Color Tuning Research Articles

White light generation embracing pyrene and rhodamine-based nano-group of uniform materials based on organic salts (nano-GUMBOS)

In response to the growing demand for photoluminescent (PL) systems with versatile emission color tuning capabilities, particularly in the realm of contemporary versatile optoelectronic devices, we have developed a straightforward and environmentally friendly PL system. This system is designed to effectively tune its photoluminescence color response to various stimuli, including the system’s composition and excitation wavelength. Notably, our PL system achieves an almost pure white light emission (WLE), which has significant value in diverse applications. To create this interesting system, we combine two nano-Group of Uniform Materials Based on Organic Salts (nano-GUMBOS), namely nPBIL and nRBS, within an aqueous mixture. By precisely adjusting the composition of these nano-GUMBOS, we successfully achieved a near-pure WLE with a Commission Internationale d’Eclairage (CIE) 1931 color profile of (0.31, 0.31) when excited at a wavelength of 365 nm. This achievement demonstrates the system’s capability to produce high-quality WLE, meeting the requirements for efficient and aesthetically pleasing illumination which is significant to various optoelectronic applications. The straightforward synthesis process and environmentally friendly nature of our PL system make it an attractive choice for various lighting and display applications. The adaptability and tunability of the emission color add further versatility to its potential uses, providing opportunities for state-of-the-art solutions in the field of optoelectronic technology.

Green photoluminescence, supercapacitor and cytotoxic properties of nickel doped haematite nanoparticles

Fe2O3: Ni (1–9 mol.%) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using the co-precipitation method and calcined at 500∘C for 12 h. The crystallite size, phase, crystallinity, and structural parameters were analyzed via powder X-ray diffraction. The Bragg reflections confirmed that the synthesized NPs crystallize in a pure hexagonal crystal structure with space group R-3c. Surface morphology analysis revealed agglomerated NPs of irregular sizes and shapes. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis confirmed the presence of Fe, O, and Ni elements, as well as the purity of the sample. Both the direct band gap energy and crystallite size decreased with increasing dopant concentration. Detailed studies were conducted on the photoluminescence and anticancer properties. The CIE coordinates indicated a color tuning from blue to green in the visible region. CIE coordinates and CCT values ranging between 2860 to 9547 k demonstrated that the synthesized nanophosphor material meets the requirements of display technology. Additionally, anticancer properties were investigated using HeLa cells and compared with the standard drug cisplatin for biomedical applications. Electrochemical investigations revealed super capacitance values ranging from 93.43 to 149.13 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s with increasing Ni2+ concentration. Therefore, the synthesized Ni2+-doped hematite NPs show great promise in display technology, the biomedical field, and as supercapacitors in energy storage devices.

Hexagonal Boron Nitride Based Photonic Quantum Technologies.

Hexagonal boron nitride is rapidly gaining interest as a platform for photonic quantum technologies, due to its two-dimensional nature and its ability to host defects deep within its large band gap that may act as room-temperature single-photon emitters. In this review paper we provide an overview of (1) the structure, properties, growth and transfer of hexagonal boron nitride; (2) the creationof colour centres in hexagonal boron nitride and assignment of defects by comparison with ab initio calculations for applications in photonic quantum technologies; and (3) heterostructure devices for the electrical tuning and charge control of colour centres that form the basis for photonic quantum technology devices. The aim of this review is to provide readers a summary of progress in both defect engineering and device fabrication in hexagonal boron nitride based photonic quantum technologies.

