Turbine Fuels Research Articles

Load frequency control for renewable energy sources for isolated power system by introducing large scale PV and storage battery

In this work we had presented a power system electricity frequency control approach of 100% renewable energy sources isolated power grid by applying model predictive control (MPC). As the PV panel and storage battery price had dramatically dropped in these years, large capacity of PV generation and storage battery had been introduced base on an original 100% renewable energy power system. MPCs had been design for each of the model (Photovoltaic Generation, Wind turbine Generation, Storage Battery, Fuel Cell and Seawater Electrolyzer) to suppress the consumption and generation balance. In addition, in order to suppress the load frequency, demand response (real-time pricing) also had been applied in this scheme by adjust the controllable loads. All of the control approach proposed in this work had been verified by Matlab@/Simulink@. And by discuss and analysis the simulation results, the stability, robustness, reliability and effectiveness of this scheme had been examined.

Fire and Explosion Risk Assessment in a Combined Cycle Power Plant

Fire and explosion are the most prevalent accidents in chemical and process industries. Hence, identification of the hazard factors and the methods of controlling these two major accidents are very important in the process industries. In this paper, fire and explosion hazards of some process units at a combined cycle power plant have been estimated using the Dow fire and explosion index. The results of this study show that methane fueled turbine has the highest value of Dow index which is 321, turbine unit with gas oil and gas oil storage site have the Dow index values of 147.5 and 35.5 respectively. The loss control credit factor for methane fueled turbine unit was 0.36 and the Actual Maximum Probable Property Damage was 4.12 US million dollars. Maximum Probable Days Outage is estimated to be 50 days and finally, the loss due to unit pauses is calculated to be 3.03 US million dollars. In addition, the findings of the current study show that the gas oil storage unit suffers the highest amount of loss due to business interruption. The findings of the present study can be used for the improvement of inherent safety and can also be applied to estimate the losses due to fire and explosion.

Correction to Investigation of Water Interactions with Petroleum-Derived and Synthetic Aviation Turbine Fuels

Correction to Investigation of Water Interactions with Petroleum-Derived and Synthetic Aviation Turbine Fuels

Design Analysis of Hybrid Gas Turbine‒Fuel Cell Power Plant in Stationary and Marine Applications

Abstract The paper concerns the design analysis of a hybrid gas turbine power plant with a fuel cell (stack). The aim of this work was to find the most favourable variant of the medium capacity (approximately 10 MW) hybrid system. In the article, computational analysis of two variants of such a system was carried out. The analysis made it possible to calculate the capacity, efficiency of both variants and other parameters like the flue gas temperature. The paper shows that such hybrid cycles can theoretically achieve extremely high efficiency over 60%. The most favourable one was selected for further detailed thermodynamic and flow calculations. As part of this calculation, a multi-stage axial compressor, axial turbine, fuel cell (stack) and regenerative heat exchanger were designed. Then an analysis of the profitability of the installation was carried out, which showed that the current state of development of this technology and its cost make the project unprofitable. For several years, however, tendencies of decreasing prices of fuel cells have been observed, which allows the conclusion that hybrid systems will start to be created. This may apply to both stationary and marine applications. Hybrid solutions related to electrical power transmission, including fuel cells, are real and very promising for smaller car ferries and shorter ferry routes.

Numerical Study of Water Vapor Injection in the Combustion Chamber to Reduce Gas Turbine Fuel Consumption

In this study, the effect of water vapor injection on the flow pattern, temperature contamination and emission of pollutants has been studied. Also, the impact of the spray angle on the axis has been investigated and finally, the effect of fuel type and geometry on the flow variables has been investigated. The results were compared with numerical simulations performed by other researchers and the results showed that they are qualitatively acceptable. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of the amount of water vapor on flame and NOx released from combustion. The results showed that with the percentage of water injected, there were significant changes in the temperature and pressure contour patterns of the combustion chamber. The results showed that with the percentage of water injected, there were significant changes in the temperature and pressure contour patterns of the combustion chamber. The results showed that the overall efficiency of the Brighton cycle can be increased in the non-injecting mode from 91% to 95% for the combustion chamber mode by injecting 8% water vapor. Also, an increase of more than 8% of water vapor will not have much effect on efficiency of gas turbine and reduce fuel consumption.

