Tunable Electrical Properties Research Articles

Graphene-Based Catalysts: Emerging Applications and Potential Impact.

Carbon nanofillers in general and graphene in particular are considered as promising potential candidates in catalysis due to their two-dimensional (2D) nature, zero bandwidth, single atom thickness with a promising high surface area: volume ratio. Additionally, graphene oxide via result of tunable electrical properties has also been developed as a catalytic support for metal and metal oxide nanofillers. Moreover, the possession of higher chemical stability followed by ultrahigh thermal conductivity plays a prominent role in promoting higher reinforcement of catalytically active sites. In this review we have started with an overview of carbon nanofillers as catalyst support, their main characteristics and applications for their use in heterogeneous catalysis. The review article also critically focusses on the catalytic properties originating from both functional groups as well as doping. An in-depth literature on the various reaction catalysed by metal oxide based nanoparticles supported on GO/rGO has also been incorporated with a special focus on the overall catalytic efficiency with respect to graphene contribution. The future research prospective in the aforementioned field has also been discussed.

In-situ polymerized boehmite/ cashew gum/ polyvinyl alcohol/ polypyrrole blend nanocomposites with tunable structural, electrical, and mechanical properties for enhanced energy storage applications

This study describes the successful synthesis of boehmite (BHM) nanofiller-reinforced ternary blend nanocomposite films composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), cashew gum (CG), and polypyrrole (PPy) using in-situ polymerization with water as the environmentally friendly solvent. The blend nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR analysis revealed chemical bonding between BHM and the biopolymer matrix at1071 cm-1. FE-SEM images exhibited a uniform distribution of BHM nanofillers within the CG/PVA/PPy matrix, particularly at a 10 wt% concentration. The addition of BHM significantly enhanced the thermal stability and the glass transition temperature of the nanocomposites. The temperature-sensitive AC conductivity, activation energy, and dielectric properties were examined using an impedance analyzer. AC conductivity analysis revealed reduced activation energy (1.277 × 10⁻5 eV at 7 wt% BHM) and increased dielectric constant (from 565.28 to 4411.22). The ternary blend nanocomposite demonstrated a significant 60.2 % increase in tensile strength, reflecting enhanced force resistance, while hardness values ranged from 26 to 30, classifying the films as soft and flexible. Overall, the study highlights significant enhancements in the morphological, electrical, thermal, dielectric, and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite films, emphasizing their promising potential for energy storage applications.

The evolution of morphology and structure of spin-coated Zinc Acetate thin films and their impact on ZnO film morphology

The deposition of ZnO thin films using sol-gel technology is a straight forward and widely used method for fabricating ZnO films with diverse morphologies and tunable electrical and optical properties. Notably, the preparation of ZnO compact layers from a zinc acetate and monoethanolamine (ZA:MEA) solution via spin-coating has gained popularity due to its simplicity. The pretreatment of spin-coated ZA:MEA films significantly impacts the morphology and structure of the resulting ZnO films. While the effects of preheating and its rate on ZnO precursor films have been extensively studied, the morphological and structural evolution of ZA:MEA films immediately after spin-coating and its subsequent impact on the final ZnO film have not been previously explored. In this study, we present the topography and phase composition of as-grown ZA:MEA films using atomic force microscopy (AFM). We conduct an in-situ investigation of the morphological evolution of ZA:MEA films. Our results reveal that as-grown ZA:MEA films possess an inhomogeneous structure. AFM phase image shows two distinct domains in the ZA:MEA films. Over time, we observe the growth of crystals in both vertical and perpendicular directions. ZA:MEA film aged for at least 20 h develops arrays of vertically oriented crystals throughout the film covered with sheet-like crystals forming on the film surface. This temporal evolution in the morphology and structure of ZA:MEA films significantly influences the morphology of the final ZnO film.

Highly Porous Particles of Cellulose Derivatives for Advanced Applications.

