficient to model the magnetic field and force in the plane of the stator laminations, providing that the correct bias flux was imposed as a boundary condition. Solutions for the axial magnetic vector potential component Az were obtained, with a discontinuity prescribed across a cut from the inner to outer domain boundary. A small prototype was built and tested on a shaft whose other end was supported by a ball bearing race with free angular movement. For each of the horizontal and vertical directions, closed loop control was applied with Hall elements providing the shaft position signal. A lead-lag controller, designed using Matlab Simulink and implemented in Turbo Pascal 6, levitated the rotor.

Design & Development of a New and Efficient Approach for Line Text Editing in Turbo Pascal 5.5 for Windows/Netware/MS-DOS*

Text editors come in the forms viz. Line editors, Stream editors, Screen editors, Word processors, Structure editors, etc. There are many text editors provided with Windows viz. Notepad, WordPad, Microsoft Office Word, etc. The MS-DOS editors viz. EDLIN and EDIT also work in Windows. MS-DOS had very good word processors viz. Word Star, Word Perfect, etc. All the editors which work in MS-DOS, also work in the Novell’s Netware OS as well. But none of the above editors is interactive. The process of entering the programs/text shall be greatly enhanced, for the newcomers, if the editor is an interactive one. This paper gives the design & development of a new and efficient approach for line text editing, the most basic and fundamental editing, in Turbo Pascal 5.5 for Windows/Netware/MS-DOS OS. It is proposed to give a new, interactive, and more user friendly approach to line text editing for document / non document (program) files using singly- linked lists. A menu driven program is designed and developed which works like an IDE, Integrated Development Environment, available in most of the programming languages viz. Turbo C, Turbo Pascal, etc . The program displays all the options and once a user chooses a particular option, he is prompted further interactively. The program is fully tested on Windows XP, with total RAM = 256 MB and shall work efficiently on Novell’s Netware and MS-DOS as well. This research work has, in all, twenty eight options and is academically (not available in any book) very useful for the Computer Science & Engineering and Information Technology disciplines.

Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system

Sisvar is a statistical analysis system, first released in 1996 although its development began in 1994. The first version was done in the programming language Pascal and compiled with Borland Turbo Pascal 3. Sisvar was developed to achieve some specific goals. The first objective was to obtain software that could be used directly on the statistical experimental course of the Department of Exact Science at the Federal University of Lavras. The second objective was to initiate the development of a genuinely Brazilian free software program that met the demands and peculiarities of research conducted in the country. The third goal was to present statistical analysis software for the Brazilian scientific community that would allow research results to be analyzed efficiently and reliably. All of the initial goals were achieved. Sisvar gained acceptance by the scientific community because it provides reliable, accurate, precise, simple and robust results, and allows users a greater degree of interactivity.

The probability of finding nerve branches to the external anal sphincter

Normal defecation is a combination of several elements of reflex and voluntary functions. The issue of external anal sphincter innervation is of theoretical and clinical significance; however, literature on the subject is still scarce. Most study reports discuss the course of the pudendal nerve with no close insight into inferior rectal nerves supply to the external anal sphincter. We have not found any statistical "mapping" of the site of the nerve branches insertion into the external anal sphincter. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to determine the least and most typical location of nerve branches to the external anal sphincter. One hundred and ten pudendal nerve preparations were analysed. Following the dissection of the pudendal nerve and its branches, a beam compass was used to take linear measurements from the apex of the coccygeal bone to the point of nerve branch insertion to the external anal sphincter. The distance between coccygeal bone apex and the central tendon of the perineum was also measured. For the purpose of comparison, results are presented as relative Bi/A values. Computer programmes devised by the author of this paper within Turbo Pascal were then used to determine the probability of finding nerve branches to the external anal sphincter. Based on the analysis of 110 preparations of the pudendal nerve and its branches, one might conclude that the former was the main although not necessarily the only source of external anal sphincter innervation. While analysing the most and the least probable location of nerve branches to the external anal sphincter, the muscle length was expressed as percentage, i.e., 0% of sphincter length = the apex of the coccygeal bone; 100% of sphincter length = the central tendon of the perineum. The length was then divided into 5% intervals with the probability of finding nerve branches determined by programmes written in Pascal. Within 30-85% of external anal sphincter length, the probability of finding nerve branches to the external anal sphincter is greater than 0.3 with peak probability of 0.68 in the interval between 55 and 65%. Sphincter innervation and clinicoanatomical function of anal canal closure apparatus has been discussed with reference to external anal sphincter injury. Transcutaneous electrostimulation of the pudendal nerve and the use of anal canal electrodes have also been mentioned. The most probable location of nerve branches to the external anal sphincter is half way of its length, i.e., at hour 3 or 9 of the knee-elbow position or lithotomy position. The external anal sphincter can also be directly supplied by nerve branches originating from the sacral nerve root S4; the branches then go towards the posterior part of the sphincter.