Tunable temperature-responsive photonic ionogels with dual signals output

Photonic ionogels with dual electrical and optical output have been intensively studied. However, tunable temperature-responsive photonic ionogel assembled by thermosensitive nanogels has not been studied yet. Herein, an innovative approach to fabricate photonic ionogels has been developed for smart wearable devices with tunable temperature sensitivity and structural color. Firstly, poly(isopropylacrylamide-r-phenylmaleanilic acid) P(NIPAm-r-NPMA) nanogels self-assemble into photonic crystals in 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), water, and the ionic liquid of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate. And then robust photonic ionogels are developed through a polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate crosslinked by poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). The incorporation of the ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, enhances the mechanical strength of photonic ionogels and tunes the temperature-sensitivity of the ionogels, making them adaptable to various environmental conditions. The findings demonstrate that these ionogels can serve dual functions in smart wearable devices, combining electrical and optical signal outputs due to the conductivity of the ionic liquid and structural color from the nanogel assembly. The resultant photonic ionogels exhibit exceptional substrate adhesion, mechanical stability, and fast resilience. More significantly, the nanogels within these ionogels serve as the building blocks of photonic crystals (PCs) endow with angle-independent coloration and enhance stretchability beyond 200 %, while the stretchability of the ionogles without the nanogels is only about 100 %. Our photonic ionogels with tunable temperature-sensitivity and dual outputs will open an avenue to the development of the innovative smart wearable devices.

(Invited) Toward Ultrathin Flexible Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes and Photodetectors for the Wearable Electronics

Flexible optoelectronic devices, encompassing light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodetectors, capable of seamlessly transforming their shapes, represent a prominent trend in next-generation electronics. Quantum dots, widely employed as emitters and light absorption layers, are chosen for their high luminous performance, size-dependent color tunability, and excellent light absorption properties. Moreover, their solution processability and ultrathin form factor make them particularly appealing for the development of ultrathin wearable optoelectronic devices.Here, we introduce ultrathin flexible quantum dot light-emitting diodes and photodetectors designed for wearable electronics. Utilizing intaglio transfer printing, we can produce high-definition red-green-blue quantum dot LEDs, suitable for integration into skin-attachable displays. Moreover, our ultrathin, self-powered, heavy-metal-free photodetectors, based on copper indium selenide nanoparticles, showcase outstanding optical performance (specific detectivity: 2.10 × 1012 Jones at zero-bias) and find application in wearable photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors.

Thiourea-Induced Cocrystallization of Mixed-Halide Perovskite Thin Films for High-Performance Pure Blue Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes

Metal halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are gaining significant attention towards next-generation display materials owing to their advantageous properties, including color tunability, exceptionally narrow bandwidth, and high luminescence. Recent studies have successfully achieved over 20% external quantum efficiencies (EQE) in green and red PeLEDs. However, the blue PeLEDs lag far behind those of green or red PeLEDs because unstable phase stability in mixed halide perovskite thin films under high turn-on voltage (Von). In specific, the blue emission usually possesses halide ions with smaller ionic radius (Cl- or Br-), which easily migrates under high operative bias generating significant halogen vacancies and phase-transformation. In this context, we suggest thiourea as a promising additive for stabilizing defective perovskite thin films. Thiourea is a well-known hydrogen bond donor to halogens, which allows potential coordination complex of thiourea-halide ions to encompass well-dispersed mixed halides in co-crystallized perovskite lattices. In addition, the strong coordination of the C=S···Pb2+ was also demonstrated the thiourea-incorporated perovskite films, which effectively passivated undercoordinated Pb2+ antisites. Consequently, the thiourea-incorporated perovskite films exhibited stable deep-blue emission within 460 nm, demonstrating excellent luminance and quantum efficiency in pure blue PeLEDs. Moreover, the addition of thiourea achieved decreased Von and excellent spectral stability of pure blue PeLEDs at high applied bias, leading to significant advancements in pure blue perovskite display technology.

Highly Flexible and Reversible Stimuli-Responsive Photonic Crystal Film in Anti-Counterfeit, Detector, and Coating.

Various fascinating optical characteristics in organisms encourage scientists to develop biomimetic synthesis strategies and mimic their unique microstructure. Inspired by the Chameleon's skin with tunable color and superior flexibility, this work designs the evaporated-induced self-assembly technique to synthesize the chiral photonic crystal film. Ultrasonic-intensified and additive-assisted techniques synergistically optimize the film properties, on the aspects of optic and mechanic. The film shows considerable rigidity and superior flexibility, which can undergo multiple mechanical deformations. Without destroying the chiral nematic structure, the ultimate strain approaches 50%, which exceeds most cellulose-derived film materials. It also integrates excellent optical performance. The film color can cover the total visible region by tuning the photonic bandgap and has angle-dependent properties. It can make the response to humidity and solvents, and chromaticity variation reflects the degree of stimulation. Importantly, this structural-dependent color change is reversible. Lastly, the photonic crystal materials with excellent mechanics and unique optics have been applied in the security. The anti-counterfeiting material design contains photonic crystal ink, repeatable writing paper, information-hiding film, and color-changing labels, with the features of environmentally friendly, economical, non-destructive, and convenient for authentication.