A chemical modification of cellulose diacetate by phthalate and nitrate was performed to increase solubility in organic solvents and change the electrical properties. The role of substituents on the conductivity, permittivity, and polarizability of cellulose films is revealed. It has been shown that highly porous micro particles can be obtained from cellulose derivatives by a simple and technological freeze-drying method. The resulting micro sized aerogels have a predominantly spherical morphology and amorphous structure. Suspensions of porous particles of nitro- and phthalylated cellulose derivatives in silicone oil have an increased dielectric permittivity compared to cellulose diacetate particles. Produced particles are novel promising material with tunable electrical properties for advanced applications in composites, including for electrorheological fluids.

Characterization of an Environmentally Responsive Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Fe3O4/SiO2/PPy-c Core-Shell Nanocomposite with Magneto-Chromatic Ability for Synergistic Electrical Properties.

The aim of this study was to analyze the properties of a composite that incorporates carbon black and polypyrrole within an Fe3O4/SiO2 core-shell structure, synthesized using the Stöber method under high ultrasonic irradiation conditions (120 W) for Fe3O4/SiO2 nanocomposite. The Fe3O4/SiO2 core-shell indicates magnetochromatic behavior characterized by temperature-dependent coloration and magnetic alignment. Incorporating carbon black and polypyrrole at moderate temperature (5-15 °C) enhanced the electrical conductivity. The electrical resistivity ρ was 7.30 × 106 Ω·cm for Fe3O4, 3.19 × 108 Ω·cm for Fe3O4/SiO2, and 242.56 Ω·cm for Fe3O4/SiO2/PPy-c at room temperature. When it was performed at moderate temperature (5-15 °C), the ρ of the prepared Fe3O4/SiO2 and Fe3O4/SiO2/PPy-c nanocomposite was 1.08 × 108 and 0.00799 Ω·cm, respectively. Current-voltage measurements revealed a linear relationship, with butterfly shaped curves in the forward-bias region for all samples. The Fe3O4/SiO2/PPy-c nanocomposite's tunable synergistic electrical properties at moderate temperatures make it useful for environmental applications, electrical wiring, and circuitry.

Advances in the Fabrication, Properties, and Applications of Electrospun PEDOT-Based Conductive Nanofibers.

The production of nanofibers has become a significant area of research due to their unique properties and diverse applications in various fields, such as biomedicine, textiles, energy, and environmental science. Electrospinning, a versatile and scalable technique, has gained considerable attention for its ability to fabricate nanofibers with tailored properties. Among the wide array of conductive polymers, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has emerged as a promising material due to its exceptional conductivity, environmental stability, and ease of synthesis. The electrospinning of PEDOT-based nanofibers offers tunable electrical and optical properties, making them suitable for applications in organic electronics, energy storage, biomedicine, and wearable technology. This review, with its comprehensive exploration of the fabrication, properties, and applications of PEDOT nanofibers produced via electrospinning, provides a wealth of knowledge and insights into leveraging the full potential of PEDOT nanofibers in next-generation electronic and functional devices by examining recent advancements in the synthesis, functionalization, and post-treatment methods of PEDOT nanofibers. Furthermore, the review identifies current challenges, future directions, and potential strategies to address scalability, reproducibility, stability, and integration into practical devices, offering a comprehensive resource on conductive nanofibers.

Ceramic/Polymer Nanodielectrics: Towards a Multifunctional or Smart Performance

Ceramic nanoparticles/polymer composite nanodielectrics constitute a novel class of engineering materials, which exhibit tunable mechanical, thermal, electrical and magnetic properties, energy storing/recovering ability in tandem with processability and corrosion resistance. By these means the produced nanocomposites are characterized by multifunctionality since structural components are able to perform a wide range of desirable functions. When the embedded nanoparticles are polar oxides and/or piezo/ferro-electrics, or any kind of stimuli responsive materials additional functional performance is induced in the nanocomposites, providing a suitable basis for the development of smart materials.

On-chip multi-degree-of-freedom control of two-dimensional materials.

