Turbidity Of Solution Research Articles

Photocatalytic Luminous Textiles for the Treatment of Wastewater Issued from Petroleum Activity: Photocatalytic Process Extrapolation

In this study, the degradation of naphthalene in water was performed via photocatalysis with two different configurations: UV-irradiated TiO2 deposited on cellulosic tissue and photocatalytic luminous textiles. The photocatalytic performance of these configurations was evaluated in terms of pollutant removal and mineralization yield. Moreover, the influence of key operating parameters, such as the initial pollutant concentration, solution turbidity, the number of tissues, and the type of irradiation, was investigated. The results showed a complete removal of 8 mg/L of naphthalene with photocatalytic luminous textiles after 4 h of UV irradiation, with a mineralization yield of 80%. The impact of the turbidity shows that at 90 NTU, reductions in photocatalytic activity of 30% and 10% were recorded for the UV-irradiated TiO2 deposed on cellulosic tissue and photocatalytic luminous textiles, respectively. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations were monitored during photocatalysis to better understand the contribution of each active species in the mechanism reaction of naphthalene oxidation. The results show that the hydroxyl radical (•OH) is responsible for 70% of pollutant oxidation. A scaling up of the water treatment with photocatalytic luminous textiles was performed. The extrapolation confirmed the same trends observed at the laboratory scale in terms of degradation and mineralization.

Investigation on concentration detection of turbid solution based on hemisphere sample cell and multidimensional spectroscopy

The study developed a hemisphere sample cell and constructed a multidimensional spectroscopy acquisition system to enhance the accuracy of detecting turbid solution with scattering properties. The system simultaneously captures absorption and scattering information from the tested samples. Monte Carlo simulation was employed to model the transmission light intensity distribution data from sample cells of various shapes. It was found that the hemisphere sample cell increases the dimensionality of transmission light intensity information and enables the acquisition of more scattering-related data. Furthermore, 46 samples of intralipid-20% solution with varying concentrations were examined. Models were constructed using partial least squares (PLS) regression with one-dimensional and two-dimensional light intensity distribution data. The results indicate that the model using two-dimensional light intensity distribution data significantly outperforms the model using one-dimensional data, reducing the root mean square error by 39.96% and increasing the correlation coefficient by 0.332%. Experimental results demonstrate that the multidimensional spectroscopic modeling method employing the hemisphere sample cell can significantly enhance the accuracy and speed of detecting chemical composition concentrations in turbid solution.

Experimental study on optimizing tailwater reinjection technology for weakly consolidated sandstone geothermal reservoirs

The difficulty of recharging the weakly consolidated sandstone geothermal reservoirs (WCSGR) is a macroscopic manifestation of the interplay of multiple factors associated with both fluids and formation properties. However, current studies predominantly focus on the influence mechanisms of individual factors on the reinjection of WCSGR. To address this limitation, a high temperature–pressure core flow experimental platform, combined with an orthogonal experimental design, is employed to investigate the dynamic reinjection process of WCSGR under the combined effects of multiple factors. The research indicates that high temperatures significantly impact the movement of 3 μm microspheres, leading to a rapid decrease in core permeability. Additionally, in experiments conducted at flow rates of 2 mL/min, 3 mL/min, and 4 mL/min, the pH stabilization time of the outflow solution decreased, while both the pH value and turbidity of the outflow solution increased, compared to the experiments conducted at flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and 1 mL/min. The permeability damage rate (%) was used as the experimental evaluation index. The primary and secondary order of influence of each factor on the permeability is: microsphere size > flow rate > turbidity > confining pressure > temperature. The optimal levels for each factor are 5 μm, 4 mL/min, 2 mg/L, 1.4 MPa, and 25 °C, respectively. Consequently, the reinjection technology of GT in WCSGR is optimized.

Synthesis of a Hybrid Membrane of Polysulfone with Zinc Oxide for Cleaning Textile Effluents.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of the ZnO concentration on the structure of a membrane for effluent filtration, varying this concentration from 0% to 3%. To analyze the results, X-ray diffraction tests, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, apparent porosity, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used, all of which were employed for the characterization of the produced membranes. The solution simulating the effluent was analyzed before and after the filtration process to assess the filtration results. The conducted tests reported results for filtered solution flow, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity. All these results indicated that the membrane with the best performance in terms of cleanliness and the amount of filtered effluent was the one produced with a 13% hybrid polysulfone loaded with 1% ZnO in its structure.