Thermochromic structural color based on pressure storage-release toward emerging applications

Conventional thermochromic photonic crystal (TPC) hydrogels and liquids have gained prominence due to their unique capability of adjusting their colors by temperature (T). However, challenges including non-recordable structural colors, poor stability, and limited color tunability significantly limit their advanced applications. To address these issues, a versatile pressure-stored TPC (PSTPC) with repeatable fixable compressed non-close-packing structures has been fabricated based on combining phase-changing materials and elastic photonic crystals. Distinguishing from conventional TPCs, PSTPCs possess 1) recordable colors with excellent stability under normal conditions; 2) adjustable colors from red to blue by simply altering storable pressure; and 3) a T-triggered color change by releasing the pressure. These PSTPCs have been experimentally proved to be ideal candidates for various applications, including hot warning labels, ink-free rewritable papers, and elaborate anti-counterfeiting tags. This work offers a new perspective for designing and fabricating combined materials-based stimulus-responsive structural color materials with advanced multifunctional applications.

Phosphine Oxide‐Containing Gold(III) Complexes with Tunable Emission Color and Thermally Enhanced Luminescence Behavior

AbstractA series of phosphine oxide‐containing gold(III) complexes with tunable emission colors spanning from sky‐blue to near‐infrared region is reported. This is accomplished by the switching of the excited state characters from intraligand to ligand‐to‐ligand charge transfer through the replacement of the auxiliary ligand from aryl to nitrogen‐based ligands. In addition to high photoluminescence quantum yields in both solution and solid‐state thin films, these complexes exhibit large radiative decay rate constants of the order of 106 s−1, much larger than those commonly found for other gold(III) complexes. The origin of such enhanced performance is believed to be arising from the occurrence of both thermally activated delayed fluorescence and thermally stimulated delayed phosphorescence processes within the emitters. This is probed by ns‐ and fs‐transient absorption spectroscopy, time‐resolved, and temperature‐dependent emission spectroscopy. In particular, the direct observation of the upconversion processes and the determination of the activation barriers are achieved in the variable‐temperature fs‐transient absorption spectroscopic studies. Solution‐processed organic light‐emitting devices with satisfactory external quantum efficiencies of up to 15.2% are achieved, which could be ascribed to the presence of thermally activated delayed fluorescence and/or thermally stimulated delayed phosphorescence processes.

Ca3Sc2Si3O12:Ce3+, Mn2+ phosphor ceramic: A promising color converter for full‐color laser lighting

AbstractPhosphor ceramics are considered to be promising color converters for high‐brightness laser lighting. However, current laser lighting usually suffers from a poor color rendering index (Ra ∼70) when using a single‐structured phosphor ceramic, due to the deficiencies in the cyan‐green and red components of the luminescence spectra. In this study, a series of Ca3Sc2Si3O12:Ce3+, Mn2+ (CSS:Ce3+, Mn2+) phosphor ceramics were prepared for the first time using a solid‐state reaction method. Based on the efficient energy transfer from Ce3+ to Mn2+ (with an energy transfer efficiency of ∼33.3%), these ceramics exhibit three distinct emission peaks appearing at 505, 580, and 680 nm, covering the cyan‐green, yellow, and deep red‐light regions, respectively. Additionally, the ceramics display excellent thermal stability, with a thermal quenching temperature (T0.5) exceeding 160°C. Finally, a laser lighting source was constructed by combining the CSS:Ce3+, Mn2+ ceramic with a blue laser diode. By optimizing the Mn2+ concentration, a tunable color from cyan‐green to white was achieved, and the resulting Ra and luminous efficacy of the white light were 86 and 65 lm/W, respectively. These results demonstrate that the CSS:Ce3+, Mn2+ phosphor ceramic is an excellent color converter for full‐color laser lighting.