Paleostress states at the south-western margin of the Central European Basin System — Application of fault-slip analysis to unravel a polyphase deformation pattern

We analyse the deformation pattern along the south-western margin of the Central European Basin System (CEBS) where Upper Carboniferous–Mesozoic rocks are uplifted due to the Late Cretaceous basin inversion. The geometry of mesoscale faults and associated striae are used to calculate the stress state(s) responsible for the observed deformation. Each reduced stress tensor obtained comprises (i) the directions of the principal stress axes σ 1, σ 2, and σ 3 ( σ 1 ≥ σ 2 ≥ σ 3) and (ii) the ratio of principal stress differences R = ( σ 2 − σ 3) / ( σ 1 − σ 3). We present a stress inversion technique that allows each stress state inherent in a heterogeneous fault population to be identified by integrating the results of the PBT-Method [Turner, F.J., 1953. Nature and dynamic interpretation of deformation lamellae in calcite of three marbles. American Journal of Sciences, 251(4): 276–298; Sperner, B., Ratschbacher, L. and Ott, R., 1993. Fault-striae analysis: a Turbo Pascal program package for graphical presentation and reduced stress tensor calculation. Computers & Geosciences, 19: 1361–1388] and the Multiple Inverse Method [Yamaji, A., 2000. The multiple inverse method; a new technique to separate stresses from heterogeneous fault-slip data. Journal of Structural Geology, 22(4): 441–452]. This comprehensive approach not only facilitates the separation of complex data sets into homogeneous subsets but also guarantees that each stress state derived fulfils both the criteria of low-misfit angles (Wallace–Bott hypothesis) and high shear-to-normal-stress ratios (Mohr–Coulomb criterion). The reliability of our technique is confirmed by the fact that irrespective of (i) the number of fault-slip data from an outcrop, (ii) the number of subsets they represent and (iii) the proportion of newly formed and reactivated faults, we obtain consistent results from outcrops of variously aged rocks. This consistency concerns both calculated stress states as well as locally observed deformation sequences. Such local chronologies are derived from cross-cutting relationships and superimposition of different fault-slip data which individually are assigned to a consistent stress state. A synthesis of results from different locations of the study area argues for the superposition of two main deformation events. Most prominently, the area was affected by a stress state with a horizontal N–S- to NE–SW-directed maximum compression ( σ 1) and a low stress ratio which induced reverse and strike-slip faulting. A pure strike-slip regime of E–W- to NW–SE-directed compression with moderate stress ratios is less prevalent and probably younger. The age of the youngest rocks documenting these two phases proves the stress fields to correspond to the polyphase Late Cretaceous–Tertiary basin inversion of the CEBS during post-Cenomanian times. The youngest tectonic imprints detected in the study area correspond to locally appearing extensional stress states with varying directions of σ 3. At many sites, the youngest derived paleostress state coincides with the present-day stress field in terms of the direction of the maximum horizontal stress axis, S Hmax. The only stress state detected which pre-dates the basin inversion corresponds to an extensional regime with an WNW-ESE- to NW–SE-directed σ 3-axis observed only locally in the N–S striking Leine Graben and its prolongation to the North. The fact that the majority of variously aged rocks exhibit only the traces of the latest deformation phases indicates a high degree of fault plane reactivation in the study area.

