Turbinaria Conoides Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity of Some Selected Marine Macro-algae from Rameswaram Coastal Region, India

Marine algae are known as source of bioactive secondary metabolites. Twenty macroalgae were collected from Mandapam cost, Gulf of Mannar, Rameswaram were tested against two-gram negative bacteria’s using agar well diffusion method. The following species were used in the current study include seven species in Chlorophyta (Caulerpa peltata, Ulva lactuca, Halimeda gracilis , Chaetomorpha aerea, Cladophora vagabunda, Enteromorpha flexuosa, Halimida macroloba), seven in Phaeophyta (Sargassum cinereum, Padina boergesenii, Sargassum cristaefolium, Turbinaria decurrens, Turbinaria conoides, Hydroclathrus clathratus, Lobophora variegate) and six in Rhodophyta (Hypnea spicefera, Solieria robusta, Porphyra indica, Ceramium rubrum, Gelidiella acerosa Gracilaria edulis). They were air-dried thoroughly and powdered using a grinder. Powdered algae were extracted using solvents such as water, ethanol and methanol. In the present study ethanol extract was found to be excellent antibacterial activity from macroalgae. Among the selected Twenty different macroalgae the red algae (Rhodophyta) showed the higher antibacterial activity followed by brown (Phaeophyta) and green (Chlorophyta) against the tested two selective negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae). This finding supports the view that algal extracts are a reliable source of bioactive compounds for upcoming medication development.

Harnessing Natural Colorant From Brown Algae TURBINARIA CONOIDES ( J. AGARDH) KUETZ For Fabric Dyeing: A Sustainable Eco- Friendly Approach

The demand for natural dyes in the modern world is increasing day by day. These resources have become important for their use in food, pharmaceuticals and textiles Industries, instead of their synthetic dyes. Using these resources we can protect human health and prolong life on the earth. This research focuses on Turbinaria conoides, a brown seaweed collected from Olakuda, Ramanathapuram coast, Tamil Nadu, India (9.2876° N, 79.3129° E). A crude dye was extracted from the seaweed and used to treat cotton fabric using the pre-mordanting technique. To achieve different shades of colors, Turbinaria conoides was combined with other dye-yielding plant materials, including Vachellia nilotica, Oldenlandia umbellate, Rubia cordifolia, and Alkanna tinctoria. The phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds in Turbinaria conoides. Colorfastness tests were conducted to evaluate the dye's stability on the fabric. The study concludes that natural dyes hold great potential and interest, especially Turbinaria conoides. India's vast plant resource base presents opportunities for further research and documentation of natural dye usage. Sustainable and eco-friendly practices in the textile industry can be fostered through algal-sourced pigments, contributing to environmental protection and an eco-aware society. Future aspects include a focus on environment-friendly dyes, affordable production methods, and exploring the full potential of natural dyestuffs for various applications, including waste utilization and job creation.

Deciphering the role of fucoidan from brown macroalgae in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 by targeting its main protease and receptor binding domain: Invitro and insilico approach

The current study investigated the role of fucoidan from Padina tetrastromatica and Turbinaria conoides against 3-chymotrypsin like protease (3CLpro) and receptor binding domain (RBD) spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 using an invitro and computational approach. The 3CLpro and RBD genes were successfully cloned in pET28a vector, expressed in BL-21DE3 E. coli rosetta cells and purified by ion exchange affinity and size exclusion chromatography. Fucoidan extracted from both biomass using green approach, subcritical water, was found to inhibit 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2 with an IC50 value of up to 0.35 mg mL−1. However, fucoidan was found to be inactive against the RBD protein. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that fucoidan binds to the active sites of 3CLpro with an affinity of −5.0 kcal mol−1. In addition, molecular dynamic simulations recorded stabilized interactions of protein-ligand complexes in terms of root mean square deviation, root mean square fluctuation, the radius of gyration, solvent accessible surface area and hydrogen bond interaction. The binding energy of fucoidan with 3CLpro was determined to be −101.821 ± 12.966 kJ mol−1 using Molecular Mechanic/Poisson-Bolt-Boltzmann Surface Area analysis. Fucoidan satisfies the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) properties, including Lipinski's rule of five, which play an essential role in drug design. According to the toxicity parameters, fucoidan does not exhibit skin sensitivity, hepatotoxicity, or AMES toxicity. Therefore, this work reveals that fucoidan from brown macroalgae could act as possible inhibitors in regulating the function of the 3CLpro protein, hence inhibiting viral replication and being effective against COVID-19.

