Tunable Magnetic Properties Research Articles

Evolution of phase structure and magnetic property with Mn content and heat treatment in Fe3-xMnxGa alloy

The evolution of structure and magnetic property with Mn content and different heat- treatment in Fe3-xMnxGa alloy has been investigated in this study. First-principles calculations suggest that the small energy difference between the different structures of Fe3Ga and Fe2MnGa alloys leads to the instability of them. The phase transformation for samples being quenched from 623 K, 883 K, 1073 K and the ribbons are studied with X-ray diffraction. Body-centered cubic (bcc), face-centered cubic (fcc) and hexagonal structures are observed and the schematic phase diagram is given in this paper. Together with the theoretical calculation moments for Fe3Ga and Fe2MnGa with different crystal structures and magnetic configurations, the magnetic properties are discussed. The saturation magnetization MS of bcc and hexagonal Fe3-xMnxGa samples at 5 K gradually decreases with increasing Mn content, which can be attributed to the increase of the fraction of Fe-Mn antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupling. In fcc Fe2MnGa, with the increase of quenching temperature from 623 K to 1073 K, more ferrimagnetic (FIM) coupling phase with higher energy is formed, showing a decrease of MS and unsaturation of magnetization under the test magnetic field in MH curve. A magnetic field induced AFM to FIM state transition is found in Fe2MnGa alloy with L12 type of atomic disorder when quenched from 1073 K. The tunable structure and magnetic properties make it has the potential applications in versatile material field.

Direct Observation of Magnetic Bubble Lattices and Magnetoelastic Effects in van der Waals Cr2Ge2Te6

AbstractFerromagnetic van der Waals (vdW) materials are of large current interest for the fundamental study of low‐dimensional magnetism and for potential applications in multilayer heterostructures. Cr2Ge2Te6 (CGT) is particularly exciting because it is a ferromagnetic semiconductor with tunable electronic and magnetic properties. Controlling the magnetic domain structure of CGT is a requirement for understanding its novel interface physics and for tuning behavior for potential devices. Herein, cryo‐Lorentz transmission electron microscopy is performed in the temperature range of 12–50K to directly image the magnetic domain structures in CGT. A rich phase diagram of domain structures including stripe domains, magnetic bubble lattices of mixed‐chirality, and topologically‐protected lattices of homochiral magnetic bubbles is observed. The types and chiralities of the bubbles can be controlled by topographical changes in the CGT flakes. Additionally, it is observed that in‐plane strain and magnetoelastic coupling can align and organize both bubble lattices and stripe domains. This study provides insights into creating and controlling complex magnetic domain structures for integration into multilayer heterostructures and for future studies of 2D magnetism.

Facile assembly of flexible quaternary SnO2/SrSnO3/Fe3O4/PVDF nanocomposites with tunable optical, electrical, and magnetic properties for promising magneto-optoelectronic applications

Facile assembly, co-precipitation, and drop casting procedures have been used to construct SnO2/SrSnO3/Fe3O4/PVDF flexible nanocomposites. SnO2/SrSnO3/Fe3O4 nanocomposites (TSF NCs') have been successfully incorporated into polyvinylidene fluoride polymers (PF), according to the microstructural exploration of the systems, which was revealed by XRD, EDX, and ATR-FTIR analysis. The FESEM and cross-section areas demonstrated that the addition of TSF NCs' to PF porous material enhanced its surface characteristics and decreased its surface roughness. The optical gap was lowered from 3.90 to 3.07 eV, and it was discovered that both the refractive index and optical conductivity had improved when TSF NCs' were incorporated into PF. According to the observations, the supplement ratios have a profound influence on the dielectric properties of the nanocomposites. Moreover, the electrical parameters of TSF/PF nanocomposite are significantly modified. The TSF/PF magnetic nanocomposite has good magnetic reactivity and can be easily extracted from the aqueous solution using an external magnetic field, as demonstrated by VSM. This research has been conducted to obtain TSF/PF nanocomposites to be used in promising magno-optoelectronic applications.