Two-dimensional materials (2DM) and their heterostructures offer tunable electrical and optical properties, primarily modifiable through electrostatic gating and twisting. Although electrostatic gating is a well-established method for manipulating 2DM, achieving real-time control over interfacial properties remains challenging in exploring 2DM physics and advanced quantum device technology1-6. Current methods, often reliant on scanning microscopes, are limited in their scope of application, lacking the accessibility and scalability of electrostatic gating at the device level. Here we introduce an on-chip platform for 2DM with in situ adjustable interfacial properties, using a microelectromechanical system (MEMS). This platform comprises compact and cost-effective devices with the ability of precise voltage-controlled manipulation of 2DM, including approaching, twisting and pressurizing actions. We demonstrate this technology by creating synthetic topological singularities, such as merons, in the nonlinear optical susceptibility of twisted hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN)7-10. A key application of this technology is the development of integrated light sources with real-time and wide-range tunable polarization. Furthermore, we predict a quantum analogue that can generate entangled photon pairs with adjustable entanglement properties. Our work extends the abilities of existing technologies in manipulating low-dimensional quantum materials and paves the way for new hybrid two- and three-dimensional devices, with promising implications in condensed-matter physics, quantum optics and related fields.

Ni3C nanosheets and PVA nanocomposite based memristor for low-cost and flexible non-volatile memory devices

Two-dimensional (2D) MXenes have gained extensive attention in the field of memristors due to their high ion mobility, chemical stability and tunable electrical and surface properties. Moreover, MXenes have tunable interlayer bonding which enables enhancement in memristor performance. In this work, we synthesize a novel nanocomposite of Ni3C nanosheets and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and fabricate a flexible memristor with Ag/Ni3C-PVA/ITO/PET configuration for non-volatile memory applications. Ni3C nanosheets were synthesized from Ni-MAX (Ni3AlC2) through a solvothermal etching and exfoliation process. The nanosheet like structure of Ni3C is confirmed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM). Characterization techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) reveal the crystalline phases, surface functional groups and chemical bonds present in Ni3C nanosheets and Ni3C-PVA nanocomposite. The memristor was fabricated through a facile low cost solution processed based fabrication technique. The Ag/Ni3C-PVA/ITO/PET memristor exhibits bipolar non-volatile switching characteristics. The device with optimised mass ratio of 4:3 (Ni3C: PVA) shows a decent off/on ratio of 2.09 × 102, long retention time of 104 s, and an endurance of 102 DC cycles. The SET voltage of the as-fabricated device is 2.8 V and the RESET voltage is −5.33 V. The flexible memristor exhibits outstanding mechanical robustness over 500 bending cycles. The high charge carrier mobility of Ni3C results in lower switching voltage and the dielectric property of PVA improves data retention and off/on ratio of the memristor. The resistive switching behaviour is explained through conductive metallic bridge mechanism. The conduction mechanism follows Ohmic conduction in ON state and trap controlled space charge limited current (TCSCLC) mechanism in OFF state. The results demonstrate that the nanocomposite with its superior resistive switching effects is suitable for cost-effective, high-performance, flexible non-volatile memory devices.

(Invited) Electronic Doping in Two-Dimensional Semiconductors

Quantum-confined semiconductors provide highly tunable optical and electrical properties for a wide variety of emerging applications. Two-dimensional semiconductors possess tunable bandgaps, high charge carrier mobilities, and strong light-matter interactions that can enable applications in photovoltaics, quantum information processing, and spintronics. Electronic doping, the intentional introduction of controlled charge carrier density and type (electrons or holes) is a fundamental enabler for many emerging applications of two-dimensional semiconductors. While electrostatic doping in transistor geometries is useful for certain applications, it is important to develop additional methods based on e.g. molecular redox doping and substitutional atomic doping that can provide tunable Fermi level control in the absence of an applied bias. In this presentation, I will discuss our efforts to develop such doping strategies for a variety of two-dimensional semiconductors. I will discuss how electronic doping modulates opto-electronic properties, including ground-state absorbance, charge transport, and excited-state dynamics in these 2D semiconductors. These studies provide fundamental insights into the degree to which molecular and substitutional doping strategies can modulate Fermi level, charge transport, and excitonic optical transitions in 2D semiconductors.