Femtosecond Laser‐Induced Regulation of Photo‐ and Persistent Luminescence of Perovskite Crystals

AbstractManipulation of photoluminescence (PL) and persistent luminescence (PersL) provides a powerful tool for anti‐counterfeiting applications. Here, Sb3+‐doped CsCdCl3 perovskite single crystals (SCs) can be selectively irradiated via utilizing ultra‐fast femtosecond (fs) laser, creating tunable PL colors and PersL duration with high precision. The PL color of the synthesized SCs changes from cyan to orange along with the wavelength of the fs laser, for the successful regulation of the optical procedure from a single‐photon to a two‐photon absorption process. Moreover, an orange PersL of CsCdCl3:Sb3+ SC is observed after being charged with a fs laser, and the corresponding duration time can be feasibly controlled with the pump wavelength. In particular, CsCdCl3:Sb3+ is capable of ultrafast carrier capture (1 s) under fs laser compared to ultraviolet lamp pre‐irradiation enabling a high‐resolution micro‐PersL in photon trapping/de‐trapping modes. These findings not only give a new solution for the fabrication high‐resolution micro‐PL and trajectory‐writing micro‐PersL patterns, but also provide a deep insight to understand the photon–matter interactions.

Surface Plasmon Resonance Modulation by Complexation of Platinum on the Surface of Silver Nanocubes.

The use of plasmonic particles, specifically, localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR), may lead to a significant improvement in the electrical, electrochemical, and optical properties of materials. Chemical modification of the dielectric constant near the plasmonic surface should lead to a shift of the optical resonance and, therefore, the basis for color tuning and sensing. In this research, we investigated the variation of the LSPR by modifying the chemical environment of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) through the complexation of Pt(IV) metal cations near the plasmonic surface. This study is carried out by measuring the shift of the plasmon dipole resonance of Ag nanocubes (NCs) and nanowires (NWs) of differing sizes upon coating the Ag surface with a layer of polydopamine (PDA) as a coordinating matrix for Pt(IV) complexes. The red shift of up to 45 nm depends linearly on the thickness of the PDA/Pt(IV) layer and the Pt(IV) content. Additionally, we calculated the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium using a numerical method.

Expanded polarization tunable structural colors with two-way transmission and reflection enabled by Al-HfO2 bilayer structure

Expanded polarization tunable structural colors with two-way transmission and reflection enabled by Al-HfO2 bilayer structure

Energy transfer and color tunability in high-thermal-stability Dy3+/Tb3+ co-doped K3YF6 transparent oxyfluoride glass ceramics

The production process and comprehensive analysis of the co-doping of Dy3+ and Tb3+ in K3YF6 oxyfluoride glass-ceramics (GCs) are delved. The primary focus is on investigating the luminescent properties and energy transfer (ET) mechanisms within these systems. The embedding of well-formed K3YF6 nanocrystals within the matrix was verified through detailed analyses using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fine-tuning the Tb3+ concentration facilitated the achievement of tunable emission, ranging from a subtle yellow to a yellowish green hue, demonstrating the remarkable flexibility in color manipulation. Fluorescence analysis unmistakably demonstrates the occurrence of energy transfer occurring between Dy3+ and Tb3+ ions, attaining a peak energy transfer efficiency of 51.33 %. Additional analysis applying Dexter's energy transfer formula affirms that the fundamental mechanism of energy transfer between Dy3+ and Tb3+ ions is dipole-dipole interaction. The K3YF6 glass ceramics (GCs) incorporating Dy3+/Tb3+ nanocrystals exhibit a remarkable thermal stability, retaining 89.07 % of their original relative emission intensity at 423 K when stimulated by 350 nm light. These findings indicate that Dy3+/Tb3+ co-doped K3YF6 GCs hold significant potential in solid state lighting, positioning them as a candidate for future lighting.