Isomerization of n-C5/C6 Bioparaffins to Gasoline Components with High Octane Number

The thermal and catalytic conversion processes of alternative feedstocks (e.g., waste and biomass) to different engine fuels can result in the formation of a significant amount of light hydrocarbons as by-products in the boiling range of gasoline. The properties of these C5/C6 hydrocarbons need to be improved due to many reasons, e.g., their benzene content, and/or poor oxidation stability (high olefin content) and low octane number (<60). The aim of the research work was to increase the octane number of benzene containing C5/C6 bioparaffin fractions by catalytic isomerization. These by-products were obtained from special hydrocracking of waste cooking oil to hydrocarbons in the boiling range of aviation turbine fuels (JET fuels)/diesel fuels. Experiments were carried out in a reactor system containing down-flow tubular reactors over Pt/Al2O3/Cl and Pt/H-Mordenite/Al2O3 catalysts at 115–145 °C and 230–270 °C, respectively. Based on the results obtained at different process parameter combinations, it was concluded that the hydrogenation of benzene was complete over both catalysts, and the liquid yields were higher (ca. 98% > ca. 93 %) in the case of Pt/Al2O3/Cl. In addition, the octane number was also enhanced (ca. 32 > ca. 27 unit) in the products compared to the feedstock. This was because a higher isoparaffin content can be obtained at a lower operating temperature. Moreover, cracking side reactions take place to a lesser extent. The utilization of these isomerized bio-origin light fractions can contribute to the competitiveness of second-generation biofuels.

Influence of Ester-Type Plasticizers on the Determination of Biodiesel Contaminations in Aviation Turbine Fuels According to ASTM D7797

The influence of plasticizers based on carboxylic acid esters on the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic determination of biodiesel contamination [fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs)] in a...

Predictive Modeling of Aerospace Fuel Properties Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Partial Least Squares Analysis

Increasingly stringent requirements for aerospace propulsion system performance, reliability, and operability motivate quantitative connections between fuel composition, physical characteristics, and system performance. Chemically accurate assessment of aviation turbine fuels (Jet-A, JP-8, etc.) and kerosene-based rocket propellants (RP-1 and RP-2) is requisite to mature these models. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–TOFMS) is an excellent analytical tool for measuring detailed chemical information contained in complex fuels. Additionally, multivariate data analysis methods, referred to as chemometrics, are ideally suited to relate detailed chemical information contained within the GC × GC–TOFMS data to fuel properties and performance in a predictive manner. Herein, we apply these techniques to a chemically diverse set of 74 distillate and multicomponent aerospace fuels, resulting in an improved understanding of the chemical compositional basis for physical and thermochemical behavior. Informed by GC × GC–TOFMS data, highly reliable partial least squares (PLS) models are developed and employed in the prediction of physical properties (measured separately using conventional test methods). Root-mean-square errors of cross-validation (RMSECV) were relatively low: values of 0.0450 cSt, 41.3 Btu/lbm, 0.130 mass %, and 0.0064 g/mL were obtained for viscosity, heat of combustion, hydrogen content, and density, respectively. The corresponding normalized root-mean-square errors of cross-validation (NRMSECV) were 6.01, 10.3, 8.71, and 7.12%, respectively. Investigation of the linear regression vectors (LRVs) provides valuable insight into the relationship between the chemical composition and physical properties, enabling, in principle, the model-informed selection of fuel chemical composition to achieve desired performance criteria.