Magnetic field-assisted DLP of CIPs/resin composites: Mechanical properties, anisotropic magnetic performance and wear behavior

Fabrication of composites with anisotropic properties by additive manufacturing has drawn great attention in recent years. Magnetic-assisted digital light processing (DLP) of micron-scale carbonyl iron powders (CIPs)/resin composites (MACRCs) with tunable microstructure and magnetic properties can be used as smart sensors/actuators in soft robots, aerospace/automobile applications and drug delivery devices due to their complex geometries and fast activation response. However, anisotropic, wear and mechanical properties remain unclear for MACRCs. This work aims to investigate their microstructure-function-wear resistance relationship. Photosensitive resin and CIPs with a concentration up to 5 wt% were prepared to print samples with different anisotropic magnetic properties, using magnetic field-assisted techniques. The results show that addition of CIPs in resin can still maintain good printability, while the mechanical properties deteriorate slightly as the micro-size CIPs reduced the interface bonding strength. Anisotropic magnetic properties were studied using the magnetization tests. In addition, wear tests showed that the coefficient of friction of samples decreases from 0.4938 (pure resin) to 0.4066 (MACRCs with 5 wt% CIPs), indicating improved wear resistance by the addition of CIPs. This work demonstrated that tunable magnetic and mechanical properties can be achieved by manipulation anisotropy of the magnetic nanoparticles using external magnetic field.

Crystallite size-dependent magnetic moment in hydrogen bridged manganese tetracyanonickelate based two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks

Two-dimensional (2D) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are the coordination network of organic cyanide (CN) ligands and metal cyanometallates. They possess great potential as molecular magnets between subzero up to above room temperature. These complexes are greatly sought after due to the unique structural features that allow them to offer tunable magnetic properties by changing crystal entities and/or through external stimulation such as light and heat. Layered structure of tetracyanonickellate based MOFs T(H2O)2Ni(CN)4·.4H2O, T = Mn herein called Mn-MOF, have been synthesized by the chemical precipitation method with controlled particle size using tri-sodium citrate dihydrate (TSCD) as the chelating agent. This work involves the study of spontaneous magnetism in the layered solid, the effect of their crystallite sizes and morphology on the magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic interaction takes place in-plane between the pseudo-octahedral metal (T) ions through the diamagnetic Ni2+ center, and out-of-plane through the hydrogen bonding bridge formed in the interlayer spacing. Magnetic properties were measured using Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) and calculated for Curie temperatures with magnetic exchange energies using the Curie-Weiss mean field theory and total angular momentum of the involved metal ions. The MOFs exhibit a paramagnetic behavior above 50 K and show increased magnetic susceptibility on cooling with a paramagnetic to weak ferromagnetic (wFM) transition below 50 K. A field-dependent response of the magnetic ordering temperature from 34 to 44 K was also observed for the Mn(H2O)2Ni(CN)4·.4H2O complex. The value of magnetic exchange coupling between interlayer metal centers increases though the hydrogen bonding network which results increased magnetic moment with decreased crystallite surface area to volume ratio.

Sputtered terbium iron garnet films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy for spintronic applications

We report the structural, magnetic, and interfacial spin transport properties of epitaxial terbium iron garnet (TbIG) ultrathin films deposited by magnetron sputtering. High crystallinity was achieved by growing the films on gadolinium gallium garnet substrates either at high temperatures, or at room temperature followed by thermal annealing, above 750 °C in both cases. The films display large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) induced by compressive strain, and tunable structural and magnetic properties through growth conditions or the substrate lattice parameter choice. The ferrimagnetic compensation temperature (TM) of selected TbIG films was measured through the temperature-dependent anomalous Hall effect in Pt/TbIG heterostructures. In the studied films, TM was found to be between 190 and 225 K, i.e., approximately 25-60 K lower than the bulk value, which is attributed to the combined action of Tb deficiency and oxygen vacancies in the garnet lattice evidenced by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Sputtered TbIG ultrathin films with large PMA and highly tunable properties reported here can provide a suitable material platform for a wide range of spintronic experiments and device applications.

