Addition Of Tungsten Carbide Research Articles

Characterization of an additively manufactured coating using an upsetting test with miniaturized cylindrical specimen

In order to reduce CO2 emissions in production industry, the combination of several manufacturing processes is coming to the fore. One example is the combination of metal additive manufacturing with the forming technology, whereby the advantages of both process technologies can be used. The process combination can be applied to produce hybrid barrel sleeves, for example. Using a laser-based directed energy deposition (DED-LB/M), a circular coating is first applied to a blank, which is then deep-drawn in a second step. The additive layer serves as a wear-resistant coating. One way to increase process understanding for this process combination is numerical simulation. An important part of setting up the simulation model is characterizing the material in terms of its mechanical behavior. In order to avoid long building times, small sample geometries are suitable for characterizing the additive material. In the context of the paper, the upsetting test is therefore carried out with miniaturized specimens, whereby not only the base material Bainidur AM but also the addition of tungsten carbide microparticles and carbon nanoparticles is investigated. The in-situ modification of the material significantly increases the yield strength, but at the same time reduces the ductility. The microhardness of the material is also increased by the addition of carbon or tungsten carbide.

The hardfacing properties of the nickel-based coating deposited by the PTA process with the addition of wc nano-particles: Wear investigation

The impact of the addition of tungsten carbide (1 to 7 wt%) on the microstructure and wear characteristics of the nickel–tungsten carbide composite layer fabricated by the plasma transferred arc (PTA) process was studied. With the addition of nanoparticles, the degree of segregation becomes lower while heterogeneous nucleation increases and refining of the microstructure enhances. Wear rate and coefficient of friction for all samples with increasing the load from 1 to 5 N decrease and wear mechanism changes from abrasive to adhesive. The higher wear resistance for samples with 3%wt is due to a decrease in the porosity of the composite coatings, strong interfacial bonding, and promotion in the deposition efficiency at the same time.

The influence of laser remelting on microstructural changes and hardness level of flame-sprayed NiCrBSi coatings with tungsten carbide addition

The presented article describes the influence of the laser remelting process on microstructural changes, heat-affected zone size, dilution effect and hardness level of hard-facing Ni-based coatings based on NiCrBSi system with the addition of W2C\\WC carbide in the context of thermal diffusivity and specific heat value. This relationship is practically not described in the literature. Three commercial systems, Metco 15E, Metco 36C and customized Metco 15E + DURMAT® FTC, were deposited by flame-spraying on carbon steel with the following laser remelting treatment with different energetical variants. The total deposited in coatings energy value was used as a comparison criterion. The reflectance effect was also considered as a factor influencing the total energy transferred to the coatings. The dilution effect, heat-affected zone size, and hardness level in the context of microstructural changes caused by the laser remelting process in the context of thermal diffusivity were analyzed. It was revealed that the reflectance factor can be omitted as a negligible form point of view of total deposited energy in the coating. The thermal diffusivity of coating materials is similar, but the difference in HAZ and dilution effect is very significant. It can suggest that the thermal diffusivity is an important factor affecting microstructural changing in laser remelting process of flame sprayed NiCrBSi systems, especially when is considered together with specific heat related to presences of different fraction of tungsten carbide.

The impact of additives applied to the lubricant on the burnishing process and tribological properties

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of additions of tungsten carbide and silicon carbide microparticles to the lubricant used in the burnishing process on the tribological properties of friction pairs. The cylinders made of AISI 1045 steel constituted a workpiece. Burnishing was made with a lubricant the SN150 base oil with addition of tungsten carbide and silicon carbide microparticles. The tested materials were burnished with forces of 1000 N and 1500 N. Before and after the burnishing process, the surface roughness and hardness of the tested materials were measured. The study also presents the results of tribological properties of friction pairs with the tested structural materials. It was found that the addition of tungsten carbide microparticles to the base oil in the burnishing process can result in improved surface quality and reduced surface roughness. The results also confirmed the effect of addition of tungsten carbide and silicon carbide to the lubricant used in the burnishing process on tribological properties.