Comparison of different green extraction techniques and their influence on chemical characteristics of sulfated polysaccharide (fucoidan) from Padina tetrastromatica and Turbinaria conoides

Conventionally, fucoidan from brown macroalgae is extracted by solubilizing cell wall polysaccharides in hot water, acidic/alkali, and organic solvents. This study depicts the use of various green extraction techniques, including ultrasound assisted extraction, enzyme assisted extraction and subcritical water extraction, to isolate fucoidan from brown macroalgae (Padina tetrastromatica and Turbinaria conoides) for its conversion to value added products. The result demonstrated that these extraction strategies had a significant impact on extraction yields, chemical characterization, monosaccharide composition, structural properties, microstructures, and biological activities of fucoidan. Subcritical water method produced a higher yield of fucoidan (~13 %) from both the biomass, with the sulfate content of fucoidan up to 33 %. Analysis of monosaccharide composition revealed that fucoidan contained the highest fucose (~83 %) and galactose (~30 %) contents with small amounts of arabinose, glucose, glucuronic acid, mannitol, mannose, rhamnose and xylose. Fucoidan extract contained polyphenolic (5.5 ± 0.6 mg GAE g−1) and flavonoid (3.2 ± 0.2 mg QE g−1) compounds and exhibited effective in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (1.3 ± 0.07 mg mL−1) as well as 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (0.01 ± 0.0 mg mL−1) radical scavenging activities. By investigating the various outcomes, subcritical water technique was considered as the efficient and environmentally friendly approach for the extraction of fucoidan. Consequently, investigating the impact of extraction technologies on key structural components could aid multiple industries, including the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics sectors, in gaining a better understanding of the benefits and drawbacks of various methods for upscale extraction.

Methods of Analysis of Macroalae Associations in Seagrass Ecosystems on Sibu Island, North Oba District, Tidore Islands City

The association between macroalgae and seagrasses has many very important ecological functions, namely as a nurturing and foraging area for various types of marine organizations and to maintain the preservation and balance of marine diversity. Various types of fish that have important economic value use the habitat for shelter and foraging. The methods used in this study are is the descriptive method, the descriptive method is knowing the existence of independent variables or survive either on one or more variables. The data obtained is displayed in the form of tables or figures. Type description based on the results of sampling in the field found 11 types of macroalgae, namely Turbinaria ornate, Turbinaria conoides, Sargassum cristaefolium, Sargassum polycystum, Sargassum muticum, Padina australis, Dictyota pinnatifida, Halimeda macroloba, Bornetella oligospora, Eucheuma denticulatum, and Chondrus crispus. Of the 11 types of macroalgae there are 8 species of macroalgae that live in sand substrate, 6 species live in muddy sand substrate, 1 species live in mud substrate, 4 species live in sandy mud substrate, 9 species live in coral substrate or coral faults, and 6 species live in rock substrate.

Sargassum polycystum and Turbinaria conoides Seaweed-based Novel Denture Cleanser: An In Vitro Study.

The study ventures into evaluating the antifungal and antibacterial efficacy of commercially available denture cleanser with Sargassum polycystum, Turbinaria conoides seaweeds, and the combination of seaweeds. Poly(methyl methacrylate) disks measuring 10 × 2 mm were fabricated. The samples are divided into four groups of 21 samples each. The denture base was coated with Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans individually. Group I was treated with Fittydent, group II (S. polycystum and T. conoides seaweeds combination), group III (S. polycystum), and group IV (T. conoides). The colony-formation units present on the surface of the denture were evaluated before and after treatment with different denture cleansers using the serial dilution method. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and post hoc Bonferroni analysis. At 10-5 dilution, T. conoides (group IV) was statistically significant in reducing both C. albicans and S. mutans. At 10-10 dilution, T. conoides (group IV) and S. polycystum and T. conoides combination (group II) had high antibacterial efficacy and were statistically significant. Fittydent (group I) had higher antifungal efficacy and was statistically significant in comparison to S. polycystum (group III) alone. At 10-10 dilution, the T. conoides (group IV), S. polycystum, and T. conoides combination (group II) showed no evidence of a significant difference in comparison to Fittydent (group I). Fittydent had higher antibacterial efficacy and was statistically significant in comparison to S. polycystum (group III) alone. Sargassum polycystum and T. conoides combination and T. conoides were found to have higher antibacterial efficacy in comparison to commercially available denture cleanser and also were found to have equal antifungal efficacy in comparison to commercially available denture cleanser.