Doping- and strain-tuned high Curie temperature half-metallicity and quantum anomalous Hall effect in monolayer NiAl2S4 with non-Dirac and Dirac states

Two-dimensional magnetic materials with tunable electronic and magnetic properties are promising for designing spintronics devices. Here we study, using first-principles calculations, the electronic, magnetic, and topological properties of monolayer ${\mathrm{NiAl}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$. Monolayer ${\mathrm{NiAl}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ is in the noncollinear ${120}^{0}$-antiferromagnetic $({120}^{0}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{AFM})$ state and is an indirect band gap semiconductor. Although the ${120}^{0}$-AFM state in monolayer ${\mathrm{NiAl}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ is robust against strain, its magnetic structure can be tuned effectively by carrier doping. Remarkably, monolayer ${\mathrm{NiAl}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ can be tuned into a high Curie temperature $({T}_{C})$ half-metallic state by hole doping. The ${T}_{C}$ of ferromagnetic monolayer ${\mathrm{NiAl}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ increases with hole-doping concentration and can be increased up to room temperature. For the hole-doped monolayer ${\mathrm{NiAl}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ with the half-metallic state, before the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is included, the two spin-up bands around the Fermi level are simultaneously degenerate at the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ point (dominated by S ${p}_{x}/{p}_{y}$ states) and $\mathrm{K}/{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ points (dominated by S ${p}_{z}$ state) with quadratic non-Dirac and linear Dirac band dispersions, respectively. When the SOC is included, topologically nontrivial gaps with Chern number $C=1$ will be opened, respectively, around the non-Dirac $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ point and Dirac $\mathrm{K}/{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ points. More interestingly, the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect with high Chern number $C=2$ can be achieved in the tensile-strained monolayer ${\mathrm{NiAl}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ with 1.0 hole-doped per unit cell. The obtained high Chern number of $C=2$ results from the constructive coupling effect between the topological nontrivial non-Dirac and Dirac states, which is analyzed through a schematic depiction. Our results show that monolayer ${\mathrm{NiAl}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ is a promising candidate for the exploration of high ${T}_{C}$ spintronics devices and high Chern number QAH effect.

Nanocomposite Hydrogels as Functional Extracellular Matrices

Over recent years, nano-engineered materials have become an important component of artificial extracellular matrices. On one hand, these materials enable static enhancement of the bulk properties of cell scaffolds, for instance, they can alter mechanical properties or electrical conductivity, in order to better mimic the in vivo cell environment. Yet, many nanomaterials also exhibit dynamic, remotely tunable optical, electrical, magnetic, or acoustic properties, and therefore, can be used to non-invasively deliver localized, dynamic stimuli to cells cultured in artificial ECMs in three dimensions. Vice versa, the same, functional nanomaterials, can also report changing environmental conditions-whether or not, as a result of a dynamically applied stimulus-and as such provide means for wireless, long-term monitoring of the cell status inside the culture. In this review article, we present an overview of the technological advances regarding the incorporation of functional nanomaterials in artificial extracellular matrices, highlighting both passive and dynamically tunable nano-engineered components.

Recent Progress in Strain Engineering on Van der Waals 2D Materials: Tunable Electrical, Electrochemical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties.

Strain engineering is a promising way to tune the electrical, electrochemical, magnetic, and optical properties of 2Dmaterials, with the potential to achieve high-performance 2D-material-based devices ultimately. This review discusses the experimental and theoretical results from recent advances in the strain engineering of 2D materials. Some novel methods to induce strain are summarized and then the tunable electrical and optical/optoelectronic properties of 2D materials via strain engineering are highlighted, including particularly the previously less-discussed strain tuning of superconducting, magnetic, and electrochemical properties. Also, future perspectives of strain engineering are given for its potential applications in functional devices. The state of the survey presents the ever-increasing advantages and popularity of strain engineering for tuning properties of 2D materials. Suggestions and insights for further research and applications in optical, electronic, and spintronic devices are provided.