Creation and study of intermetallic coating of the Ni–Ti system reinforced with tungsten carbide to increase wear resistance of titanium alloy

The results of studying the intermetallic coating of the Ni–Ti system with the addition of tungsten carbide are presented. The coating was synthesized on the surface of titanium alloy VT6 using an integrated approach – preliminary deposition of a precursor coating from monometallic nickel by cold gas-dynamic spraying and subsequent laser processing. It is shown that the introduction of tungsten carbide into the intermetallic matrix provides an increase in hardness by a factor of three or more, as well as a decrease in wear intensity by a factor of 80 compared to the wear resistance of VT6 titanium alloy. A technology has been developed and a batch of steam turbine blades with a wear-resistant coating on the surface of shrouds has been manufactured.

Effect of Tungsten Carbide Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Titanium Matrix Developed by Powder Metallurgy Route

The ambition of this research work is to evaluate the hardness and wear behavior of titanium alloy reinforced with tungsten carbide particle (WC) composite prepared by powder metallurgy route. Titanium alloy with 5 and 10 wt% tungsten carbide reinforced particle (WC) composites was manufactured through powder metallurgy technique. The hardness and wear properties of the composite are measured in hardness and wear tests. The microstructures of the composite are evaluated by utilized optical microscopy. The fabricated titanium composites exhibit improved hardness and wear resistance. The hardness and wear specimens were prepared and tested by used Vickers hardness tester and a pin-on-disk wear test apparatus machine at room temperature. The hardness, wear rate, and CoF of TMCs are 476.79 VHN, 13.158 mg/m (×10−3), and 0.955420243, respectively. The results elucidated the microstructure, hardness, wear rate, coefficient of friction, and SEM images of wear for the effects of added reinforcement tungsten carbide.

Hardness Enhancement in CoCrFeNi1−x(WC)x High-Entropy Alloy Thin Films Synthesised by Magnetron Co-Sputtering

We demonstrate the systematic hardness enhancement of the CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) by the addition of tungsten carbide (WC). Mixed thin films are fabricated by magnetron co-sputtering using a home-made spark plasma-sintered CoCrFeNi target and a commercially available WC target. The WC content in the thin films is adjusted via the ratio of deposition powers applied to the targets. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements were taken to determine the surface and bulk stoichiometry, respectively. The uniform distribution of the elements is confirmed via EDX mapping. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is carried out on the samples to determine the crystal phase formation. The Vickers hardness of the thin films is investigated using nanoindentation and shows an increase in the hardness in the thin films following an increased WC content. The data obtained are presented in comparison to pure WC and CoCrFeNi thin films fabricated by magnetron sputtering, respectively.

Effect of Addition of Tungsten Carbide on the Structural and Physical Properties of an Aluminum-Based System By Powder Method

The powder technology method was used for the purpose of making samples from the compound (Al-10%Al2O3-%WC), where the first support material was used alumina Al2O3 at a fixed rate of 10% and the second support material WC was in different proportions (0,5, 10,15,20) %, the three powders were grinded together for a period of two hours, then put into a mold and the process was pressed with a hydraulic press at 5 tons for a time of one minute. An English-origin oven was used and the sintering process was done for the samples at 560°C and for a time of only two hours. After that, compositional tests (XRD), physical (real and apparent density, real and apparent porosity) and mechanical (diagonal compressive strength) were performed on the sintered samples. As these tests gave encouraging results with almost distinctive characteristics at a ratio of mixing of 20% WC and thermal sintering of 560°C, as the bulk density was within the limits of 5.51 g/cm3 while the real density was 4.9 g/cm3, while the minimum apparent porosity was 8.83% and the porosity. The real one is 11.76%, while the diagonal compressive strength is 45.33MPa. As for the structural results of the X-ray diffraction after the sintering process, it showed the emergence of a new phase of the tertiary metal oxide (WO3) and the (Triclinic) phase, as well as the emergence of tungsten carbide in the cubic phase.