Acute lead (Pb2+) exposure increases calcium oxalate crystallization in the inner medullary collecting duct, and is ameliorated by Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase inhibition, as well as Capa receptor and SPoCk C knockdown in a Drosophila melanogaster model of nephrolithiasis

Calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones accumulate within the renal tubule due to high concentrations of insoluble deposits in the urine. Pb2+-induced Ca2+ mobilization along with Pb2+-induced nephrotoxic effects within the proximal tubule have been well established; however, Pb2+ mediated effects within the collecting duct remains insufficiently studied. Thus in vitro and ex vivo model systems were treated with increasing concentrations of lead (II) acetate (PbAc) ± sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4) for 1 h, both individually and in combination. Pb2+-mediated solution turbidity increased 2 to 5 times greater post-exposure to 75, 100 and 200 μM Pb2+ with the additional co-treatment of 10 mM oxalate in mouse inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD-3) cells. Additionally, 100 μM and 200 μM Pb2+ alone induced significant levels of intracellular Ca2+ release. To validate Pb2+-mediated effects on the formation of CaOx crystals, alizarin red staining confirmed the presence of CaOx crystallization. Pb2+-induced intracellular Ca2+ was also observed ex vivo in fly Malpighian tubules with significant increases in CaOx crystal formation via Pb2+-induced intracellular Ca2+ release significantly increasing the average crystal number, size, and total area of crystal formation, which was ameliorated by tissue-specific SPoCk C transporter and Capa receptor knockdown. These studies demonstrate Pb2+-induced Ca2+ release likely increases the formation of CaOx crystals, which is modulated by a Gq-linked mechanism with concurrent Ca2+ extracellular mobilization.

A novel turbidity compensation method for water measurements by UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy

The study presented here addresses the influence of turbidity on UV/Vis spectroscopy measurements of water bodies, a factor that affects the accurate identification and quantification of substances. The novelty of the developed turbidity compensation method is its applicability over the entire UV/Vis spectrum (250 – 900 nm), enabling the accurate detection of substances which appear in the UV/Vis spectrum at higher wavelengths (e.g. chlorophylls), and at high turbidity amounts. Commonly used approaches for turbidity compensation bases on the relationship before and after its correction through mapping functions or subtracting the turbidity-related absorbance from the original spectrum. However, these methods usually consider only certain wavelength ranges, such as 200 – 400 nm, and often reach limitations when applied to real water samples due to increase of turbidity. A significant improvement in our method was achieved by simultaneous determination of turbidity in the sample using scattered light measurement at 850 nm. This information was then applied to generate a turbidity-compensation curve, which was then used to correct the absorption spectrum according to Lambert-Beer’s law. The experimental results show that this novel method reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) from 0.5935 mg L–1 to 0.0218 mg L–1 of the rhodamine B predictions. For better comparability, COD measurements were also carried out and an RMSE of 0.3096 mg L–1 and an R2 of 0.979 were obtained. In summary, it corrects the absorbance deviation caused by turbidity, improves the accuracy of substance prediction and works even at low substance concentrations in turbid solutions or for realistic measurements.

A Compact, Low-Cost, and Low-Power Turbidity Sensor for Continuous In Situ Stormwater Monitoring.

Turbidity stands as a crucial indicator for assessing water quality, and while turbidity sensors exist, their high cost prohibits their extensive use. In this paper, we introduce an innovative turbidity sensor, and it is the first low-cost turbidity sensor that is designed specifically for long-term stormwater in-field monitoring. Its low cost (USD 23.50) enables the implementation of high spatial resolution monitoring schemes. The sensor design is available under open hardware and open-source licences, and the 3D-printed sensor housing is free to modify based on different monitoring purposes and ambient conditions. The sensor was tested both in the laboratory and in the field. By testing the sensor in the lab with standard turbidity solutions, the proposed low-cost turbidity sensor demonstrated a strong linear correlation between a low-cost sensor and a commercial hand-held turbidimeter. In the field, the low-cost sensor measurements were statistically significantly correlated to a standard high-cost commercial turbidity sensor. Biofouling and drifting issues were also analysed after the sensors were deployed in the field for more than 6 months, showing that both biofouling and drift occur during monitoring. Nonetheless, in terms of maintenance requirements, the low-cost sensor exhibited similar needs compared to the GreenSpan sensor.