Stoichiometry driven tuning of physical properties in epitaxial Fe3-xCrxO4 thin films

Tuning magnetic and electronic transport properties in spinel oxides requires a faithful description between chemical composition and cation site-occupation. Here this challenge is addressed using Fe3-xCrxO4 thin films grown by oxygen-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy within a wide range of composition (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.2). Spectroscopic measurements (e.g., X-ray magnetic circular dichroism), refined by theoretical simulations (e.g., crystal field multiplet), are performed to establish a quantitative link between chromium content, Fe2+/Fe3+ site-occupation and macroscopic physical properties of the layers. It is found that Fe3-xCrxO4 thin films (i) delay the transition from inverse to normal spinel configuration with increasing chromium content and (ii) promote collinear spin structure, at odds with bulk material. As a result, strong antiferromagnetic interactions are preserved between spins in tetrahedral and octahedral spinel sublattices, so that chromium-rich thin films exhibit Curie temperatures above room temperature and higher magnetization. Electron hopping is also favored by this singular cation distribution and electronic band gap is smaller than expected for these thin films. The cation site-occupation is therefore a key feature to consider for applications of Fe3-xCrxO4 thin films in spintronics and photocatalysis, as it enables manipulation of magnetic properties (Curie temperature and magnetization) and band gap engineering.

In situ generated gas bubble-directed self-assembly of multifunctional MgO-based hybrid foams for highly efficient thermal conduction, microwave absorption, and self-cleaning.

Developing multifunctional materials with superior thermal conductivity and microwave absorption is an effective means to address the increasingly serious electromagnetic (EM) compatibility and heat dissipation problems in modern electron devices. Here, multifunctional MgO/Mg(OH)2/C, MgO/M/C (M = Co, Ni, Cu), and MgO/NOx/C (N = Fe, Mn) hybrid foams were synthesized using a facile one-step gas-bubble-assisted combustion method, and their texture, composition, and properties were regulated by tuning salt type and feeding ratio. Our results show that the MgO/Co/C foams have high thermal conductivity (3.40-4.09 W m-1 K-1) with a filler load of 20-50 wt% at the Co2+ molar content of φ = 70 mol% and excellent EM wave absorption (EABW = 11.44 GHz), with a thickness of 2.1 mm and a minimal reflection loss of -59.42 dB at φ = 90 mol%. The enhanced properties are ascribed to the construction of foams with 3D interconnected networks and the synergistic effect of magnetic Co, insulating MgO, and dielectric C, which provide a continuous pathway for electron/phonon relay transmission and magnetic/dielectric dual losses. Moreover, the MgO/Co/C foams possess strong mechanical/hydrophobicity performance, tunable magnetic properties, and electrical conductivity, and can be applied in self-cleaning, electromagnetic interference, and heat management. Overall, this study offers a novel understanding of preparing multifunctional heat conductive-EM wave absorptive foam materials in modern electronic devices.

Bi-Blatter diradicals: convenient access to regioisomers with tunable electronic and magnetic properties

Three biphenyl intermediates open up access to isomeric Blatter diradicals with tunable properties. The S–T energy gap ΔES–T and diradicaloid parameter y depend on connectivity.

Tunable magnetic and electronic properties of armchair BeN4 nanoribbons.

Recently, layered BeN4 as a novel Dirac semimetal has been fabricated (M. Bykov, T. Fedotenko, S. Chariton et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2021, 126, 175501). Motivated by the experiment, we perform first-principles calculations to predict the stability, magnetic configurations, and electronic structures of unsaturated BeN4 nanoribbons with an armchair-terminated edge. The magnetic interactions and electronic properties of BeN4 nanoribbons are sensitively influenced by the edge morphology. The BeN4 nanoribbons with both edges occupied by Be atoms undergo a transition from a ferromagnetic (FM) metal to an antiferromagnetic (AFM) semiconductor with the increase of ribbon width. The configurations with edges situated by Be and N atoms are FM/ferrimagnetic (FIM) metals or nearly half-metals, and the spin polarizability is as high as 85% when the ribbon width is N = 5. The nanoribbons with both edge sites occupied by pentagonal N atoms are nonmagnetic (NM), while the nanoribbons terminated by N atoms in a hexagonal ring are FM metals. We also explore the magnetic properties and band structures of BeN4 nanoribbons with hydrogen passivation. Our results open up a versatile edge engineering avenue to design BeN4-based spintronic and nanoelectronic devices.