Characterization, Mechanical and Wear Behaviour of Magnesium (AZ91D)/Graphite/Tungsten Carbide Hybrid Composites Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy

In this study, magnesium (AZ91D) hybrid composites reinforced with graphite and tungsten carbide were fabricated by compact pressing powder metallurgy technique. Optical microstructure and XRD studies were carried to analyse the distribution of particles and to identify the phases. The mechanical and wear characteristics of the fabricated magnesium (AZ91D) composite samples were studied. The measured density and calculated density of the composites are close to each other indicating minimum porosity. The presence of graphite and tungsten carbide enhances hardness of the composites. Strength of magnesium (AZ91D) composites is higher than the base alloy at room temperature. Addition of tungsten carbide in magnesium composites decreases the wear. Magnesium hybrid composites used in the study exhibit high strength, high hardness and wear resistance.

Experimental analysis of wear resistance of compacts of fine-dispersed iron powder and tungsten monocarbide nanopowder produced by impulse pressing

The paper presents the results of studying the structure and wear resistance of compacts produced from fine dispersed reduced iron powder (average particle size 3–5μm) with the addition of tungsten carbide (WC) nanopowder with the average particle size of 25–30 nm. The mass fraction of tungsten carbide (wolfram carbide) in the powder composition was 5% and 10% of the total mass. Impulse pressing was conducted using the modified Kolsky method at compacting temperatures of 20 °C to 300 °C. The produced compacts had relative density of over 90%.Metallographic studies using the scanning electronic microscopy method on a TESCAN VEGA II electronic microscope have shown that the produced compacts have a fairly homogeneous fine-grained structure, with a uniform pattern of pore distribution, the form of the pores being close to spherical. X-ray microanalysis using an INCA Energy 250 energy-dispersion spectrometer with scanning along the surface line and transversal laps testifies to the fact that, in the considered temperature range, dynamic compaction does not lead to any noticeable changes in the distribution of the Fe, W and C elements over the bulk of the specimens. The conducted measurements of micro-hardness of the compacts have shown that it increases considerably with the pressing temperature.The produced compacts were tested for wear resistance in a dry friction regime, using the ‘rotating disk – stationary specimen’ configuration. Mass loss of the compacts as a function of testing time is presented. Wear resistance of compacts depends on pressing temperature and concentration of the WC powder in the matrix of reduced iron. It has been experimentally determined that maximal wear resistance is observed in the compacts with the mass fraction of WC equal to 10%, produced at a pressing temperature of 300 °C.

Influence of Microstructure Evolution on Mechanical Properties, Wear Resistance and Corrosion Resistance of Ti(C,N)-Based Cermet Tools with Various WC Additions

The effects of tungsten carbide addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Ti(C,N)-based cermets prepared by the sinter-HIP method are investigated through scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, electron back scattered diffraction, mechanical test and electrochemical method. The results show that the appropriate WC addition has an important influence on promoting the formation of core-rim microstructure of cermet, increasing the wettability of ceramic phase and binder phase, and improving the mechanical properties. Ti(C,N)-based cermet with 5 wt% WC addition has the highest hardness of 92.4 HRA and excellent wear resistance. However, excessive WC addition causes the appearance of slight white core phase containing plenty of W and Ti element in microstructure, which increases the fracture toughness, and reduces the hardness and wear resistance of cermet. Additionally, the electrochemical result shows that the addition of 5 wt% WC in cermet has the optimal corrosion resistance in 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution.

Effect of Tungsten Carbide Addition on the Wear Resistance of Flame-Sprayed Self-Lubricating Ni-Graphite Coatings

Ni-graphite coatings are widely used in industrial fields to improve the self-lubrication property of metallic surfaces. In this study, the effect of tungsten carbide (WC) addition on the microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of flame-sprayed Ni-graphite coatings was investigated. Microstructure examination of coatings shows that WC particles adhered well to Ni matrix but tended to come into contact with each other or graphite particles with the increasing addition amount. The hardness of the Ni-based graphite/WC composite coating depended on the WC content and reached its maximum at the WC addition amount of 30 wt.%. Tribological tests reveal that when the WC content was increased from 0 to 30 wt.%, the wear rate decreased about 42% (from about 5.0 × 10−5 to 2.9 × 10−5 mm3 N−1 m−1), while the maximum friction coefficient increased only about 19% (from about 0.16 to 0.19). The graphite in the coatings contributed to low friction coefficient with the formation of self-lubricating tribofilm. The wear mechanism of the coatings was mainly delamination, and well-embedded WC particles inhibited the propagation of delamination cracks. Results show that the Ni-based graphite/WC composite coating with 30 wt.% WC achieved a good balance between the wear resistance and the self-lubrication property.