Synthesis and characterization of a new coagulant PA6/CMC for the removal of water turbidity

Turbidity adds an objectionable appearance to waters. The effectiveness of PA6/CMC composite in coagulation and flocculation to improve the quality of waters was investigated. Results of the "jar test" conducted indicated that by adding 0.01 gm of PA6/CMC at pH 5 and time of 30 min., turbidity of solution was reduced to about 95% at 50NTU and 98% at 100NTU respectively. The results of this study suggest that PA6/CMC copolymer is a potential coagulant for reducing turbidity during water treatment.

Devoting turbidity measurements via absorptiometry: glutathione determination

The study included estimation of glutathione (GSH) as an important biomarker using turbidimetric method based on reaction of GSH with Ce(IV) in acidic medium to form turbid solution. More than twenty metal ions were used to test their interaction with GSH in acidic medium, it was obtained that only Ce(IV) forms turbid product. Instead of using turbidimeter to conduct measurements, a single beam spectrophotometer was used for this purpose. The measurements were studied at three wavelengths via 500, 700 and 900nm, but a near infrared wavelength, i.e. 900nm, shows the best results. In addition, the effect of temperature, time, type of acid, sequence addition as an optimum conditions required for the product to form were studied. Then the effect of the interferences was studied at two concentrations. A calibration curve in µg.mL-1 was constructed and its trending lies on points of concentrations ranged from 20 to 180µg.mL-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9994, and detection limit of 0.0005 µg.mL-1 and slope is (0.0014). The analytical method was applied on samples of human blood serum. The obtained results were compared with the results of the referenced (kit) method. The results obtained by the method followed, some of them were close and the others were far.

Nanomolar concentrations of the photodynamic compound TLD-1433 effectively inactivate numerous human pathogenic viruses

The anti-viral properties of a small (≈1 kDa), novel Ru(II) photo dynamic compound (PDC), referred to as TLD-1433 (Ruvidar™), are presented. TLD-1433 had previously been demonstrated to exert strong anti-bacterial and anti-cancer properties. We evaluated the capacity of TLD-1433 to inactivate several human pathogenic viruses. TLD-1433 that was not photo-activated was capable of effectively inactivating 50 % of influenza H1N1 virus (ID50) at a concentration of 117 nM. After photo-activation, the ID50 was reduced to <10 nM. The dose of photo-activated TLD-1433 needed to reduce H1N1 infectivity >99 % (ID99) was approximately 170 nM. Similarly, the ID99 of photo-activated TLD-1433 was determined to range from about 20 to 120 nM for other tested enveloped viruses; specifically, a human coronavirus, herpes simplex virus, the poxvirus Vaccinia virus, and Zika virus. TLD-1433 also inactivated two tested non-enveloped viruses; specifically, adenovirus type 5 and mammalian orthoreovirus, but at considerably higher concentrations. Analyses of TLD-1433-treated membranes suggested that lipid peroxidation was a major contributor to enveloped virus inactivation. TLD-1433-mediated virus inactivation was temperature-dependent, with approximately 10-fold more efficient virucidal activity when viruses were treated at 37 °C than when treated at room temperature (∼22 °C). The presence of fetal bovine serum and virus solution turbidity reduced TLD-1433-mediated virucidal efficiency. Immunoblots of TLD-1433-treated human coronavirus indicated the treated spike protein remained particle-associated.

Osmolality and Tonicity of Isotonic Beverages.

This study aimed to measure and compare the osmolality and tonicity of isotonic beverages that can be bought on the Slovenian market. The main goal was to examine how good is the agreement between the measured osmolalities of the beverages and the requirements for isotonic beverages set up by EFSA. Osmolalities were measured with an osmometer using the freezing point depression method. Afterwards, two complementary methods for the observation of tonicity were developed. Erythrocytes were exposed to standard NaCl solutions of different osmolalities to observe their influence on the volume and shape of cells following the turbidity of the solution and the morphology of erythrocytes. These two methods enabled us to determine whether standard solutions were hypo-, iso-, or hypertonic. In this way, we found that the osmolality of 12 out of the 18 investigated isotonic beverages was in the range of 270-330 mOsm/kg, as required by EFSA. However, six samples did not meet this criterion and should therefore not have the label "isotonic" or be described as such. The measurements of turbidity of solutions indicated that most isotonic beverages exhibit a lower tonicity than standard NaCl solutions of identical osmolality. However, examination of the erythrocytes in isotonic beverages showed that the measurements were additionally complicated by the low pH values of these beverages. Finally, by demonstrating how different components of isotonic beverages pass through the erythrocyte membranes, we found that even isoosmolal beverages are often not isotonic, as the concentration of actively transported sugars in these beverages is relatively high.