Caracteristics of sunscreen from seaweed porridge (Turbinaria conoides) and galangal extract (Alpinia galangal)

Natural ingredients that have sunscreen activity, namely galangal (Alpinia galanga) have a role in absorbing UV rays. Seaweed (Turbinaria. conoides) contains alkaloids, tannins, antioxidants, fucoxanthin. Many cases of skin damage due to harmful cosmetic ingredients and exposure to UV rays have encouraged the authors to explore the natural wealth of seaweed and galangal into skin care products. The aim of the study was to determine the optimum formulation and evaluate the best characteristics of seaweed and galangal sunscreen cream preparations. This research was experimental with four treatments and three replications giving concentrations of seaweed and galangal F0 (control), F1(1:1), F2(1:2), F3(2:1). The tests carried out included hedonic, homogeneity, centrifugal, viscosity, SPF, humidity and pH tests. The hedonic results show significant differences in color parameters (F3). All treatments produced cream type (O/W) and were homogeneous, there was no phase change in the centrifugal test. The viscosity and pH values meet the requirements and can moisturize, the highest SPF value (F2) is 3.67 in the minimum category. The more addition of seaweed affects the color characteristics. The more galangal added, the higher the SPF. Of all the treatments, the formulation with the addition of seaweed and galangal affected the characteristics of the resulting cream.

Extraction, formulation, structural characterization and cardiotoxicity effect of agar from Turbinaria conoides in zebrafish embryo model

Extraction, formulation, structural characterization and cardiotoxicity effect of agar from Turbinaria conoides in zebrafish embryo model

Immunomodulatory effect of sulfated galactofucan from marine macroalga Turbinaria conoides

Sulfated polysaccharides are effective immunostimulating agents by activating several intracellular signaling pathways. A sulfated (1 → 3)/(1 → 4)-linked galactofucan TCP-3 with promising immunomodulatory effects was purified from a marine macroalga Turbinaria conoides. The immune-enhancing potential of TCP-3 (100–400 mg/kg BW) was evaluated on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed animals by increasing bone marrow cellularity (10–13 cells/femur/mL x 106), α-esterase activity (1200–1700 number of positive cells/4000 BMC), interferon-γ (1.31–1.49 pg/mL), interleukin-2 (3.49–3.99 pg/mL) secretion, and WBC count (> 3000 cells/cu mm). The proliferation of lymphocytes for in vitro and in vivo conditions was enhanced by administering TCP-3 besides regulating the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6/1β/12, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β), and an inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase. A promising reduction of viral copy formation was observed by administering TCP-3 (< 2 × 107 number) on SARS CoV-2 (delta variant) induced Vero cells in comparison with the infected group (> 5 × 107 number).

Antibacterial Potential of Marine Brown Algae Turbinaria Conoides Against Bacteria Associated with Diabetic Foot Ulcer

The marine brown algae Turbinaria conoides was extracted with different solvents, viz., acetone, ethanol, methanol and distilled water. The extracts were screened for the presence of various phytochemicals and examined for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method. Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) associated bacteria and their respective standard strains, such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 5923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 and Enterococcus faecal ATCC 25922 were used as test bacteria. Among the different solvent extracts, the aqueous extract possessed the maximum zone of inhibition against both test and standard bacterial strains. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the aqueous extract against test pathogens were 128-4μg. The eluent mixture for separating the active fraction was selected by thin layer chromatography (TLC), which was found to be n-hexane: ethylacetate (6:4) with a maximum of four spots. In column chromatography, 25th -27th-minute fractions showed maximum antibacterial activity against all the DFU bacterial strains. Our study aims to find the use of T. conoides for treating DFU-associated bacterial infections. The objectives include exploring different solvent extracts of T. conoides for antibacterial activity and characterization of bioactive metabolite.