Mechanical properties of tungsten carbide nanoparticles filled epoxy polymer nano composites

Growth of latest composite materials or alteration of existing composite materials to get mechanically durable structural components is the real challenge for the most of the industrial engineers. In the present work, change in the performance of epoxy polymer nanocomposites, such as mechanical and physical properties by the addition of Tungsten Carbide (WC) nanoparticles in to it has been studied. Different weight percentages (1%, 2%, 3% and 4%) of particles were added to the neat epoxy. Tensile test, flexural test and amount of void content present in composite were studied. Experiments results show that improvement in both tensile and flexural strength at 2% of particles loading. While At higher percentage of particles loading, there is decrease in mechanical properties has been observed.

Surface and Subsurface Characteristics of NiCrBSi Coating with Different WC Amount Prepared by Flame Spray Method

This research aims at understanding the spray coating of NiCrBSi with different amount of tungsten carbide particles on JIS SUP9 steel substrate. The amount of tungsten carbide added to NiCrBSi was 0, 20, and 40% by volume to reinforce the coating. Microstructures, microhardness, adhesion, cohesion, and rigidity of coating were characterized. The results revealed that NiCrBSi structure composed of nickel solid solution as matrix embedded with Ni boride and Ni4Si with chromium carbide distributed across the coating. Tungsten carbide particles were apparent in the coating and they partially diffused into the NiCrBSi coating. In the case of 40% tungsten carbide addition, the matrix hardness was increased by 29.18%, but the cohesion of coating was reduced by 22.94%. The adhesion failure was not apparent in all samples examined in this study under the 20 N scratch load. Wear area of coatings mixed with tungsten carbide addition was found to decrease by 3.5 to 8.8 times compared to the substrate. As per the findings, the addition of WC can promote the wear resistance by its reinforcement and also introduce the solid solution strengthening of W in the NiCrBSi matrix, specifically in the Ni solid solution.

Non-Noble Fe-Nx/C Electrocatalysts on Tungsten Carbides/N-Doped Carbons for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

This work investigates the influence of different nitration protocols of a carbon black, the addition of tungsten carbide (WC), and the presence of iron, in terms of the catalytic activity of electrocatalysts containing Fe-Nx moieties towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acidic and alkaline media. The synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) with a rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE), in addition to durability tests. In acidic media, the performance of the catalysts varied according to the type of nitration protocol, the presence of iron, and the heat treatment temperature, which is accompanied by variations in the ORR mechanism. In alkaline electrolyte, the electrocatalysts presented higher performances, with only an ~0.04-V difference relative to that of a standard platinum on carbon catalyst. The number of electrons transferred per oxygen molecule, the amounts of hydrogen peroxide generated in the ORR, the effect of catalyst loading, and the presence of iron in the catalysts were investigated with the aim of understanding the ORR mechanism and assisting in the production of high-performance and durable materials. Finally, the two best electrocatalysts were submitted to a standard durability test, which evidenced promising high stability at both pHs.

Effect of tungsten carbide, silicon carbide and graphite particulates on the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of AA 5052 hybrid composites