The effects of inulin on solubilizing and improving anti-obesity activity of high polymerization persimmon tannin

High polymerization persimmon tannin has been reported to have lipid-lowering effects. Unfortunately, the poor solubility restricts its application. This research aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of inulin on solubilizing of persimmon tannin. Furthermore, we examined whether the addition of inulin would affect the attenuated obesity effect of persimmon tannin. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results demonstrated that inulin formed a gel-like network structure, which enabled the encapsulation of persimmon tannin through hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions, thereby inhibiting the self-aggregation of persimmon tannin. The turbidity of the persimmon tannin solution decreased by 56.2 %, while the polyphenol content in the supernatant increased by 60.0 %. Furthermore, biochemical analysis and 16s rRNA gene sequencing technology demonstrated that persimmon tannin had a significant anti-obesity effect and improved intestinal health in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, inulin was found to have a positive effect on enhancing the health benefits of persimmon tannin, including improving hepatic steatosis and gut microbiota dysbiosis. it enhanced the abundance of beneficial core microbes while decreasing the abundance of harmful bacteria. Our findings expand the applications of persimmon tannin in the food and medical sectors.

Mechanism behind the Controlled Generation of Liquid Metal Nanoparticles by Mechanical Agitation.

The size-controlled synthesis of liquid metal nanoparticles is necessary in a variety of applications. Sonication is a common method for breaking down bulk liquid metals into small particles, yet the influence of critical factors such as liquid metal composition has remained elusive. Our study employs high-speed imaging to unravel the mechanism of liquid metal particle formation during mechanical agitation. Gallium-based liquid metals, with and without secondary metals of bismuth, indium, and tin, are analyzed to observe the effect of cavitation and surface eruption during sonication and particle release. The impact of the secondary metal inclusion is investigated on liquid metals' surface tension, solution turbidity, and size distribution of the generated particles. Our work evidences that there is an inverse relationship between the surface tension and the ability of liquid metals to be broken down by sonication. We show that even for 0.22 at. % of bismuth in gallium, the surface tension is significantly decreased from 558 to 417 mN/m (measured in Milli-Q water), resulting in an enhanced particle generation rate: 3.6 times increase in turbidity and ∼43% reduction in the size of particles for bismuth in gallium liquid alloy compared to liquid gallium for the same sonication duration. The effect of particles' size on the photocatalysis of the annealed particles is also presented to show the applicability of the process in a proof-of-concept demonstration. This work contributes to a broader understanding of the synthesis of nanoparticles, with controlled size and characteristics, via mechanical agitation of liquid metals for diverse applications.

Synthesis of N-oxide Poly(1-vinylimidazole) for pDNA delivery systems in vivo

Abstract N-oxide poly(1-vinylimidazole) (PVIm+–O−) has been synthesized as a unique biocompatible polyampholyte. Measurements of solution turbidity prove that PVIm+–O− had no significant effect on rapid aggregate formation with serum proteins. Agarose gel retardation assay, particle size/ζ-potential measurement, and cytotoxicity evaluation prove that the PVIm+–O− coated binary complexes between branched poly(ethyleneimine) (bPEI) and plasmid DNA (pDNA). The resulting PVIm+–O−/bPEI/pDNA ternary complex mediated higher gene expression than the bPEI/pDNA binary complex in vivo mouse skeletal muscle. These results suggest that PVIm+–O− is a polyampholyte for biocompatibility.

Phase behavior of lyotropic alkyl thioglycolipid surfactants: Effects of sugar headgroup and alkyl tail length