Toxicological Evaluation of Alginic Acid, a Polysaccharide Isolated from &lt;i&gt;Turbinaria conoides&lt;/i&gt; (J. Agardh) Kutzing on Wistar Albino Rats

Introduction: Alginic acid, a polysaccharide is one of the important phytochemical ingredients of brown algae, Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh) Kutzing. T. conoides has been studied for various pharmacological activities, yet no toxicological information found in the literature therefore, preset study aimed at extraction and isolation of alginic acid and to assess the safety profile through acute and sub acute toxicity study in both male and female rats. Materials and Methods: Alginic acid was characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermo gravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric analysis. In acute toxicity study, female rats received 2000 mg/kg of isolated product, at a single dose on oral administration. In subacute toxicity study, both male and female rats were given with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of the isolated product, orally, for a period of 28 days consecutively and behavioral changes, hematological, biochemical and histopathological investigations were verified. Results and Discussion: In acute toxicity study, no morbidity or mortality was reported with alginic acid treated animals at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. In sub-acute toxicity study, there were no treatment related abnormalities observed in hematological and biochemical parameters except, decreased red blood cell count (400 mg/kg); increased platelets (200 mg/kg) in female rats and increased levels of liver parameters (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, gamma glutaryl transferase); lipid parameters (total cholesterol, triglycerides and blood glucose) in both male and female rats. Histopathology studies revealed a slight infiltration of cells and congestion in blood vessels in the liver; congestion of alveolar tissue in lungs with 400 mg/kg treated animals. No behavioural changes observed. Conclusion: From the obtained results it is indicated that the oral administration of alginic acid (active principle of T. conoides) did not produce any significant adverse effects in rats of both the sex. Hence, alginic acid was considered as safe to use for further therapeutic purpose.

Metabarcoding assessment of fungal diversity in brown algae and sponges of Mauritius.

Marine fungi are largely associated with second most inhabitants of the marine ecosystem such as sponges and algae. They are important colonizers and play vital ecological roles, such as nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and symbiosis with other organisms. High throughput sequencing methods have been used successfully to reveal unknown fungal communities associated with a number of hosts particularly in the marine environment. However, the diversity of marine fungi associated with sponges and brown algae in Mauritius remains largely unknown. Traditional methods based on culturing do not provide reliable estimate of fungal diversity as only those that are able to grow under laboratory conditions are dominant; in addition, a large proportion of fungi, cultured in vitro remain most of the time unidentifiable, given that there are no sporulating structures to be examined morphologically. To overcome these limitations, we employed Illumina sequencing to unravel fungi species present in the sponges, Iotrochota sp. and Biemna sp. and the brown algae Turbinaria conoides, Sargassum pfeifferae, and Sargassum obovatum, collected from the north of Mauritius. Diversity analyses revealed that Biemna sp. had the highest diversity from the sampled sponges with fungi from 24 orders being recovered while from brown algae; Turbinaria conoides had the highest diversity with recovery of fungal taxa of the orders Botryosphaeriales, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiales, Hypocreales, and Mucorales with the latter four orders being common in both sampled algae and sponges. Beta diversity analyses revealed clustering only in the algae, Turbinaria conoides, and Sargassum pfeifferae and not in the co-occurring sponges, indicating that sampling location did not have much influence on fungal diversity. Our findings provide the first amplicon sequencing based insights of the fungal communities associated with macro-algae and sponges in Mauritius and supplements research on the fungal community existing in the oceans around the world.

Computational study of potential inhibitors for fat mass and obesity-associated protein from seaweed and plant compounds.

BackgroundOver the past three decades, with substantial changes in lifestyle, the tendency to gain weight has increased, which is resulting in significant consequences affecting an individual’s well-being. The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene is involved in food intake and energy expenditure and plays a crucial role in regulating homeostasis and controlling energy expenditure by hindering signals that generate from the brain. Edible seaweeds have been shown to enhance satiety owing to their health benefits.MethodsExtensive screening of plant-derived anti-obesity compounds and seaweed compounds was conducted and validated for ADME properties and toxicity prediction. Further, the top ranked compounds were docked against the FTO protein to identify potential inhibitors and were subjected to molecular dynamic simulation studies to understand the binding stability of ligand protein complex. Finally, MM/PBSA studies were performed to calculate the binding free energy of the protein-ligand complexes.ResultsThrough the virtual screening of 1,210 compounds, 443 compounds showed good docking scores less than −7.00 kcal/mol. Drug likeness screenings of 443 compounds showed that only 369 compounds were in accordance with these properties. Further toxicity prediction resulted in 30 non-toxic compounds. Molecular docking studies revealed four top ranked marine compounds. Finally, RL074 (2-hydroxyluzofuranone B) and RL442 (10-acetoxyangasiol) from marine red alga Laurencia sp showed good stability from molecular dynamic simulation studies. MM/PBSA results revealed that BT012 (24ε-hydroperoxy-6β-hydroxy-24-ethylcholesta-4,-28(29)-dien-3-one), an oxygenated fucosterol from brown alga Turbinaria conoides, possessed higher binding energy. Hence, with all the data obtained it could be concluded that three seaweed compounds, BT012, RL074 and RL442, may act as a potential anti-obesity lead compound in targeting FTO.