(Invited) Exciton Dissociation in Mixed-Dimensionality SWCNT-Based Heterojunctions

Quantum-confined semiconductors provide highly tunable optical and electrical properties for a wide variety of emerging applications. Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) have shown tremendous potential in applications ranging from digital logic, biological imaging, quantum information processing, photovoltaics, and thermoelectric energy harvesting. Energy harvesting applications rely critically upon the creation of tailored interfaces that enable the movement of energetic species (excitons, electrons, holes) in specified directions. In this talk, I will discuss the use of a variety of rationally designed “mixed-dimensionality” heterojunctions between s-SWCNTs and transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayers to harvest visible/near-infrared photons and convert these excitations into long-lived charge-separated states. Type-II heterojunctions between s-SWCNTs and TMDCs enable rapid exciton dissociation and microsecond charge-separated state lifetimes. We have developed new TMDC/SWCNT/TMDC trilayer architectures that enable charge transfer cascades for improving charge separation yield and lifetime. These trilayer architectures allow us to probe out-of-plane carrier diffusion in the nanotube layer and the degree to which bound interfacial excitons impact the photophysics in these mixed-dimensionality heterostructures. I will also discuss the methodology by which we attempt to quantify the photoinduced exciton dissociation quantum yields in these nanoscale heterostructures. Using several heterostructure results, we are attempting to narrow in on appropriate ways to quantify the local dielectric constant and exciton size in both the SWCNT and TMDC components, each of which impact the estimated charge carrier yields. Taken together, these studies provide fundamental insights into the links between ground-state thermodynamics and excited-state dynamics for model nanoscale heterojunctions used to harvest solar energy and produce long-lived charge-separated states.

Pure 3D Conducting Polymer Network for an Ultra-Sensitive and Flexible Hydrogen Gas Sensor at Room Temperature

Hydrogen (H2) is considered a next-generation energy source with diverse applications across valuable social, economic, and industrial sectors, including transportation, biomedical, power generation, and space exploration. Due to its low ignition energy and wide flammable range, there is an urgent global demand for ultrasensitive, lightweight, portable, wearable, and flexible hydrogen sensors to identify early gas leaks and prevent environmental and economic implications.In this study, we present a flexible hydrogen gas sensor based on conducting polymers, namely polypyrrole (PPY) with graphene nanoparticles, synthesized by the bi-continuous microemulsion polymerization method. The one-step scalable synthetic procedure enables the design of 1D, 2D, and 3D conducting polymers and their nanocomposites with tunable morphological and electrical properties. The unique multilayered oil-to-water nature of the bi-continuous microemulsion allows the fabrication of pure mesoporous 3D conducting polymers and their composites without the addition of any cross-linkers with excellent electrical properties. The 3D pure porous polymer network acts as a monolithic conducting framework that facilitates electron and ion transport and promotes the diffusion of molecules and ions more efficiently than 1D or 2D structures. The soft and porous nature of the polymer improves the interaction and adsorption of the target gas molecules and sensing material by increasing the number of active sites.This 3D PPY_graphene flexible network synthesized by the bi-continuous microemulsion method is successfully utilized to fabricate an ultra-sensitive flexible gas sensor. The performance of the sensor can be modified based on the reactor design. The sensor exhibits a notable response to 1 ppm of H2 gas. At room temperature, the fabricated sensor displayed 14 and 20 seconds of response and recovery time, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, no study has explored the application of 3D pure conducting polymers and their nanocomposites for hydrogen gas sensors using the bi-continuous microemulsion polymerization method, yielding such exceptional sensing results. Figure 1

Resetting the Drift of Oxygen Vacancies in Ultrathin HZO Ferroelectric Memories by Electrical Pulse Engineering

Ferroelectric HfO2‐based films incorporated in nonvolatile memory devices offer a low‐energy, high‐speed alternative to conventional memory systems. Oxygen vacancies have been rigorously cited in literature to be pivotal in stabilizing the polar noncentrosymmetric phase responsible for ferroelectricity in HfO2‐based films. Thus, the ability to regulate and control oxygen vacancy migration in operando in such materials would potentially offer step changing new functionalities, tunable electrical properties, and enhanced device lifespan. Herein, a novel in‐ operando approach to control both wake‐up and fatigue device dynamics is reported. Via clever design of short ad hoc square electrical pulses, both wake‐up can be sped up and both fatigue and leakage inside the film can be reduced, key factors for enhancing the performance of memory devices. Using plasmon‐enhanced photoluminescence and dark‐field spectroscopy (sensitive to <1% vacancy variation), evidence that the electrical pulses give rise to oxygen vacancy redistribution is provided and it is shown that pulse engineering effectively delays wake‐up and reduces fatigue characteristics of the HfO2‐based films. Comprehensive analysis also includes impedance spectroscopy measurements, which exclude any influence of polarization reversal or domain wall movement in interpretation of results.