AbstractThe lyotropic properties of alkyl thioglycosides with varying sugar headgroup (lactose, cellobiose, maltose, galactose, or glucose) and alkyl chain length (octyl, decyl, or dodecyl chains) are investigated by surface tensiometry, visual observation, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results substantiate that the glycosidic S‐linkage confers considerably different solution aggregation behavior on these surfactants relative to their O‐linked counterparts, where the properties of the latter are known. The materials properties of the aggregated structures from the alkyl thioglycosides vary considerably. Micelles are formed by octyl thiocellobioside and all alkyl thiomaltosides. Turbid aggregate solutions are formed by the alkyl thioglucosides and octyl thiogalactoside, whereas the longer chain alkyl thiogalactosides are minimally soluble. Fluorescence spectroscopy of these systems confirms their aggregation in lamellar‐like structures. The alkyl thiocellobiosides and alkyl thiolactosides form hydrogels from these low‐molecular weight materials at concentrations almost an order of magnitude lower than gels using other low‐molecular weight materials. Here, hydrogels form at concentrations &lt;0.3 wt% with some forming hydrogels at concentrations as low as 0.03 wt% from alkyl thiocellobiosides and thiolactosides, with hydrogel properties differing significantly with this slight change in the sugar headgroup. Alkyl thiocellobiosides form a nanofiber network and alkyl thiolactosides form globular hydrogels. Overall, these results clearly document materials properties that can readily be controlled and designed depending on molecular structure.

L-arginine and l-lysine supplementation to NaCl tenderizes porcine meat by promoting myosin extraction and actomyosin dissociation

This study investigated the individual and combined effects of l-arginine, l-lysine, and NaCl on the ultrastructure of porcine myofibrils to uncover the mechanism underlying meat tenderization. Arg or Lys alone shortened A-bands and damaged M-lines, while NaCl alone destroyed M- and Z-lines. Overall, Arg and Lys cooperated with NaCl to destroy the myofibrillar ultrastructure. Moreover, these two amino acids conjoined with NaCl to increase myosin solubility, actin band intensity, and the protein concentration of the actomyosin supernatant. However, they decreased the turbidity and particle size of both myosin and actomyosin solutions, and the remaining activities of Ca2+- and Mg2+-ATPase. The current results revealed that Arg/Lys combined with NaCl to extract myosin and dissociate actomyosin, thereby aggravating the destruction of the myofibrillar ultrastructure. The present results provide a good explanation for the previous phenomenon that Arg and Lys cooperated with NaCl to improve meat tenderness.

Efficient removal of Mo(VI) ions via adsorbing colloid flotation based on the synergic effect of metal salts and CTAB

Treatment of molybdenum-containing wastewater is crucial for mitigating the environmental threat of Mo(VI) ions and recovering valuable metals. Compared to conventional separation methods, adsorbing colloid flotation emerges as a viable way to efficiently remove Mo(VI) ions. However, the current colloidal adsorption reagents have constrained the development of adsorbing colloid flotation due to their poor removal efficiency and narrow solution pH range. To overcome these challenges, Zr(IV) salts and La(III) salts were employed as colloidal adsorption reagents for the first time to remove Mo(VI) ions from wastewater in this work. In particular, the differences in removal efficiency of Mo(VI) ions between Zr(IV) salts, La(III) salts and traditional Fe(III) salts were systematically evaluated over a wide solution pH range. Zr(IV) salts demonstrated robust pH stability, displaying a significant removal efficiency of over 70.00% for Mo(VI) ions during the colloidal adsorption stage across a broad solution pH range from 3 to 11. Even more astonishingly, the removal efficiency of Mo(VI) ions was further enhanced through the synergistic effect of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) during the flotation separation stage. Under the optimal conditions of bubble flotation, the solution turbidity decreased rapidly from 164.50 NTU to 3.33 NTU, and the removal efficiency of Mo(VI) ions reached an impressive 99.10% which was enhanced by 23.73% compared to the colloidal adsorption stage. In conclusion, Zr(IV) salts, serving as colloidal adsorption reagents, have overcome the limitations of traditional colloidal adsorption reagents and exhibit significant potential for the removal of Mo(VI) ions from wastewater.

The Effect of Block Ratio and Structure on the Thermosensitivity of Double and Triple Betaine Block Copolymers.