Reinforced aluminium metal matrix composite materials are being used extensively in diverse fields that include aerospace and automobile. In this investigation, we introduce two distinct and novel types of aluminium hybrid composites and characterize their mechanical properties and microstructure. The first type was fabricated by reinforcing aluminium alloy (AA 5052) with tungsten carbide (WC) and graphite particulates and the second type was fabricated by reinforcing AA 5052 with silicon carbide (SiC) and graphite particulates. The composite material was processed through the melt-stir casting method and characterized by analyzing their densities, micro hardness, Charpy impact strength, tensile strength and peak elongation. Melt-stir casting method was chosen due to its cost effectiveness and productivity. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) studies were conducted to analyze thorough mixing of the reinforcements in the aluminium matrix metal. It was found that addition of tungsten carbide and graphite particulates with AA 5052 resulted in an increase in micro hardness and Charpy impact strength by 10.3% and 34.2% respectively, which are found to be better when compared to that of adding SiC and graphite particulates with AA 5052. Moreover, tensile tests revealed that there was a drop in tensile strength for the Al/SiC/graphite composites, while the peak elongation increases for both composites. On the other hand, while adding WC and graphite particulates the tensile strength of the composite improved by 15.12%. Also, the SEM fractographs taken for Al/SiC/graphite composite samples, subjected to Charpy impact and tensile tests revealed the presence of particle fractures and cracks and confirmed the possibility of plastic deformation. The results showed the Al/WC/graphite composites to be the superior among the two fabricated composites in terms of mechanical properties and therefore have good potential for structural applications.

Effect of tungsten carbide addition on the tribological behavior of Astaloy 85Mo powder consolidated via spark plasma sintering

Abstract Hard particle addition in ferrous powders allows the production of sintered materials with higher toughness, hardness and wear resistance, with potential use in different technological applications. This combination of properties is attained following correct mixture and sintering procedures that result in the formation of composites with low porosity and adequate particle distribution. In this work, Astaloy 85Mo ferrous powders were mixed with different tungsten carbide (WC) additions (2, 5, 7 and 10 wt%) by mechanical alloying (MA) and consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS), providing samples with higher real density, and without an increase in porosity (or apparent volume). SPS enhanced sinterability using low sintering time that reduces carbon diffusion from WC to the ferrous matrix. Tribological evaluation was conducted by means of ball-on-disk tests with different loads (5, 10, 15 and 20 N). Specimens were in contact with an AISI 52100 ball with a diameter equal to 10 mm and the friction and wear coefficient of both bodies in contact were reported. Results indicated that WC addition contributed to load support and decrease of matrix plastic deformation. Additions higher than 7 wt% of WC, in conditions of high normal load, resulted in the detachment of WC particles and abrasive wear of the counterpart.

Plasma Powder Surfacing of Toughened Steel S690Q Performed Using the NiBSi Powder with a Tungsten Carbide Addition

Plasma Powder Surfacing of Toughened Steel S690Q Performed Using the NiBSi Powder with a Tungsten Carbide Addition

Development of filaments using selective laser sintering waste powder

Production of polymer waste powders by Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), an Additive Manufacturing (AM) process, is an impediment to its sustainable growth. The purpose of this study is to find proper utilization of these waste powders by developing filaments from these powders for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process. In order to develop filament materials, polyamide powders PA 12 (Nylon material) are mixed with various weight percentages (12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50) of tungsten carbide to enhance mechanical properties. To determine the suitability of powder mixtures for FDM, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Melt flow index (MFI) tests are performed. A single screw extruder is used to process these powder mixtures to form filaments for testing. It is found that the addition of tungsten carbide has increased glass transition temperature, MFI and the strength of resulting polyamide-tungsten carbide composites. Moreover, filaments possess comparable and better strength than existing filaments, which are used to successfully build 3D parts from an FDM system.

The Influence of Nanosized Particles Introduced into Molten-Pool Tail on the Impact Toughness of Weld Metal

This article discusses the possibility of introducing nanosized particles into a molten pool using a flux-cored wire. A flux-cored wire has been proposed with added composite granules obtained upon the combined treatment of nickel powder and nanosized particles. In order to avoid the overheating of particles, it has been proposed to add a flux-cored wire to a molten-pool tail using preheating. The following hardmelting particles have been tested: tungsten carbide (WC), titanium nitride (TiN), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). It has been demonstrated that the addition of tungsten carbide to a molten pool improves the stability of weld-metal (WM) impact toughness while retaining its average value and the addition of aluminum oxide to a molten pool leads to increased average values of WM impact toughness while retaining its stability. Meanwhile, nanosized particles of titanium nitride in a molten pool are prone to dissociation, which leads to the formation of porosity, thus limiting the field of application of this modifier.