Mechanical Characterization of C-Ph Composites Treated with Aviation Grade Fluids

In this paper, the investigations are carried out on bi-directional carbon fibre (C) reinforced composites which are used in several engineering applications. Over its entire service life, it can be exposed to a range of corrosive environments. Thus, in the working life of composite material, it is important to understand the effect of corrosive environment. According to the author’s knowledge, the effect of different aviation oils was not yet studied. Therefore, bi-directional carbon fibre reinforced composites were subjected to oil immersion tests, using an Aviation gasoline (Avgas-100LL), Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF-K50) and an extra high-performance lubricating fluid (OX-38), in order to study the effects of fluid absorption behaviour on tensile, flexural and impact strength properties of bi-directional carbon fibre reinforced composites. These oil solutions affect the tensile, flexural properties and the impact strength. However, for all tests performed, the high-performance lubricating fluid promotes the lowest values compared to the Avgas and Aviation Turbine Fuel.

Prepared multifunctional catalyst Ni2P/Zr-SBA-15 and catalyzed Jatropha Oil to produce bio-aviation fuel

A novel multifunctional catalytic system, Ni2P/Zr-SBA-15, was synthesized by H2 temperature-programmed reduction of nickel phosphate precursors impregnated in Zr-SBA-15. Zr-SBA-15 was prepared by hydrothermal crystallization. The properties of catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of Jatropha Oil were evaluated by a one-step hydrogenation process in a high-pressure reactor. The best preparation parameters were determined. The multifunction of the catalyst includes excellent deoxidation, aromatization and cracking properties. It is worth noting that this product contains higher concentration aviation fuel components, with amount of C8–C16 accounting for more than 60 wt% of the product oil. The content of paraffin hydrocarbons is 79.25 wt%, aromatic compounds accounting for 10.13 wt% (all consisting of monocyclic aromatics), naphthene accounting for 6.72 wt%. The oil density is 811–828 kg/m3. These physical and chemical properties of C8–C16 are consistent with the detailed requirements for aviation turbine fuels containing synthetic hydrocarbons, as specified in ASTM-D7566-2017b. In this study, the aromatic content and density of nonblended bio-based jet fuels were satisfied with criteria and achieved the one-step hydrogenation process for the preparation of higher quality of bio-jet fuel.

Performance of Indiesel Fuel and the Blend of Aviation Turbine Fuel in the Diesel Engine

The performance of the Engine is tested with the Indiesel fuel with the blends of the Aviation Turbine Fuel up to the 40%. The distillation properties, performance, and emissions are observed. This paper will project the output of the engine performance.

Atmospheric Pollutant Analysis and Corrosion Simulation over LPG Transporting Pipelines in Sriperumpudur – Vadakal Industrial Site

An Organization has to abide national safety legislation procedures so as to maintain business moral and workers safety. To ensure this, management has to do the following active monitoring steps like Hazard Identification, detailed Risk Assessment, drafting Safe Work procedure, Supervision and Training to Workers. While doing Risk Assessment the likelihood for the hazard to occur and the intensity of damage it would create should be properly calculated. Along with that, the effectiveness of existing control measure and the recommendations for advanced control measures also to be suggested. In general, incidents are happening mainly due to defect in Safety management, technical Job factor or individual factors. The accidents are happening mainly due to unsafe act or unsafe condition. Unsafe act includes Individual negligent behavior like, not wearing personal protective equipment, not carrying out the task as per the instruction, not carrying out the inspection or preventive maintenance as per the procedure etc., . Unsafe conditions include defective equipment in the work place, improper Housekeeping in the work site etc. In Petrochemical plants, as volatile Hydrocarbon exist in the process area, the chances for fire oriented emergencies are unavoidable if unsafe act or unsafe condition not identified and controlled appropriately. In a crude oil refinery or downstream petrochemical units, mostly flammable substances like Petrol, Diesel, Superior Kerosene, Aviation Turbine Fuels and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) would be the refined products. These products processed in distillation columns, stored in tanks, bullets and transported through pipelines. As this process equipment’s and distribution networks especially Pipeline grids are exposed to atmosphere the natural phenomenon called Atmospheric Corrosion is unavoidable. Atmospheric Corrosion may happen if the atmospheric pollutants interact with humidified air an electrochemical reaction leads to Corrosion. This electrochemical reaction would affect the Pipeline structures very badly results in puncture on pipeline surface leads to flammable substance leakage. To control this corrosion, along with proactive engineering control measure, ambient air quality analysis, corrosion simulation and corrosion monitoring should be done.