Analysis of the effect of sodium on the physical properties of an oxide-coated cathode

A method for computer simulation of atomic sodium adsorption, desorption, and diffusion in an oxide-coated cathode is proposed. The problems are solved with TURBO PASCAL codes. The results of the in situ experiment are compared with the results of the computer simulation. The comparison confirms the vacancy mechanism of the diffusion.

Vietovardžių apibendrintų skiemens modelių statistinė analizė

The article deals with the syllable structure of toponyms and with the general regularities of the syllable phonotactics. The experiment has been carried out using the original software SKIEMUO. PAS. (the programming language Turbo Pascal. 7), developed by A. Girdenis. The results obtained can be summarised as follows: toponyms account for 22 generalised structures; the CV type syllable structure is the most productive; vowel syllables prevail; open covered asymmetrical syllables are more common than others; polynomial consonant clusters in toponyms are rare; toponyms are polysyllabic words; their average length is 3.128 syllables.

What makes UX successful from the executive perspective?

Mark Vershel served as vice president and general manager for Borland, an application lifecycle management company. Mark oversaw user experience during the period when a number of groundbreaking products from a user interface perspective---exemplified by Turbo Pascal, Borland C++, Quattro Pro and Paradox---were introduced into the consumer and developer software markets.

Analysis of Spray Aid's residue curve for timing fungicide applications for grey leaf spot on maize

Maize grey leaf spot is still a problem in commercial maize production, although the effect has been reduced with the widespread use of resistant varieties. It is estimated that, with a yield reduction of 1 %, annual economic losses of R5.6 million for maize producers in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) are possible (based on the current average price of R1 332.871−1 and KZN producing approximately 422 0001 per annum). SprayAid, a model for the timing of fungicide applications to control maize grey leaf spot, was developed between 1992 and 1994 in Turbo Pascal. It was re-written in Delphi as a 32-bit application (SprayAid32) and changes were made to allow multiple scenarios to be simulated. However, differences between predicted and observed severity of disease in the 1998/99 and 1999/00 seasons were noted. Through a sensitivity analysis, the residue coefficient curve was evaluated to determine the cause of the apparent model bias. It was found that the original equation to describe the curve (power fit model) performed better than the equation found with CurveExpert 1.3. A feedback mechanism is proposed to eliminate the bias in the model.

A Turbo Pascal 7.0 program to fit a polynomial of any order to potential field anomalies based on the analytic least squares method

An anomaly separation program for gravity (or magnetic) data in prospecting domain is presented. It can be applied to the gravity or magnetic anomaly separation of degree up to three and allows the management of up to 1200 data. Its implementation requires a Turbo Pascal surrounding through a TP7 list on the main root of the computer. The results obtained after execution of the program can be displayed, printed or stocked in a data file. In order to test the program, we have compared our results with those obtained from a Fortran program written by Radhakrisha and Krishnamacharyulu (1990) using the least squares method. The advantage of using our program is that a great number of data can be handled even for a local study, the execution is rapid and the accuracy is greatly improved upon. African Journal of Science and Technology Vol.4(2) 2003: 1-4

BIFURCATION AND CHAOS IN A COMPLEX MODEL OF DISSIPATIVE MEDIUM

In this paper, we carefully reexamine the chaotic RF model, first studied by Rabinovich and Fabrikant [1979], and have found many new and rich complex dynamics of the model that were mostly not reported before. The chaotic RF model has proved to be a great challenge to classical numerical methods, in the sense that most classical numerical methods have not been very successful in the study of complex dynamics of this special RF model. Therefore, in this paper, we present and apply a special numerical method, the Local Iterative Linearization (LIL) method, along with a special Turbo Pascal code based on this accurate LIL algorithm, for a careful numerical study of this complex RF model. Many interesting new findings are summarized and reported in this paper.