AB-type and BAB-type betaine block copolymers composed of a carboxybetaine methacrylate and a sulfobetaine methacrylate, PGLBT-b-PSPE and PSPE-b-PGLBT-b-PSPE, respectively, were synthesized by one-pot RAFT polymerization. By optimizing the concentration of the monomer, initiator, and chain transfer agent, block extension with precise ratio control was enabled and a full conversion (~99%) of betaine monomers was achieved at each step. Two sets (total degree of polymerization: ~300 and ~600) of diblock copolymers having four different PGLBT:PSPE ratios were prepared to compare the influence of block ratio and molecular weight on the temperature-responsive behavior in aqueous solution. A turbidimetry and dynamic light scattering study revealed a shift to higher temperatures of the cloud point and micelle formation by increasing the ratio of PSPE, which exhibit upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior. PSPE-dominant diblocks created spherical micelles stabilized by PGLBT motifs, and the transition behavior diminished by decreasing the PSPE ratio. No particular change was found in the diblocks that had an identical AB ratio. This trend reappeared in the other set whose entire molecular weight approximately doubled, and each transition point was not recognizably impacted by the total molecular weight. For triblocks, the PSPE double ends provided a higher probability of interchain attractions and resulted in a more turbid solution at higher temperatures, compared to the diblocks which had similar block ratios and molecular weights. The intermediates assumed as network-like soft aggregates eventually rearranged to monodisperse flowerlike micelles. It is expected that the method for obtaining well-defined betaine block copolymers, as well as the relationship of the block ratio and the chain conformation to the temperature-responsive behavior, will be helpful for designing betaine-based polymeric applications.

Dispersive surfactant micelle-mediated extraction combined with a smartphone-based portable colorimeter: a cost-effective and simple approach for cobalt determination.

In this research, we present a cost-effective, environmentally friendly methodology for the precise determination of trace levels of cobalt in various environmental matrices, based on a new surfactant micelle-mediated extraction combined with digital image analysis. Specifically, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) serves as the key surfactant. Prior to extraction, the conversion of Co2+ ions into hydrophobic species is achieved through the utilization of 1-nitroso 2-naphthol as a chelating agent. The procedure involves injecting a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of CTAB into water samples containing the target analytes and some added KI, resulting in the formation of a turbid solution due to CTAB dispersion within the medium. Following centrifugation, the resulting precipitate is re-dissolved in 1 mL of dimethylformamide and subjected to analysis using a self-constructed colorimeter, which is based on a mobile device. In the colorimeter, digital image analysis is conducted using the RGB color space, with the G channel value serving as the analytical signal. Our investigation encompasses the exploration and optimization of several critical parameters influencing the extraction and complex formation processes. Under optimal conditions, a linear range spanning 10-2.00 × 102 μg L-1 is achieved, exhibiting a correlation coefficient of 0.994. The detection limit (DL) is determined to be 4.1 μg L-1. The relative standard deviations for the determination of Co2+ at concentrations of 40 and 100 μg L-1 are found to be 7.0 and 6.6, respectively, for five replicates. Further assessments include an evaluation of the impact of common cations and anions on the proposed method, which subsequently qualifies it for the efficient preconcentration and quantification of cobalt in diverse environmental matrices.

Bioinspired controllable CaCO3 synthesis from solid waste by an “all in one” amino acid-in strategy: Implication for CO2 mineralization

CO2 mineralization suffers from extensive consumption of acidic/alkaline reagents due to the limited kinetics, which necessitates the development of an atom/energy-efficient process. An “all in one” reagent amino acid-based Ca2+ leaching-CO2 mineralization process inspired by biomineralization was proposed. This study explored the interactions between amino acids and Ca leaching, CaCO3 pre-nucleation, nucleation, and growth by investigating the evolution of Ca concentration, solution turbidity and CaCO3 morphology in complex CFA. Promising Ca2+ leaching efficiencies were observed, being 51.1 %, 34.2 %, and 21.0 % for glycine (Gly), L-alanine (Ala), and L-arginine (Arg), respectively, negatively correlated with their pI but positively correlated with their bonding energy with Ca2+. These amino acids ultimately led to a CaCO3 production of Gly (114.8 g/kg) > Ala (78.2 g/kg) > Arg (54.5 g/kg) from CFA. Gly leachate remained transparent (1.23 NTU) in the first 3 min of CO2 bubbling even though the solution was supersaturated and then got turbid suddenly (6508.75 NTU in 10 min) as continued CO2 bubbling, indicating the inhibition of Gly on CaCO3 nucleation. Observations using Cryo-SEM confirm the presence of abundant CaCO3 nanoparticles in the early stages of mineralization, which later assemble into vaterite crystal particles with a sub-structure and coalesce into larger particles in Gly and Ala. Meanwhile, Arg inhibited calcite growth along the C-axis, leading to the formation of thin, blocky-like particles. Furthermore, 0.010 ∼ 0.027 mmol/g amino acids are occluded into the CaCO3, stabilizing the metastable vaterites and imparting thermal stability, which was believed to be associated with this multistep pathway involving a transient prenucleation cluster, nanoparticle precursor formation, and particle–particle coalescence.