Formula omitted] enrichment of [formula omitted] blends in lean premixed gas turbine combustion: An experimental study on effects on flame shape and thermoacoustic oscillation dynamics

Thermoacoustic instabilities under lean operation in gas turbine burners hinder the development of lean premixed combustion mode of operation, thus limiting the potential to decrease NOx emissions. A method to improve stability of lean combustion while maintaining low thermal NOx formation is to add hydrogen in typical gas turbine fuels such as natural gas. The present work examines the thermoacoustic dynamic characteristics of hydrogen-enriched methane blends in a swirl stabilized model gas turbine combustor. We blend CH4 with increasing H2 molar content (from 0% to 40%) at a global equivalence ratio of ϕ=0.55 on a constant Reynolds number Re = 19000. The reference case of pure methane is susceptible to blow off at the same equivalence ratio. On increasing the hydrogen content at 10% H2, the flammability limits are extended. However, further increase of the H2 content leads to manifestation of random short bursts of dynamic pressure and heat release. Thermoacoustic dynamics are intermittently injected between a quiescent state and a regime of high amplitude oscillations. On further increasing H2 content, the dynamics are attracted towards a limit cycle; a fully established high amplitude regime, where no requiescence is observed. In this regime, heat release rate and dynamic pressure oscillate in phase and at the same frequency. Based on the observed dynamics, we seek a mixture property to characterize the dynamic state, the combustor operates in. We show that the extinction strain rate associated with each mixture can collapse the dynamic transitions from quiescent to intermittent instabilities and finally to fully established thermoacoustic oscillations. In each dynamic state, we examine the mechanism that affiliates coherent structures of the underlying thermodynamic flow field with the flame through the relation of the spatial distribution of the flow imposed strain rate over the extinction strain rate of each mixture. It is shown that the flame anchoring locations for a given mixture are dictated by the flow imposed strain rate and then that increased extinction resistance couples the flame with naturally excited to swirling flows helical instabilities, that may instigate mechanisms responsible for intermittent heat release rate bursts. Finally, the combustor demonstrates a limit cycle behaviour where the flow-imposed strain rate oscillates about the extinction strain rate along the inner shear layers causing local extinction of the flame at the root close to the centerbody.

Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis of a Gas Turbine Fuel System

This paper mainly explores the common faults of the fuel system in gas turbine and establishes the corresponding fault tree model, and also analyzes the fuzzy fault tree based on the fault tree and the fuzzy information feedback from the staff. Certain components of the fuel system and the reliability of the fuel system in gas turbine are improved according to the results of the fuzzy analysis. Thus, this paper provides a certain theoretical basis for designers to improve the performance and reliability of gas turbine.

US alternative jet fuel deployment scenario analyses identifying key drivers and geospatial patterns for the first billion gallons,

AbstractThe aviation sector's commitments to carbon‐neutral growth in international aviation starting in 2020, and the desire to improve supply surety, price stability, and the environmental performance of aviation fuels, have led to broad interest in sustainable alternative jet fuels. Here, we use the system‐dynamics‐based biomass scenario model (BSM), focused on alternative jet fuel production capacity evolution, and the geospatially explicit Freight and Fuel Transportation Optimization Tool (FTOT), focused on optimal feedstock and fuel flows over the transportation system, to explore the incentive effects on alternative jet fuel production capacity trajectories and potential geospatial patterns of production and delivery in the USA. Scenarios presented here focus on readily available waste feedstocks (waste fats, oils and greases, municipal solid waste, and crop and forestry residues) and conversion technologies included in the ASTM D7566 synthesized aviation turbine fuels specification. The BSM modeling of possible deployment trajectories from 2015 to 2045 suggests that up to 8 billion gallons may be available by 2045 depending on the policies and incentives implemented. Both approaches suggest that 200 million to 1 billion gallons per year of alternative jet fuel production are possible in 2030 given multiple incentives and a favorable investment climate, and that capital costs and technology maturation rates will affect deployment of different fuel production technologies, and therefore the feedstocks needed. Further collaboration on these modeling approaches would reduce methodological blind spots while providing insights into future industry trajectories. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Gas Turbine Fouling: A Comparison Among 100 Heavy-Duty Frames

Over recent decades, the variability and high costs of the traditional gas turbine fuels (e.g., natural gas) have pushed operators to consider low-grade fuels for running heavy-duty frames. Synfuels, obtained from coal, petroleum, or biomass gasification, could represent valid alternatives in this sense. Although these alternatives match the reduction of costs and, in the case of biomass sources, would potentially provide a CO2 emission benefit (reduction of the CO2 capture and sequestration costs), these low-grade fuels have a higher content of contaminants. Synfuels are filtered before the combustor stage, but the contaminants are not removed completely. This fact leads to a considerable amount of deposition on the nozzle vanes due to the high temperature value. In addition to this, the continuous demand for increasing gas turbine efficiency determines a higher combustor outlet temperature. Current advanced gas turbine engines operate at a turbine inlet temperature (TIT) of (1400–1500) °C, which is high enough to melt a high proportion of the contaminants introduced by low-grade fuels. Particle deposition can increase surface roughness, modify the airfoil shape, and clog the coolant passages. At the same time, land-based power units experience compressor fouling, due to the air contaminants able to pass through the filtration barriers. Hot sections and compressor fouling work together to determine performance degradation. This paper proposes an analysis of the contaminant deposition on hot gas turbine sections based on machine nameplate data. Hot section and compressor fouling are estimated using a fouling susceptibility criterion. The combination of gas turbine net power, efficiency, and TIT with different types of synfuel contaminants highlights how each gas turbine is subjected to particle deposition. The simulation of particle deposition on 100 gas turbines ranging from 1.2 MW to 420 MW was conducted following the fouling susceptibility criterion. Using a simplified particle deposition calculation based on TIT and contaminant viscosity estimation, the analysis shows how the correlation between type of contaminant and gas turbine performance plays a key role. The results allow the choice of the best heavy-duty frame as a function of the fuel. Low-efficiency frames (characterized by lower values of TIT) show the best compromise in order to reduce the effects of particle deposition in the presence of high-temperature melting contaminants. A high-efficiency frame is suitable when the contaminants are characterized by a low-melting point thanks to their lower fuel consumption.

Determining the Sensitivity of Fuel Lubricity Additive Concentration on HFRR Test Parameters

Abstract In diesel engines, fuel pumps and injectors are subjected to tremendous pressures that can reach upward of 200 MPa in modern systems. In order to generate and maintain this level of pressure, the internal pump and injector components are made to an exacting standard. The drawback is that the moving components are largely lubricated with just the diesel fuel. If the diesel fuel has insufficient lubricating quality, catastrophic wear and subsequent failures can occur. The US Army currently utilizes aviation turbine fuel in all of its diesel-powered ground vehicles. The current specifications outlined in MIL-DTL-83133, Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Kerosene Type, JP-8 (NATO F-34), NATO F-35, and JP-8 + 100 (NATO F-37), and ASTM D1655, Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels, allow specific synthetic fuel components that can exacerbate the lubricity issue (having both low viscosity and no aromatic content). With these synthetics, the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) can have a wear scar diameter as high as 900 μm, which, if run unadditized in an engine, will cause immediate hardware failure. The military requires the use of an approved lubricity additive in the fuel it acquires. If treated with an approved additive at a rate between 20 and 30 mg/kg, even these poor lubricity fuels will be able to operate in Army equipment for the life of the engine. Unfortunately, the HFRR wear result does not discriminate between these neat and additized fuels. This work was undertaken in an attempt to improve the correlation of HFRR-type wear scar results with pump test results for a series of fuels with varying levels of lubricity additive. The effects of varying test conditions are reported and conclusions drawn on how improvements could be made to the current lubricity testing standards.