High-resolution liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HR-LCMS) assisted phytochemical profiling and an assessment of anticancer activities of Gracilaria foliifera and Turbinaria conoides using in vitro and molecular docking analysis

Marine algae’s, owing to diverse range of secondary metabolites, opening up the new avenues in new drug development and can be used efficiently in anticancer research. Two seaweeds Gracilaria foliifera and Turbinaria conoides are subjected to phytochemical investigation by HR-LCMS and NMR which confirms presence of different bioactive compounds. The cytotoxicity of the dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of Gracilaria foliifera and Turbinaria conoides was determined using an in vitro methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) test and showed considerable dose-dependent cytotoxicity on tumour cell lines. In MCF7, Gracilaria foliifera had an IC50 of 100 μg/ml, while Turbinaria conoides had an IC50 of 200 μg/ml and both the DCM fraction had IC50 values of 100 μg/ml in the A549 cell line. MTT assay for anticancer activity suggest that Gracilaria foliifera has potent anticancer activity in both breast and lung cell lines, while the DCM fraction of Turbinaria conoides has potent activity in lung cell lines and moderate activity in breast cell lines. The anticancer effects of the discovered drugs targeting the most prevalent enzymes VEGFR and AXL tyrosine kinases were confirmed using a computational technique. We believe that residues from VEGFR, like Lys868, Asn923, Asp1046, and Phe1047 and Asp690 from Axl kinase may have contributed to the plausible anti-cancer benefit seen in this study. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Antioxidant and Teratogenic Activities of Formulated Agar Extracted from Brown Seaweed Turbinaria conoides against Zebrafish Larvae.

This study examines the antioxidant and teratogenic effects of two different type's methods of formulating agar from Turbinaria conoides (T. conoides) using a zebrafish model. The agar was extracted using the aqueous extraction method and developed in two different formulations using separate procedures. Formulated agar1 (FA1) used a higher concentration of the ingredients while formulated agar 2 (FA2) had a lesser concentration. The two unique formulated agars (FAs) were studied using biochemical composition, Fourier infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant activities of both FAs in vitro were shown to be significantly different (P < 0.05) at various concentrations (60–180 μl/ml) in the study. The toxicity of the FAs was dose-dependent, with FA1 having the least teratogenic activity when compared to FA2. In comparison to FA2, FA1 was found to have higher antioxidant activity. At various concentrations (0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 μg/ml), the teratogenic activity of two FAs was examined in zebrafish embryos (ZFE) at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post fertilization (hpf). Both FAs exhibit dose-dependent toxicity and increased antioxidant activity, and this can be utilized as an alternative for standard antioxidants, according to this study.

Evaluation of Antibacterial activity of Marine Brown Algae Turbinaria conoides against Oral Pathogens

The study is based on the fact that common dental diseases affect a very significant part of the population. Even today with all the present literature, research and development against these diseases; dental caries and gingivitis affect all people in varying socioeconomic status. Through years of meticulous research the various causative organisms have been identified, however both dental caries as well as gingivitis are multibacterial and multifactorial diseases. Besides, the use of antibiotics is not a piece of cake due to the alarming rise in antibiotic resistance. This implies the need for newer, more natural sources of medicines at an affordable price to serve the society as a whole. Turbinaria conoides has antibacterial potential; however its scope against oral pathogens has never been scaled before. The study aims at achieving a sustainable cure with the use of natural resources and implies its development and use through incorporation into mouthwash and toothpaste; to extract antibacterial compounds from Turbinaria conoides, to determine the bactericidal property of Turbinaria conoides against Streptococcus mutans and Actinomycetes and to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of the extract and to compare the effect of the extract between the two oral microorganism.