Electrical conductivity of polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose doped by zinc oxide and hematite nanoparticles for optoelectronics devices

This research explores polymer nanodielectrics, a category of materials where nanoceramic fillers are incorporated into polymers. These hybrid materials are gaining significant interest because of their tunable optical and electrical characterization, making them potentially well-suited for applications in flexible optoelectronic and organic electronic devices. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), zinc oxide (ZnO), and hematite (Fe2O3) nanoparticles were utilized to fabricate PVA/CMC-ZnO/Fe2O3 films XRD analysis indicated a reduction in the crystalline character of the PVA/CMC blend following the doping of ZnO/Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs). FTIR data approved the complexation between the PVA/CMC blend and the ZnO/Fe2O3, leading to a decrease in intermolecular interactions within the polymeric matrix and coordination with the ZnO/Fe2O3. Electrical analysis obtained an enhancement in σac values with the increase of ZnO/Fe2O3 NPs concentration up to 30 min of laser ablation times The findings from this study suggest the promise of these materials for applications in high-performance batteries, supercapacitors, or other next-generation energy storage and conversion devices.

Crystallographic Pathways to Tailoring Metal-Insulator Transition through Oxygen Transport in VO2.

The metal-insulator (MI) transition of vanadium dioxide (VO2) is effectively modulated by oxygen vacancies, which decrease the transition temperature and insulating resistance. Oxygen vacancies in thin films can be driven by oxygen transport using electrochemical potential. This study delves into the role of crystallographic channels in VO2 in facilitating oxygen transport and the subsequent tuning of electrical properties. A model system is designed with two types of VO2 thin films: (100)- and (001)-oriented, where channels align parallel and perpendicular to the surface, respectively. Growing an oxygen-deficient TiO2 layer on these VO2 films prompted oxygen transport from VO2 to TiO2. Notably, in (001)-VO2 film, where oxygen ions move along the open channels, the oxygen migration deepens the depleted region beyond that in (100)-VO2, leading to more pronounced changes in metal-insulator transition behaviors. The findings emphasize the importance of understanding the intrinsic crystal structure, such as channel pathways, in controlling ionic defects and customizing electrical properties for applications.

Porous PVDF composites with ultralow percolation threshold for wide-range dynamic and static pressure sensing

Porous conductive polymer composites are very attractive for static pressure sensing due to high sensitivity and good elasticity contributed by the porous structure, while they are hard to detect dynamic pressure. Herein, we report a porous conductive poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composite capable of detecting static and dynamic pressure over a pressure range of 0–1 MPa, which was fabricated by melt mixing PVDF, polyethylene oxide (PEO) and carbon nanofillers, followed by etching PEO with water. Such porous PVDF composites have a very low percolation threshold (0.035 wt%) of carbon nanostructures (i.e., branched carbon nanotubes) thanks to the selective distribution of conductive fillers in the pore wall after etching. At the same time, the pore size and porosity of the porous PVDF composites can be tuned by the molecular weight (Mw) and blending ratios of two polymers, leading to the kinetically-tailorable blend morphology for tunable mechanical and electrical properties. The as-fabricated porous PVDF composites with a good combination of mechanical properties and electrical conductivities, which can be used as pressure sensors toward wide-range (0–1 MPa) dynamic and static pressure sensing. Such pressure sensors demonstrate potential applications in detecting the degree of finger bending, distinguishing the walking and running, and monitoring a series of technical movements in playing soccer, i.e., static and dynamic exercises.

Click chemistry modification of copolymers with cysteine amino acid: tunable thermal, electrical properties and kinetic analysis

Click chemistry modification of copolymers with cysteine amino acid: tunable thermal, electrical properties and kinetic analysis

The role of graphene and molybdenum disulfide in rechargeable energy storage systems: Perspective and challenges

AbstractTo offset the intermittent nature, renewable energy sources must be paired with energy storage systems (ESS) to cater to the demand for clean energy solutions. The performance characteristics requirements of these ESS are application‐specific, say batteries are characterized by their high energy capacity while supercapacitors offer greater power density. Currently, the research concentration in this domain is on improving the performance parameters of proven energy storage chemistries. Two‐dimensional (2D) materials characterized by high specific surface area, and tunable physical and electrical properties are explored extensively to enhance ESS performance. This review comprehends the progress made by two typical 2D materials, Graphene and Molybdenum disulfide, to enhance the energy/ power capacity, and life span of a few chosen rechargeable storage chemistries, lithium‐ion, lithium‐sulfur batteries, supercapacitors, and flow batteries. Further the review presents the current state of ESS, the challenges identified so far which restrict their capacity and life span, and the solutions employed to date. Finally, the challenges associated with these solutions are critically analyzed to suggest future directions and research perspectives in this domain.

Macromolecule-Nanoparticle-Based Hybrid Materials for Biosensor Applications.

Biosensors function as sophisticated devices, converting biochemical reactions into electrical signals. Contemporary emphasis on developing biosensor devices with refined sensitivity and selectivity is critical due to their extensive functional capabilities. However, a significant challenge lies in the binding affinity of biosensors to biomolecules, requiring adept conversion and amplification of interactions into various signal modalities like electrical, optical, gravimetric, and electrochemical outputs. Overcoming challenges associated with sensitivity, detection limits, response time, reproducibility, and stability is essential for efficient biosensor creation. The central aspect of the fabrication of any biosensor is focused towards forming an effective interface between the analyte electrode which significantly influences the overall biosensor quality. Polymers and macromolecular systems are favored for their distinct properties and versatile applications. Enhancing the properties and conductivity of these systems can be achieved through incorporating nanoparticles or carbonaceous moieties. Hybrid composite materials, possessing a unique combination of attributes like advanced sensitivity, selectivity, thermal stability, mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, and tunable electrical properties, emerge as promising candidates for biosensor applications. In addition, this approach enhances the electrochemical response, signal amplification, and stability of fabricated biosensors, contributing to their effectiveness. This review predominantly explores recent advancements in utilizing macrocyclic and macromolecular conjugated systems, such as phthalocyanines, porphyrins, polymers, etc. and their hybrids, with a specific focus on signal amplification in biosensors. It comprehensively covers synthetic strategies, properties, working mechanisms, and the potential of these systems for detecting biomolecules like glucose, hydrogen peroxide, uric acid, ascorbic acid, dopamine, cholesterol, amino acids, and cancer cells. Furthermore, this review delves into the progress made, elucidating the mechanisms responsible for signal amplification. The Conclusion addresses the challenges and future directions of macromolecule-based hybrids in biosensor applications, providing a concise overview of this evolving field. The narrative emphasizes the importance of biosensor technology advancement, illustrating the role of smart design and material enhancement in improving performance across various domains.

Proton‐conducting hydrogel electrolytes with tight contact to binder‐free MXene electrodes for high‐performance thermally chargeable supercapacitor

AbstractThermally chargeable supercapacitors (TCSCs) have offered exceptional energy‐converting efficiency for absorbing human epidermal heat and generating and storing electrical energy, which then realize continuous power supply to electronic devices, such as sensors and wearable electronic products, in a wide range of practical significance. Here, we proposed a flexible TCSC by attaching binder‐free Ti3C2Tx MXene@PPy electrodes on both ends of the H3PO4@P(AM‐co‐AA‐co‐AYP K+) hydrogel electrolyte, which exhibits a large thermal power of 35.2 mV K−1 at 50% relative humidity and maximum figure of merit of 2.1. The high performances of the fabricated devices can be attributed to the tunable electrical, thermodynamic, thermoelectric, and mechanical properties of the hydrogel electrolyte by adjusting the acid content and the proportion of zwitterionic compound AYP K+ in the hydrogel, and the high photothermal conversion efficiency and electrochemical performance of the electrodes. Moreover, the stable and outstanding thermofvoltage output (∼200 mV) under different time scenarios of the TCSC makes it possible to drive a strain sensor, accomplishing the objectives of a human activity monitor.