Multiple wavelengths excitation of NaYF4:Tm/Er microcrystals for multicolor anti-counterfeiting and temperature sensing

Multicolor luminescence and optical thermometry hold charming potential applications in many fields, which are likely to be achieved in one rationally designed unit. Herein, a triple-wavelength (980 nm, 1550 nm and 808 nm) responsive upconversion microcrystal, using Er3+ ions as sensitizers, is proposed, which can generate tunable emission color from red to yellow and then to green. The modulated population route and energy transfer process of Er3+ are perceived to be the reason for tunable luminescence color upon excitation-wavelength. In addition, based on thermally coupled energy levels (TCLs), i.e., 2H11/2/4S3/2 and non-thermally coupled energy levels (NTCLs), i.e., 2H11/2/4F9/2 of Er3+ ions, the temperature-dependent upconversion properties were investigated. The maximum relative sensing sensitivity (Sr) of NaYF4:0.5%Tm/20%Er was found to be 1.373 % K−1 at 313 K, outperforming the majority of the same type thermometers. The results indicate that the NaYF4:0.5%Tm/20%Er microcrystals serve as a promising candidate for multicolor anticounterfeiting and optical thermometry applications.

Lanthanide conjugated colour-tunable luminescent hydrogels as direct printable inks for anticounterfeiting and forensic applications

Counterfeiting is a global concern that jeopardizes individuals, businesses, and nations, costing trillions of USD annually. To combat this, researchers are continuously developing strong security features to formulate anti-counterfeiting inks. Herein, a novel approach has been adopted to prepare advanced luminescent hydrogel with ligand H3BTC for important applications in authentication of goods and fingerprint detection. In present investigations, Tb3+ and Eu3+ ions conjugated H3BTC hydrogels have been synthesized which emits strong green (542 nm) and red (614 nm) colours under UV lamp (254 nm). Additionally, the colour tunability for intermediate colours i.e. yellow and orange have also been achieved by varying the concentrations of Eu and Tb in H3BTC hydrogel. These hydrogels can be directly printed on any substrate using conventional screen-printing techniques. Moreover, these hydrogels can directly be used for thumb impressions with green and red emissions under 254 nm UV lamp, while appearing white in normal light and making them promising for new alternative solutions to design next-generation security ink for anticounterfeiting and forensic applications.

Enhancing color tunability and corrosion resistance of ZrO2 hard coatings via embedding Si multilayer films

ZrO2 coatings are widely employed to protect metal substrates from corrosion. However, achieving anti-corrosive ZrO2 coatings that also exhibit the full color range remains a significant challenge. Using the magnetron sputtering, the present study applied a ZrO2/Si multilayer coating to the 304 stainless steel, incorporating Si interlayers within a ZrO2 monolayer coating. The influence of incorporated Si interlayers on the morphology, structure, hardness, optical properties, and corrosion resistance of the ZrO2 coatings was systematically investigated. Application of Si interlayers effectively mitigated the development of columnar structure and pinhole defects in the ZrO2 coatings. This led to a reduction in the surface cluster size from 300 to 50 nm and the average grain size of ZrO2 from 20.3 to 15.7 nm. As a result, ZrO2 coating exhibited significant improvement in corrosion resistance. After adding Si interlayers, the corrosion current density of the ZrO2 coating dropped from 3.76 × 10-6 to 4.69 × 10-8 A/cm2 in 1 mol/L H2SO4 solution, while it dropped from 6.81 × 10-8 to 2.57 × 10-10 A/cm2 in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The ZrO2/Si multilayer coatings exhibited different colors, including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and purple. These colors were achieved by varying the thickness of the ZrO2 top layer, which was set at 240, 220, 210, 190, 175, 160, and 150 nm, respectively. The present study provided detailed insights into the color tuning capability and the enhanced corrosion resistance of ZrO2/Si multilayer coatings.

Terbium (III) and salicylamide doped nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles synthesized from Olea europaea L. plant extracts via eco-friendly green synthesis approach and co-precipitation method