Toxicological evaluation of fucoidan, a polysaccharide isolated from Turbinaria conoides (J. agardh) Kutzing procured from mandapam coastal area, tamilnadu

Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide is a well known active principle of marine brown algae, extensively used in food supplement and in pharmaceutical industry. The present study is aimed at evaluation of toxicological profile of fucoidan, isolated from Turbinaria conoides (J.Agardh) Kutzing in both male and female Wistar albino rats. Fucoidan was isolated and studied for Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopic analysis to confirm the functional groups. Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies were carried out by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines 423 and 407. After treatment period all the animals were sacrificed to evaluate hematological and biochemical parameters. The weights of internal organs recorded and histopathological studies performed. Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopic analysis confirms the groups that are correlated with the standard. The animals did not show morbidity or mortality in acute toxicity study at single oral administration of fucoidan at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. In sub-acute toxicity, no statistically significant differences observed in body weight, relative organ weight, food and water intake when compared to control group. No treatment related abnormalities observed in hematological and biochemical parameters except increased levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, total cholesterol, triglycerides and blood glucose in both male and female rats. Histopathology revealed no toxic signs at organ level compared to control. From the obtained results, the study suggested that fucoidan can be developed into a novel therapeutic agent and considered as a traditional drug as it does not show any toxic effects. Keywords: Acute toxicity, Fucoidan, Sub-acute toxicity, Turbinaria conoides.

In vitro cytotoxicity assay of Fucoidan extracted from Turbinaria conoides against cancer cell lines MCF7, A549, and normal cell line L929

The main aim of the study is to quantify the cytotoxic property of the Fucoidan extracted from the Turbinaria conoides using the MTT assay with the standard fucose. Fucoidan was extracted using the soaked water method and it was determined using the HPLC procedure the obtained Test sample Fucoidan extracted from the Turbinaria conoides and standard fucose was subjected to the cytotoxicity assay against the MCF7 Human breast cancer cell line, A549 lung cancer cell line, and L929 normal mouse fibroblast cell line. From the results it was found that the Test sample showed good IC50 value for MCF7 cell line then A549 with an increasing concentration 24 hours incubation at 37°C The IC50 for MCF7 was 115.21 µg/ml and A549 396.46µg/ml and the Fucoidan extract was checked for its cytotoxicity against the normal mouse fibroblast cell line L929, Fucoidan was found non-lethal to the L929 mouse fibroblast normal cell line. Standard fucose also gave a significant result towards MCF7 and against the L929. This indicates that the Fucoidan extracted from Tubinaria conoides shows better anticancer potential in it. Hence its application can be further extended in the pharmacological fields.

Comparative Toxicity of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Brown Macroalgae against Tobacco Cutworm, Spodoptera litura Fabricius

The present study aimed to find the toxicity of aqueous and methanol extracts of three different brown macroalgae viz., Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassum wightii and Turbinaria conoides against tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura. Larval mortality was noticed in both the extracts at all the concentrations tested in a dose-dependent increase after 96 h of exposure with 73.33, 56.66, and 50.00 per cent in aqueous extract; and 50.00, 46.66 and 43.33 per cent in methanol extracts at 10 % concentration in S. wightii, T. conoides and P. tetrastromatica, respectively. Pre-pupal and pupal mortality were recorded in all the concentrations showing malformations during the growth. Pupation and adult emergence were also affected by the extracts of S. wightii. From the results, it is surmised that brown macroalgae possess insecticidal potential and growth inhibitory properties which can be exploited for eco-friendly management of Spodoptera litura and possibly other lepidopteran larvae as well.

Novel Furanyl-Substituted Isochromanyl Class of Anti-Inflammatory Turbinochromanone from Brown Seaweed Turbinaria conoides.

Organic extract of the brown seaweed Turbinaria conoides (Sargassaceae) was chromatographically fractionated to yield an undescribed furanyl-substituted isochromanyl metabolite, named as turbinochromanone, which was characterized as methyl 4-[(3S)-8-{[(3R)-4-ethyl-2,3-dihydrofuran-3-yl]methyl}-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-3-yl]butanoate. The isochromanyl derivative possessed comparable attenuation potential against 5-lipoxygenase (IC50 3.70 μM) with standard 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor drug zileuton (IC50 2.41 μM). Noticeably, the index of anti-inflammatory selectivity of turbinochromanone (∼1.7) was considerably greater than that exhibited by the standard agent diclofenac (1.06). Antioxidant properties of turbinochromanone against oxidants (IC50 ∼24 μM) further supported its potential anti-inflammatory property. Greater electronic properties (topological polar surface area of 61.8) along with comparatively lesser docking parameters of the studied compound with aminoacyl residues of targeted enzymes (cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase) (binding energy of -11.05 and -9.40 kcal mol-1 , respectively) recognized its prospective anti-inflammatory potential. In an aim to develop seaweed-based natural anti-inflammatory leads, the present study isolated turbinochromanone as promising 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, which could be used for pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications.