Tunnel-like Structure Research Articles

Quenching method introduced oxygen defect type Zn2V2O7·2H2O for long-life aqueous zinc ion batteries

Cost-effective and environment-friendly aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) are ideal for emerging energy storage. Focusing on enhancing the rate performance and cycling stability of AZIBs, various metal oxides and compounds as cathode materials have drawn extensive attention. The development of high-performance AZIBs cathode materials requires concentrating on the Zn2+ intercalation strategy and exploring new materials more suitable for Zn2+ intercalation to ensure more stable Zn2+ storage. Additionally, a straightforward synthesis process considering economic effects and cost issues is essential. Herein, we introduce abundant oxygen vacancies on/near the surface of V2O5 by quenching at high temperatures to provide more insertion sites for Zn2+. Then, Zn2V2O7·2H2O with oxygen vacancies is synthesized by reacting V2O5 with ZnCl2 through stirring and subsequent hydrothermal treatment (named QH ZVO). QH ZVO has a tunnel-like structure for stable Zn2+ storage, combined with oxygen vacancy defects, enriches Zn2+ storage quantity. Density functional theory simulations show that the quenching induced oxygen vacancy narrows the energy band gap of QH ZVO and accelerates electron transfer. The maximum specific capacity reaches 78.34 mAh g−1 at 15 A g−1 with 74.47 % capacity retention after 15,000 cycles. This work offers a new approach for efficient zinc storage and enhances the electrochemical stability of AZIBs.

New anode materials for sodium-ion batteries: NixCa2-xAl-Cl LDH and CoyCa2-yAl-Cl LDH prepared from dechlorination wastes

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are considered promising materials in energy storage. Herein, we design a one-step ion-exchange route to prepare two new LDH-based materials, NixCa2-xAl-Cl LDH and CoyCa2-yAl-Cl LDH as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), using Ca2Al(OH)6Cl·2H2O (Ca2Al-Cl LDH) generated from disposing of chlorine-containing wastewater as the feed material. The high-electroactive Ni2+ and Co2+ replace a part of low-electroactive Ca2+ in Ca2Al-Cl LDH, forming NixCa2-xAl-Cl LDH and CoyCa2-yAl-Cl LDH materials with tunnel-like and defective structure, and abundant active sites. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the incorporation of Ni2+ and Co2+ effectively drives electron transfer and directly influences the charge density surrounding the active center, thereby enhancing the conductivity of NixCa2-xAl-Cl LDH and CoyCa2-yAl-Cl LDH. Ex situ XRD and XPS analyses demonstrate a redox reaction between Na+ and NixCa2-xAl-Cl LDH/CoyCa2-yAl-Cl LDH during the discharging/charging process. The NixCa2-xAl-Cl LDH and CoyCa2-yAl-Cl LDH materials exhibit excellent electrochemical performance for SIBs. Among them, Ni0.8Ca1.2Al-Cl LDH and Co0.6Ca1.4Al-Cl LDH deliver discharge capacities of 256.9 and 292.8 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g−1 and maintain the discharge capacities of 102 and 118.1 mAh g−1 after 600 cycles at 2 A g−1. This study provides a simple and low-cost method to prepare LDH-based anode materials for SIBs. It also provides a new path for the conversion of low-value dechlorination wastes into high-value-added products.

In-situ growth of 3D porous tunnel-like NaV6O15@C on carbon cloth as high-capacity zinc ion battery cathode

As a widely used electrode material, carbon cloth possesses the advantages of a stable self-supporting structure and fast electron conduction rate. Sodium vanadate has gradually attracted the attention of researchers owing to its unique layered tunnel-like structure. In this work, in-situ growth of NaV6O15 on carbon fiber with a 3D porous tunnel-like structure for cathode material of aqueous zinc ion batteries is reported. NaV6O15 nanorods are uniformly dispersed on the surface of carbon cloth fibers and coated perfectly, which intertwined to form rich 3D porous tunnels. The as-prepared NaV6O15 @C has a reversible capacity of 487.7 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 A·g−1, which is 2.6 times that of pure NaV6O15-A. The coulomb efficiency (CE) is always maintained at 100 %, which proposed a scheme for the design of higher capacity cathode materials.

Carbon reduction assist structured preparation stable three-dimensional V6O13 for durable aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Among various zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) cathodes, vanadium-based oxides have received a great deal of research due to their high theoretical specific capacity. However, the severe problem of dissolution and sluggish kinetics of Zn2+ diffusion in vanadium-based oxides limit their further development as cathode materials for ZIBs. Herein, a novel monoclinic V6O13 nanoflowers (VONs) cathode is synthesized via an in-situ surface carbon reduction method from orthorhombic V2O5 at specific temperature. Benefiting from the intrinsic open tunnel-like structure and mixed states V4+/V5+ of V6O13, which are beneficial to facilitate the diffusion of Zn2+ and improve electronic conductivity of VONs. In addition, the dissolution of vanadium in VONs is suppressed remarkably. Based on the synergy of the advantages, the ZIBs with VONs electrode show excellent electrochemical performances, including high specific capacity (420 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1) and rate capability, especially long-term cycling stability (above 88.9% capacity retention after 6000 cycles). Moreover, the kinetics and mechanism of the Zn2+ storage and diffusion in VONs have been investigated by combining experimental data with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This in-situ preparation strategy provides a new approach to regulate the structure and phase of vanadium-based oxides to meet the requirements of high-performance ZIBs.

A right ventricular diverticulum with a very special cardiac anomaly.

Cardiac diverticula are rare congenital anomalies. Among them, right ventricular diverticula are far fewer than left ventricular diverticula. Herein, we write to share an exceedingly rare case of a special right ventricular diverticulum connecting to left ventricle through a tunnel-like structure originating from the membranous ventricular septum. Surgical closure of the origin of the connecting tunnel was performed, while the right ventricular diverticulum was preserved. Postoperative recovering was uneventful.

Uniformly confined V2O3 quantum dots embedded in biomass derived mesoporous carbon toward fast and stable energy storage

Rational composition and structural design of electrode substances are critical for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors (SCs) with good cycling steadiness and superb rate capability. Therefore, we report a novel electrode material consisting of V2O3 quantum dots (QDs, about 6.64 nm) well-distributed on mesoporous carbon (MC) nanosheets. V2O3 has high intrinsic conductivity and an open tunnel-like lattice structure, facilitating electron transfer and ion intercalation. The composite architectures can offer more electrochemical active sites, shorten ion/electron diffusion paths, and reduce volume swings during the charging/discharging process. The synergic effect of these merits significantly improves the reaction kinetics and prevents structural damage to the entire electrode. As a result, V2O3-QDs/MC nanosheets exhibit a large capacity/capacitance, excellent cycling steadiness, and high rate performance. For LIBs, V2O3-QDs/MC displays a great reversible capacity of 931 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 over 500 cycles and fast and stable lithium storage behaviors with 822 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 after 1000 cycles. For SCs, V2O3-QDs/MC manifests a considerable specific capacitance of 270 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and satisfactory durability for at least 5000 cycles at 10 A g−1. This work informs a good structure design for constructing advanced metal oxide-based nanostructured electrode materials.

RPG interacts with E3-ligase CERBERUS to mediate rhizobial infection in Lotus japonicus.

Symbiotic interactions between rhizobia and legumes result in the formation of root nodules, which fix nitrogen that can be used for plant growth. Rhizobia usually invade legume roots through a plant-made tunnel-like structure called an infection thread (IT). RPG (Rhizobium-directed polar growth) encodes a coiled-coil protein that has been identified in Medicago truncatula as required for root nodule infection, but the function of RPG remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified and characterized RPG in Lotus japonicus and determined that it is required for IT formation. RPG was induced by Mesorhizobium loti or purified Nodulation factor and displayed an infection-specific expression pattern. Nodule inception (NIN) bound to the RPG promoter and induced its expression. We showed that RPG displayed punctate subcellular localization in L. japonicus root protoplasts and in root hairs infected by M. loti. The N-terminal predicted C2 lipid-binding domain of RPG was not required for this subcellular localization or for function. CERBERUS, a U-box E3 ligase which is also required for rhizobial infection, was found to be localized similarly in puncta. RPG co-localized and directly interacted with CERBERUS in the early endosome (TGN/EE) compartment and near the nuclei in root hairs after rhizobial inoculation. Our study sheds light on an RPG-CERBERUS protein complex that is involved in an exocytotic pathway mediating IT elongation.

Hydrophobic interactions within the C terminus pole helices tunnel regulate calcium-dependent inactivation of TRPC3 in a calmodulin-dependent manner

Recent structural studies have shown that the carboxyl-terminus of many TRP channels, including TRPC3, are folded into a horizontal rib helix that is connected to the vertical pole helix, which play roles in inter-structural interactions and multimerization. In a previous work we identified I807 located in the pole helix with a role in regulation of TRPC3 by STIM1 (Lee et al., 2014, Liu et al., 2022). To further determine the role of the pole helix in TRPC3 function, here we identified key hydrophobic residues in the pole helix that form tight tunnel-like structure and used mutations to probe their role in TRPC3 regulation by Ca2+ and Calmodulin. Our findings suggest that the hydrophobic starch formed by the I807-L818 residues has several roles, it modulates gating of TRPC3 by Ca2+, affects channel selectivity and the channel Ca2+ permeability. Mutations of I807, I811, L814 and L818 all attenuated the Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI) of TRPC3, with I807 having the most prominent effect. The extent of modulation of the CDI depended on the degree of hydrophobicity of I807. Moreover, the TRPC3(I807S) mutant showed altered channel monovalent ion selectivity and increased Ca2+ permeability, without affecting the channel permeability to Mg2+ and Ba2+ and without changing the pore diameter. The CDI of TRPC3 was reduced by an inactive calmodulin mutant and by a pharmacological inhibitor of calmodulin, which was eliminated by the I807S mutation. Notably, deletion of STIM1 caused similar alteration of TRPC3 properties. Taken together, these findings reveal a role of the pole helix in CDI, in addition to its potential role in channel multimerization that required gating of TRPC3 by STIM1. Since all TRPC and most TRP channels have pole helix structures, our findings raise the possibility that the pole helix may have similar roles in all the TRP family.

Abstract 14923: A Special Type Aortic Left Ventricular Tunnel With Bicuspid Aortic Valve: A Case Report

Introduction: Aortic-left ventricular tunnel (ALVT) is an extremely rare congenital cardiac lesion that is an abnormal passage connecting the ascending aorta to the left ventricle. ALVT can be diagnosed by the use of real-time two-dimensional and continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography. Case presentation: A two-year and seven-month-old boy with recently diagnosed influenza presented to the hospital because of severe tachypnea and fatigue after running. Physical examination revealed a grade 3/6 systolic and diastolic murmur at the second and third left intercostal space. Transthoracic echocardiography (GE E95 with a 5-MHz scanning head) demonstrated that the aortic valve was a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) with mild-moderate insufficiency during diastole, the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and gradient of aortic valve were 1.9m/s and 14mmHg, respectively; The aortic sinotubular junction (ASJ) was stenotic, the PSV and gradient of ASJ were 2.7m/s and 29mmHg, respectively; A tubular-like structure originated in the outlet septum beneath the right coronary cusp and terminated in the ascending aorta superior to the right coronary aortic sinus (Fig. A, B), CDFI and continuous-wave Doppler showed unobstructed to-and-fro (systolic and diastolic) flow in the tunnel with a high-velocity color signal that aliased during systole (Fig. C-E). Clinical considerations for congenital heart disease: ALVT combines BAV with aortic insufficiency and supravalvar aortic stenosis. The patient was referred for possible surgical correction. Discussion: In this patient, the type of ALVT does not belong to any one of Hovaguimian’s classifications. Two-dimensional echocardiography can display the tunnel-like structure of ALVT in real-time, and CDFI can identify that two-stage bidirectional shunted blood flow, systolic ventricular ejection occurs through both the tunnel and the semilunar valve, and the diastolic flow reverses from the aorta to ventricle via ALVT.

Dynamic monitoring of a tunnel-like masonry structure using wireless sensor networks

The application of wireless sensor network technology for long-term monitoring of a historic tunnel-like masonry structure in Italy is described. The monitoring was performed within the activity of a research project aimed at providing a general framework to check the structural health of heritage structures and detect, in real time, any potential damage that may compromise their safety. The selected case study (a tunnel-like masonry structure) represented a challenging experiment, both in terms of the type of structure itself and the technical solution employed for installing the monitoring system. After a brief description of the installed monitoring system and the design of the sensor layout, the lessons learned after 1 year of monitoring are summarised.

Designed preparation of nano rod shaped CeO2-MnO catalysts with different Ce/Mn ratios and its highly efficient catalytic performance for chlorobenzene complete oxidation: New insights into structure–activity correlations

The catalytic advantages of CeO 2 -MnO x catalysts for CB deep oxidation can be attributed to both the unique morphology effect and the Ce-Mn strong interaction in the nano rod shaped. • CeO 2 -MnO x nano rods with different Ce/Mn molar ratios were synthesized. • Microstructure of CeO 2 -MnO x was analyzed by XRD Rietveld refinement. • CeO 2 -MnO x nano rod exposing defective {1 0 0} facet generates more oxygen vacancies. • Tunnel-like structured todorokite/vernadite phase favors lattice oxygen migration. • Increasing Mn content enriched surface Mn 4+ and promoted Ce-Mn redox cycles. Series of nano rod shaped CeO 2 -MnO x catalysts with different Ce/Mn molar ratios were synthesized through facile hydro-thermal method and subjected to chlorobenzene (CB) complete catalytic oxidation tests. Detailed structural/chemical characterizations such as TEM/HRTEM, Rietveld XRD, N 2 adsorption/desorption, UV-Raman and H 2 -TPR were conducted. Results show that the designed nano rod shaped CeO 2 -MnO x binary oxides can be promising with highly efficient catalytic performance towards the complete oxidation of CB. The Ce/Mn-1/8 catalyst (Ce/Mn molar ratio 1:8) is verified as the most outstanding candidate among all the CeO 2 -MnO x catalysts obtained, which not only presents best catalytic activity but also gives less production of hazardous polychlorinated byproducts, along with excellent durability. Further characterizations reveal that such catalytic advantages can be attributed to both the unique morphology effect and the Ce-Mn strong interaction in the nano rod shaped CeO 2 -MnO x catalysts. The designed nano rod shaped CeO 2 -MnO x catalyst mainly exposes the more defective {1 0 0} facet, generating lattice micro-strain and favorable for forming more oxygen vacancies. While the formation of todorokite/vernadite phase with special tunnel-like structure which promoting the migration of lattice oxygen to catalyst surface. Moreover, the strong interaction between CeO 2 and MnO x can promote the (Ce 4+ /Ce 3+ ↔ Mn 4+ /Mn 3+ ) redox cycles and is beneficial for CB deep oxidation. Increasing Mn content leads to higher content of todorokite/vernadite phases, surface Mn 4+ enrichment and shorter nano rods with more exposes lattice defects, thus rendering enhanced Ce-Mn strong interaction and morphology effect in Ce/Mn-1/8 catalyst.

Insights into the TT-Nb2O5 crystal structure behavior

The discussion about the Nb2O5 crystal structure persists nowadays, especially for the TT-phase. It has been shown that the TT-phase can accommodate defects in the crystal structure due to its opened structure and non-stoichiometry behavior. Several works suggested that the TT-phase could crystallize in monoclinic, hexagonal, pseudohexagonal, or orthorhombic structures. For this reason, this work presents insights about the TT-phase crystal structure, which presented a pseudohexagonal unit cell within a disordered orthorhombic superlattice, showing a tunnel-like structure of 4 Å along the b-axis.

Graph-based homogenisation for modelling cardiac fibrosis

Fibrosis, the excess of extracellular matrix, can affect, and even block, propagation of action potential in cardiac tissue. This can result in deleterious effects on heart function, but the nature and severity of these effects depend strongly on the localisation of fibrosis and its by-products in cardiac tissue, such as collagen scar formation. Computer simulation is an important means of understanding the complex effects of fibrosis on activation patterns in the heart, but concerns of computational cost place restrictions on the spatial resolution of these simulations. In this work, we present a novel numerical homogenisation technique that uses both Eikonal and graph approaches to allow fine-scale heterogeneities in conductivity to be incorporated into a coarser mesh. Homogenisation achieves this by deriving effective conductivity tensors so that a coarser mesh can then be used for numerical simulation. By taking a graph-based approach, our homogenisation technique functions naturally on irregular grids and does not rely upon any assumptions of periodicity, even implicitly. We present results of action potential propagation through fibrotic tissue in two dimensions that show the graph-based homogenisation technique is an accurate and effective way to capture fine-scale domain information on coarser meshes in the context of sharp-fronted travelling waves of activation. As test problems, we consider excitation propagation in tissue with diffuse fibrosis and through a tunnel-like structure designed to test homogenisation, interaction of an excitation wave with a scar region, and functional re-entry.

High lithium storage of SnO2/Sn@C enabled by a facile, efficient dual-porous architecture

SnO2 with a high theoretical capacity has been regarded as a promising candidate for new-generation lithium-ion battery anodes, but challenging as well for the big volumetric variation and poor intrinsic conductivity. To address this challenge, herein, the SnO2 particles containing a small amount of Sn are reduced to the nanoscale and confined in a dual-porous carbon matrix by a relatively facile strategy, and hence exhibits significantly improved electrochemical performance. It is demonstrated that the synergistic effects of SnO2/Sn nanoparticles and dual-porous carbon matrix contribute to fast electrochemical kinetics and enhanced structural stability of the as-prepared SnO2-based composite (SnO2/Sn@p-C). In particular, the dual-porous carbon matrix with two sizes of pores can not only efficiently accommodate the volumetric variation and prevent the aggregation and pulverization of the SnO2/Sn nanoparticles with its big pore confining function, but also promote the ion diffusion and electron transfer by its small pores constructed network conducting open tunnel-like structure. Consequently, the SnO2/Sn@p-C exhibits outstanding lithium storage properties, revealing high capacity of 917.7 mA h g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 450 cycles as well as 628.9 mA h g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after 1000 cycles. Thus high-performance makes SnO2/Sn@p-C a promising advanced lithium-ion battery anode.

A Numerical Study for the Periodic Intermittent Flame Movement of Large-Area Liquid Fire in Tunnel-Like Structure

A Numerical Study for the Periodic Intermittent Flame Movement of Large-Area Liquid Fire in Tunnel-Like Structure

High-temperature thermoelectric performance of (W1−xTix)18O49

High-temperature thermoelectric properties of tungsten-based Magnéli phase oxide (W1-xTix)18O49 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) prepared by solid state reaction followed by densification via spark plasma sintering (SPS) were studied. The Ti substitution increased the Seebeck coefficient, the power factor, and decreased both the electronic and lattice thermal conductivity. The synergistic substitution effect on the electrical and thermal properties and inherently low total thermal conductivity of 1.46 ± 0.08 WK−1 m−1 originating from the tunnel-like crystal structure of the oxide led to a significantly high ZT of 0.50 ± 0.07 at 1073 K for the sample with x = 0.2.

DNA Helicase-Polymerase Coupling in Bacteriophage DNA Replication.

Bacteriophages have long been model systems to study the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication. During DNA replication, a DNA helicase and a DNA polymerase cooperatively unwind the parental DNA. By surveying recent data from three bacteriophage replication systems, we summarized the mechanistic basis of DNA replication by helicases and polymerases. Kinetic data have suggested that a polymerase or a helicase alone is a passive motor that is sensitive to the base-pairing energy of the DNA. When coupled together, the helicase–polymerase complex is able to unwind DNA actively. In bacteriophage T7, helicase and polymerase reside right at the replication fork where the parental DNA is separated into two daughter strands. The two motors pull the two daughter strands to opposite directions, while the polymerase provides a separation pin to split the fork. Although independently evolved and containing different replisome components, bacteriophage T4 replisome shares mechanistic features of Hel–Pol coupling that are similar to T7. Interestingly, in bacteriophages with a limited size of genome like Φ29, DNA polymerase itself can form a tunnel-like structure, which encircles the DNA template strand and facilitates strand displacement synthesis in the absence of a helicase. Studies on bacteriophage replication provide implications for the more complicated replication systems in bacteria, archaeal, and eukaryotic systems, as well as the RNA genome replication in RNA viruses.

Metallic V5S8 microparticles with tunnel-like structure for high-rate and stable zinc-ion energy storage

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are tremendously competitive in terms of cost-economy and safe-operation. However, their development is significantly hampered by the lack of stable cathode materials allowing robust zinc-ion diffusion. Herein, it is firstly reported that a facile synthesis V5S8 with tunnel-like crystal structure, even in micron-size form, can be investigated as a superior intercalated cathode material for AZIBs, which delievers a high capacity of 240 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and a record capacity retention of 94% (182 mAh g−1) after 1000 cycles at a high current density of 10 A g−1. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that V5S8 has a strong metallic characteristic and an optimal zinc-ion diffusion path with a low hopping energy barrier, boosting the distinctly fast transport capability of both electrons and ions. Consequently, an unprecedented rate capacity retention of 80.75% was obtained when the current density underwent a hundred-fold change, and the ultrafast ion migration kinetics along with desirable pseudocapacitive behaviors were further confirmed. Moreover, using in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction, ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and DFT calculations, this study provides significant insight into the reaction mechanism of the V5S8 cathode with self-adaptive multistage ion storage.

Engineering hollow cobalt oxide nanospheres with porous carbon coating for stable lithium storage

• Carbon coating of hollow CoO nanospheres was designed as porous structure. • The well-designed configuration played a key role in electrochemical properties. • Structural stability and kinetics of the CoO@HPC was determined systematically. • The CoO@HPC exhibited standout lithium storage performance. Constructing a stable, stress-relieving configuration is imperative to achieve a reversible cobalt oxide (CoO) anode for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Herein, we propose a porous carbon coated ultrafine CoO nanoparticles assembled hollow nanospheres (CoO@HPC). In thus configuration, the well-designed porous carbon coating has a significant superiority compared to the common carbon coatings without porous structures, that is, the porous carbon coating can not only better buffer the volume change of CoO using its spongy structure featured better flexibility and rich free space, but also accelerate the lithium-ions diffusion by right of its open tunnel-like structure. On this ground, the synergistic effect of porous carbon coating and hollow structure endows CoO@HPC with superior structural durability and improved electrochemical kinetics. In consequence, this CoO@HPC shows superior electrochemical properties, displaying 704 (close to the theoretical capacity of CoO (716 mAh g −1 )) and 426.4 mAh g −1 after 120 cycles at 200 and even 1000 mA g −1 , respectively. This work highlights the importance of rational structure design of carbon coating for preparing advanced lithium-ion battery CoO-based anodes.

Porous carbon assisted carbon nanotubes supporting Fe3O4 nanoparticles for improved lithium storage

Herein, to efficiently improve the lithium storage of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, a distinctive porous carbon (PC) assisted carbon nanotubes (CNTs) supporting architecture has been designed and fabricated successfully. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles are deposited on the surface of CNTs and then covered by an extra PC. In such a designed architecture, highly conductive and robust CNTs can not only improve the conductivity but also boost the structure of the as-fabricated Fe3O4-based composite (CNTs@Fe3O4@PC). In particular, the foam-like PC has a certain level of volume elasticity and open tunnel-like structure to better anchor the Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the surface of CNTs and facilitate the transfer of electrons and ions, therefore guaranteeing the fast kinetics and long-term stability. The results show that the capacitive contribution is predominant in lithium storage of the CNTs@Fe3O4@PC electrode. Consequently, the as-fabricated CNTs@Fe3O4@PC shows high capacity, good rate capability, and long life, displaying 766 and 572 mAh g-1 after 400 and 700 cycles at 200 and even 1000 mA g-1, respectively. Thus outstanding performance makes the CNTs@Fe3O4@PC have great potential to be advanced lithium-ion battery anode materials. Furthermore, this strategy can be extended to other nanostructured metal oxide anodes, such as CoO, SnO2, and Bi2O3 nanomaterials.