An eco-friendly and cost-effective NiFe2O4 nanoparticles and its derivatives NiFe2O4:salicylamide, NiFe2O4:salicylamide:Tb3+ and NiFe2O4:salicylamide:Tb3+:Olea europaea L. extracts have been successfully synthesized using a simple and refluxed-assisted chemical co-precipitation method and green route approach followed by thermal treatment steps. In this report, the structural, morphological, optical characteristics and biological activities of the nanoparticles were characterized by using XRD, SEM, FTIR, UV-Vis, PL, BET analysis, antibacterial assays and antioxidant activities. The results from XRD revealed that NiFe2O4 has a crystalline structure and EDX elemental mapping confirmed the uniform distributed of all the elements in the matrix. The incorporation of salicylamide, Tb3+ and Olea europaea L. extracts into NiFe2O significantly enriched the luminescence intensities and changed the emission colour coordinates. Colour tunability was achieved with luminescence ranging from bright blue emission to reddish orange light, which makes nanoparticles important candidates for solid-state lighting technologies. Combining olive leaf extracts with NiFe2O4 nanoparticles provided effective antioxidant and antibacterial activity by reducing and stabilizing of nanoparticles. Moreover, all experimental results reveal new ideas for the design and optimization of multifunctional nanomaterials with higher sensitivity and pave the way for the production of new functional nanomaterials.

Cooling Condition Effect on Spectral Properties and Smartphone-Based Anticounterfeiting Application of Zn3Ga2Ge2O10/Cr3+ Phosphors.

The influence of cooling history for the Zn3Ga2Ge2O10/Cr3+ phosphors prepared by solid state reaction on the spectral properties was discovered, and an anticounterfeiting scheme based on the identification with smartphone was proposed and experimentally demonstrated using the studied phosphors. A combination of color-tunable visible fluorescence emission and near-infrared (NIR) afterglow emission in Zn3Ga2Ge2O10/x mol % Cr3+(x = 0, 0.05, 1, 2, 3, and 4) phosphors to achieve multimode anticounterfeiting was reported. It is found that with the increasing Cr3+ concentrations, the visible emission can be tuned from green, light pink, and light red to deep red under 254 nm ultraviolet (UV) excitation. This phenomenon is related to the formation of oxygen vacancies in the host during the process of natural cooling and the characteristic emission of Cr3+. In addition, the persistent time of the Cr3+ emission centered at 700 nm can be also tuned by various Cr3+ concentrations. A possible mechanism was deduced to explain the afterglow phenomenon. Lastly, a flower pattern applied in anticounterfeiting was fabricated using the Zn3Ga2Ge2O10/x mol % Cr3+ (x = 0, 0.05, 1, 2, 3, and 4) phosphors to present tunable color and NIR afterglow signals at different excitation modes, and the camera of smartphone was chosen as a detection tool to take the NIR images. The results obtained above suggest that the prepared phosphors at natural cooling condition have great potential in affording advanced optical anticounterfeiting.

[formula omitted] leaves mediated combustion synthesis of Tb[formula omitted] doped Zn2V2O7 nanoparticles: Color tunable photoluminescence and electrochemical studies for display and supercapacitor applications

A new series of Tb3+ doped Zn2V2O7 (ZV) nanoparticles (NPs) at different concentration from 1 to 9 mol% was synthesized by Menthaspicata leaves extract mediated solution combustion method. On Tb3+ doping, the diffraction pattern matches well with the monoclinic crystal structure with the C2/c(2/m) space group of ZV host matrix. The surface morphology tuned from irregular shaped NPs to hexagonal shaped NPs with variation in dopant concentration. The crystallite size estimated from Scherrer’s method matches well with the transmission electron microscopy analysis. The optical band gap determined from Tauc’s plot utilizing UV–Visible absorption was tuned from 3.061 to 3.035 eV with increase in dopant concentration. Under 266 nm excitation, the emission of Tb3+ ions from Tb3+-doped ZV NPs is observed, with the intensity of emission showing sensitivity to the concentration of Tb3+ ions. The optimal doping content is determined to be 7 mol %. The CIE coordinates clearly indicates the tuning of the emission color from green to blue region with increase in dopant concentration. The average color coordinated temperature was found to be 7895 K showing the cooler appearance. Further, cyclic voltammetry analysis offers valuable insights into redox reactions, electrode kinetics, and overall electrochemical behavior, while Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) provides information on ion transport kinetics. Galvanostatic Charge–Discharge (GCD) analysis revealed supercapacitance values ranging from 79.43 to 133.26 F/g at 10 mV/s with increasing dopant concentration. These findings underscore the potential of this material for use in energy storage and display technology applications.