Statistical Analysis of Differential Potentiometric Precipitation Titration Data for a Mixture of Three Heterovalent Ions Using Linear Characteristics

A computer-based method is proposed for data processing in the successive potentiometric precipitation titration of a three-component mixture of differently charged ions. It is based on a piecewise transformation of the titration curve into linear regression characteristics, the parameters of which determine the successive equivalence points and the solubility products of the precipitates formed in the course of titration to the accuracy of least-squares estimates. To implement the calculation algorithm, a DIFTITR2 program written in Turbo Pascal was developed. The method was tested on the titration of an artificial solution containing a mixture of Cd(II), Hg(II), and Te(IV) with diethyldithiocarbamate, using a chalcogenide Cd-selective or a glassy-carbon indicator electrode, and was used for the analysis of the main components in a semiconductor material, namely, a solid solution of mercury and cadmium tellurides. For concentrations of test ions in the model solution from 7.5 × 10–3 to 3 × 10–4 M, the RSD value varies from 0.01 to 0.3; the determination error does not exceed 6%. The RSD value for the semiconductor alloy lies in the range of from 0.002 to 0.01.

A geometrical approach to computing expected cycle times for zonebased storage layouts in AS/RS

An exact, geometry-based analytical model is presented that can be used to compute the expected cycle time for a storage/retrieval (S/R) machine, executing single-commands, dual-commands, or both, in a rack structure that has been laid out in pre-specified storage zones for classes of goods. The rack may be either square-in-time or non-square-in-time. The approach is intuitively appealing, and it does not assume any certain layout shape, such as traditional 'L-shaped' class layouts. The model has been coded in Turbo Pascal, and can be used by designers as a tool for quickly evaluating alternative layout configurations with respect to expected S/R cycle time in an AS/RS, and thereby the throughput of an automated warehouse over time. This model has been successfully applied in a major manufacturing plant in Europe to evaluate reconfigurations of their rack storage layouts over the past five years.

Prediction of Structural Parameters of Fabrics Made from Chemical Fibres. Part 3. Results of Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Structural Parameters

A Turbo Pascal computer program was developed for determining the structural parameters of fabrics. Theoretical and experimental values of the structural parameters of fabrics made from chemical fibres are obtained.

Conceptualization and validation of a dynamic model for the simulation of nitrogen transformations and fluxes in fish ponds

Nitrogen is a key element in aquatic environments and an important pond management variable. In aquaculture systems, nitrogen accumulation eventually leads to a deterioration of the system. The interactions between various N-species are complex and difficult to integrate. Modelling can improve our ability to evaluate this complex system. This paper integrates existing knowledge about nitrogen transformations in fish ponds into a model that calculates the amount of various N-compounds in the water column and in the sediment. The model is also used to gain insight into the relative importance of transformation processes between the various N-compounds. The model was divided into three modules: fish, phytoplankton and sediment-water. The fish module is based on physiological and bio-energetic principles. The phytoplankton dynamics module is based on physico-chemical principles of alga growth. The water–sediment module is based on the bacterial transformations and chemical fluxes of N-species across the water–sediment interface. Relationships and parameters were taken from the literature, except for a few parameters that were estimated by fitting model predictions to observed data. The model was implemented in Turbo Pascal (7.0) using a fixed time step of 1 h and it was calibrated using a set of data from an earthen fish pond stocked with Colossoma macropomum. The validation was performed using data from earthen ponds stocked with Oreochromis niloticus. The difference between the calibrated and validated model was related to the fish species. All concentrations of the various N-species present were simulated well, except the N retained in organic matter in the sediment (average relative error −0.34). Sensitivity analysis revealed that the concentrations of inorganic- N compounds, both in the water column and in the sediment, are more affected by changes in specific parameters included in the fish and phytoplankton modules than other forms of nitrogen in the pond. The model works well, except for organic matter accumulation in the sediment. Further research should concentrate on a better understanding of the bottom organic matter dynamics, to make the model a more comprehensive predictive tool.

`` Free Pascal" panaudojimas informatikos kursui

Turbo Pascal is the main language used for teaching of algorithms in schools. However it is already outdated. Changes are needed.The paper discusses an alternative solution introducing Free Pascal into schools. The features of Free Pascal with respect to teaching of programming are analized. However the lack of acceptable interface with user remains the main obstacle to use Free Pascal for teaching purposes. The outline of a new interface designed for use in schools is presented. Problems of localization of Free Pascal and their solutions are presented as well.