Transition in electronic and magnetic properties of transition metal embedded semimetallic B-graphyne.

Spintronics is extremely important in the future development of information technology. Notably, two-dimensional carbon materials with atomically thick and p-electron systems have great potential for application in ultrathin spintronic devices. B-graphyne (B-GY) is a recently proposed two-dimensional carbon allotrope with double Dirac cones. It is a promising nanomaterial for high-speed spintronic devices due to its ultra-high Fermi velocity and thermodynamic stability. We tune the electronic and magnetic properties of B-GY by doping 3d transition metals (TM) (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) based on first-principles calculations. After doping, TM forms strong covalent bonds (Fe, Co, Ni) and ionic bonds (Cr, Mn) with adjacent C atoms. The system of TM-doped B-GY (TM@B-GY) is transformed from a semimetal for B-GY to a metal (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co), but Ni@B-GY is still semimetal. Among them, Co@B-GY is approximately a half-metal. Moreover, TM (except Ni) can induce the magnetism of B-GY to undergo spin splitting. The TM d-orbitals are strongly coupled to the C p-orbitals, which play an important role in inducing magnetism. The results show that the tunable electronic and magnetic properties of TM@B-GY are promising as a high-speed spintronic device. Our research helps advance the study of semimetallic carbon allotropes in the field of spintronics.

Tunable electronic and magnetic properties of planar and corrugated phases of two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks.

The stability of two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their physical and chemical properties for potential applications are contentious. We herein investigated geometric, electronic and magnetic properties of the planar (p-) and corrugated (c-) phases of nickel ions with hexathiolbenzene (HTB)-based coordination nanosheets (Ni3HTB). The c-Ni3HTB is an antiferromagnetic semiconductor with a direct band gap of 0.33 eV, while the p-Ni3HTB is a ferromagnetic metal. This indicates that the electronic and magnetic properties of c-Ni3HTB and p-Ni3HTB depend on their geometric pattern. Furthermore, we applied biaxial strain and molecular adsorption to control their electronic and magnetic properties. In addition, we have proved that the corrugated phase in some kinds of 2D MOFs is common. Our work not only demonstrates that the potential applications of 2D MOFs should be scrupulously explored but also offers a new platform to investigate the physical and chemical properties of 2D MOFs.

Hierarchical self-assembly of metal-organic supramolecular fibers with lanthanide-derived functionalities.

Achieving organized assembly structures with high complexity and adjustable functionalities is a central quest in supramolecular chemistry. In this report, we study what happens when a discotic benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) ligand containing three dipicolinic acid (DPA) groups is allowed to coordinate with lanthanide (Ln) ions. A multi-BTA coordination cluster forms, which behaves as a type of "supramolecular monomer", stacking into fibers via hydrogen bonds enabled by multiple BTA cores. The fibrous morphology and size, as well as the packing unit and the process by which it grows, were investigated by light scattering measurements, luminescence spectra, TEM images and molecular simulation data. More notably, by selecting the kind of lanthanide or mixture of lanthanides that is incorporated, tunable luminescence and magnetic relaxation properties without compromising the fibrous structure can be realized. This case of hierarchical self-assembly is made possible by the special structure of our BTA-like building block, which makes non-covalent bond types that are different along the radial (coordination bonds) and axial (H-bonds) directions, respectively, each with just the right strength. Moreover, the use of lanthanide coordination leads to materials with metal-derived optical and magnetic properties. Therefore, the established approach demonstrates a novel strategy for designing and fabrication of multi-functional supramolecular materials.

Modeling size and edge functionalization of MXene-based quantum dots and their effect on electronic and magnetic properties.

In the last six years, the synthesis of MXene-based quantum dots (MXQDs) has gained widespread attention. Due to the quantum confinement effect, it is possible to significantly improve their properties compared to 2D counterparts, such as higher chemical stability and better electronic and optical properties. However, despite the growing interest in their properties, much remains unexplored. One of the biggest challenges is to study in more detail the structure of quantum dots, in particular, their edge functionalization and its effect on their properties. In this paper, the structural stability and electronic and magnetic properties of Ti2CO2 QDs based on different lateral dimensions and edge functionalization (-O, -F, and -OH) are investigated using density functional theory. The study shows that the energy gap of Ti2CO2-O QDs decreases with increasing lateral size for both nonmagnetic (spin-unpolarized, close shell) and magnetic (spin-polarized, open shell) cases. Furthermore, the magnetic behavior of quantum dots was revealed by shrinking from 2D Ti2CO2 to 0D Ti2CO2 QDs with lateral dimensions below 1.4 nm. The binding energy confirms the stability of all three types of edge functionalization, while the most stable structure was observed under fully saturated edge oxygenation. Moreover, it was also found that the spin density distribution and the energy gap of Ti2CO2-X QDs (X = O, F, and OH) are both dependent on the type of atom saturation. Size and edge confinement modeling has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for tuning the electronic and magnetic properties of MXQDs. Moreover, the observed enhanced spin polarization together with tunable magnetic properties makes the ultrafine Ti2CO2-X QDs promising candidates for spintronic applications.

Electron-doping induced tunable magnetisms in 2D Janus TiXO (X = S, Se)

The effects of carrier doping on magnetic and electronic properties of two-dimensional (2D) Janus TiXO (X = S, Se) systems are investigated by first-principles calculations. It is found the electronic instability of systems is related with the flat conduction-band edge and high density of states near Fermi energy. At a concentration of electron doping n ranging from ∼10 13 to ∼10 14 cm −2 , the system maintains in a fully spin-polarized state and the Curie temperature ( T C ) is estimated to be above room temperature; while the nonmagnetic semiconductor TiXO monolayer could become a magnetic half-metal when n is varied. The doping-induced magnetisms and T C could be modulated substantially by applying strains and alternating the number of monolayers in Janus TiXO multilayers. The results indicate that the Janus TiXO possesses tunable magnetic properties, providing promising 2D materials for electronics and spintronics applications. • The Janus TiXO (X = S, Se) monolayers are explored by first-principles calculations. • The 2D monolayers and bilayers exhibit ferromagnetic properties. • The magnetic properties can be modulated by electron doping and applied strains.

Tunable Electronic and Magnetic Properties of T-CrTe2 Monolayer by Li Adsorption

Using first-principle calculations, we investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of Li-adsorbed T-CrTe2 monolayer. We demonstrate that Li adsorption turns the electronic properties mainly through electron doping and lattice expansion. As the adsorption concentration increases from 3.7% to 33.3%, the magnetic moment of Cr increases from 2.25 to 2.98μB linearly. More interesting, the T-CrTe2 monolayer becomes ferromagnetic semiconductors with indirect band gaps under the tensile strain. While a tensile strain is applied, a transformation from metal to half-metal has been found. Our work provides an efficient strategy to seek magnetism and produce two-dimensional magnetic semiconductors and half-metals from metals.

Influence of surface roughness on magnetic properties of CoTbNi ternary alloy films

Rare earth-transition metal (RE-TM) amorphous alloys films with promising tunable perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are projected to be exploited for magnetic recording media and spintronic applications. Here variation of magnetic property of thin films of Co0·63Tb0·11Ni0.26, Co0·41Tb0·14Ni0.45 and Co0·32Tb0·08Ni0.60 ternary alloy fabricated on Si-substrate using dc magnetron sputtering at room temperature were studied. The x-ray diffraction pattern data confirms the amorphous nature of these alloy films. The average surface roughness (Sa and Ra) of the films is found to vary significantly with Ni content of the films. The room temperature field dependent magnetization measurement shows the room temperature ferromagnetism. The saturation magnetization and coercivity of the M-H curves are found to vary with Ni content as well as surface roughness of the films. However, the nature of variation of saturation magnetization and coercive field is in accordance with variation of surface roughness, indicating that film surface roughness play a vital role in tuning the magnetic properties of these thin films. Such tunable magnetic properties of these amorphous films make them good candidate for magnetic storage media applications.