Estimation of Static Dissipater Additives in Aviation Turbine Fuels Using ASTM D7524 and ASTM D2624: Observation, Precautions, and Suggestions Thereof

Static dissipater additives (SDAs) are conductivity improver additives that are added to aviation turbine fuels (ATFs) to avoid sudden increase in conductivity that may occur during transfer/pumping of ATF. STADIS 450 has been used globally as the SDA in aviation jet A1. The dosage of SDA into jet fuels is very closely specified (1–3 ppm). Due to surface active nature, SDA dosage may deplete with time. The monitoring of concentration of SDA is very critical and is generally carried out using conductivity measurement as per ASTM D2624 or as per liquid chromatographic technique based ASTM D7524 method entitled in “Determination of static dissipater additive (SDA) in aviation turbine fuel using HPLC technique with UV detector in the range of 1 to 12 ppm”. In this work, SDA blended ATFs in the range of 1–5 ppm have been analyzed for estimation of SDAs using both HPLC based ASTM D7524 and conductivity measurement based ASTM D2624. This paper suggests precautions that need to be taken while using the two method...

Investigation of Water Interactions with Petroleum-Derived and Synthetic Aviation Turbine Fuels

While undesirable in aviation fuel systems, water is both ubiquitous and tenacious; thus, interactions between water and aviation turbine fuel occur regularly. From a fuel user perspective, it is important to know, understand, and be able to predict such fuel–water interactions, e.g., water solubility, water settling rate, and interfacial tension, for proper mitigation. We explore these interactions as well as surface tension of both petroleum-derived and alternative jet fuels to compare potential differences between product compositions on these physical interactions. Observations indicate a positive, nonlinear correlation between water solubility and both aromatic content and temperature (from 0 to 50 °C). Water settling rates appear to follow a Stokes’ law model; therefore, bulk chemical composition indirectly influences settling rates via density and viscosity. Finally, surface tension appears positively correlated to sample density, while interfacial tension is correlated to both surface tension and ...

Benchmarking data from the experience gained in engine performance and emissions testing on alternative fuels for aviation

Abstract Alternative fuel for aviation has been the centre of serious focus for the last decade, owing mostly to the challenges posed by the price of conventional petroleum fuel, energy security and environmental concerns. The downslide in the oil prices in the recent months and the fact that energy security is not considered a major threat in commercial aviation, these factors have worked negatively for the promotion of alternative fuels. However, the continuous commitment to environmental stewardship by Governments and the industry have kept the momentum going towards the transparent integration of renewable alternatives in the aviation market. On the regulatory side, much progress have been made in the same timeframe with five alternative fuels being certified as synthetic blending components for aviation turbine fuels for use in civil aircraft and engines. Another seven alternative fuels are in the various stages of certification protocol. This progress has been made possible because of the extensive performance testing, both at full engine conditions and at engine components level. This article presents the results of engine performance and air pollutant emissions measurements gathered from the alternative fuels qualification testing conducted at the National Research Council Canada over the last seven years. This benchmarking data was collected on various engine platforms at full engine operation at sea level and/or altitude conditions using a variety of aviation alternative fuels and their blends. In order to provide a reference comparison basis, the results collected using the alternative fuels are compared with baseline Jet-A1 or JP-8 conventional fuels.