Tumor Markers CA Research Articles

Diagnostic Accuracy of Cancer in Pleural Effusion: A Combination Serum Tumor Markers and Cytology

Abstract Background: Cytological examination of body effusion has an essential role in different tumor staging and research of malignancy. Objectives: It is to study the diagnostic effect of serum tumor markers in differentiation between benign and malignant pleural effusion. Materials and Methods: A retrospective research was done on 39 patients (28 male and 11 female with an age range of 50–77 years old). All samples undergo diagnostic thoracocentesis. The cutoff values of serum tumor markers (CEA < 5 ng/mL; CA125 <35 U/mL; CA19-9 < 37 U/mL; and CA15-3 < 31 U/mL). Results: Thirty-nine cases, resulting in 26 (67%) benign pleural effusions and 13 (33%) malignant pleural effusions, mean ± SD of age was higher malignant pleural effusion than benign type. The sensitivity of cytology was 33%. Malignant pleural effusion tended to have higher serum marker tumor concentrations. A comparison association between benign and malignant pleural effusion revealed statistically significant only in CEA. Most areas under the curve had moderate values that ranged between 0.6 for CA125, CA15.3, and other combined tumor markers, except for CEA, which had a good AUC (0.799). The best efficacy of a single tumor marker is CEA with a cutoff value of 2.05 ng/mL; at this cutoff value, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 69.2%, 88.5%, and 82.1%, respectively. Conclusion: Single serum tumor markers showed moderate sensitivity and low specificity; their combination does not result in to increase level of sensitivity and specificity to a good and dependent level for diagnosis of the malignant pleural effusion. Cytology and serum tumor markers have aided role in diagnosis. Thoracoscopy and pleural biopsy remain dependent diagnostic tools for malignant pleural effusion.

Abstract 6102: Clinicopathological and genetics features of endometrial cancer in Algerian women: The first nation-wide study

Abstract Background: Endometrial cancer represents the fourth common cancer in women in Algeria and the fifth cause of cancer mortality. In the present study, we aimed to determine, clinical, tumor and genetics characteristics associated with endometrial cancer in Algerian women. In addition, we screened for germline pathogenic variants in MMR genes in endometrial cancer patients with strong family history of Lynch syndrome (LS). Materials and Methods: Our study population included 273 patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer between 2010 and 2021. Data were collected from three public hospitals that covered 29 provinces among 48 in Algeria. Patient and tumor information included: age at diagnosis, menopausal status, histological type, histological grade, TNM stage, FIGO stage, tumor markers CA125, ACE, CA19-9, family history with cancer and age at menarche . MLH1 (exons 1, 9, 10, 13, 16), MSH2 (exons 5, 6, 7, 12), MSH6 (exons 4 and 8) and PMS 2(exons 6 and 10) were screened by PCR-Sanger direct sequencing in 14 LS families . Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 58.88 years. The mean age at menarche was 13.5 years. The proportion of endometrial cancer patients with premenopausal status was 21.62%. The commonest histological type was endometrioid adenocarcinoma (66.79%) followed by clear cell carcinoma (8.10%), carcinosarcomas (3.86%), serous carcinoma (3.47%) and mucinous carcinoma (2.7%). We found that the proportion of tumors with histological grade I (34.74%), grade II (27.41%) and grade IV (21.40%) was commonest in 83.55% of the patients. Our results showed that 73.74% of the patients were diagnosed at stage I (50.19%), stage II (12.74%) and stage III (10.81%), respectively. For the FIGO staging, our results showed that 74.12% of the patients were diagnosed at stage I (52.89%), stage III (10.81%) and stage I (10.42%), respectively. 16.21%, 3.08%, 6.94% of the patients were positive for CA125, ACE and CA19-9, respectively. We noticed that 56 patients (20.43%) had a positive family history with HBOC syndrome (17), Lynch syndrome (26) and Cowden syndrome (13), respectively. We identified two distinct germline pathogenic variants in MLH1 gene in two LS families. We detected the new germline pathogenic variant MLH1 c.53_63delinsT in young patient diagnosed with endometrial cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC) at age 43y and 44 y, respectively. The rare pathogenic germline variant MLH1 c.1546C>T has been detected in young woman diagnosed with CRC at age 41y and endometrial and ovarian cancers at age 52y, respectively. Conclusions : In this first study, we reported some clinical, biological, tumor and genetics features of endometrial cancer in Algerian women. Interestingly, we noticed that the median age of diagnosis was younger that the average age in Europe and America. Genetic counseling and testing is recommended for endometrial cancer patients diagnosed before age 50 with a family history of Lynch syndrome. Citation Format: Farid Cherbal, Chiraz Mehemmai, Mouchira Saidi, Yasmine Santoudji, Djamel-Eddine Seddik, Asma-Lamia Boumehdi, Fatiha Gouaref, Kamel Bentabak, Hassen Mahfouf, Mohammed Oukkal. Clinicopathological and genetics features of endometrial cancer in Algerian women: The first nation-wide study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6102.

Abstract 5656: Longitudinal spatial profiling reveals chemoresistance mechanisms and characteristics of minimal residual disease in high-grade serous ovarian cancer

Abstract High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy globally. Despite an initial response to upfront surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy in most cases, over 70% will relapse. A critical source of recurrence is minimal residual disease (MRD), which persists after upfront treatment yet is clinically undetectable. In this study, we performed second look laparoscopy (SLL) on advanced stage HGSOC patients who had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by interval debulking surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy and were in complete clinical remission by imaging and CA-125 tumor marker. Surgical MRD status was determined by pathological review of SLL biopsies. Matched samples from pre-treatment biopsy, interval debulking surgery and SLL in 4 MRD+ and 3 MRD- cases were analyzed using GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiling. Among them, samples from 1 MRD+ and 1 MRD- case were also profiled with Visium. The tumor cells of MRD+ cases exhibited stronger signaling related to hypoxia, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition at baseline as well as diminished apoptosis signaling after NACT. In addition, progressively upregulated expressions of ATP binding cassette transporters were also observed over time in the tumor compartment of MRD+ cases, potentially contributing to chemoresistance. In the tumor microenvironment, MRD- cases displayed increased abundance of plasma cells, conventional dendritic cells and lymphocytes in both pre-treatment and interval debulking samples compared to MRD+ cases. Notably, Visium data of the MRD- case revealed tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in the pre-treatment sample, which became better organized following NACT, with plasma cells disseminating into adjacent tumor areas. Conversely, TLS were fewer and poorly organized in the MRD+ case. Longitudinal comparison of the 3 timepoints in MRD+ cases revealed more regulatory T cells in the stromal compartments of the MRD lesions. Furthermore, from Visium data, exclusion of CD8 T and plasma cells from the tumor core was evident in the MRD lesion. In line with this, strong TGF-β, IL-1β, IL6 and FGF2 signaling surrounding the tumor were noted, likely contributing to immune exclusion. The spatial distribution of multiple immune checkpoint molecules highly overlapped with that of CD8 T cells, indicating T cell exhaustion in the MRD lesion. In summary, these data suggested distinct cancer phenotypic states and immune features in surgically detected MRD+ HGSOC, shedding light on potential chemoresistance and immune evasion mechanisms that contribute to the MRD phase of disease. This study represents the first systemic characterization of ovarian cancer MRD by leveraging SLL, providing insights for designing personalized therapies aimed at eradicating these chemoresistant lesions and ultimately preventing disease recurrence. Citation Format: Yibo Dai, Anne Knisely, Barrett Craig Lawson, Sanghoon Lee, Khalida M. Wani, Rossana N. Lazcano Segura, Brenda Melendez, Jianfeng Chen, Yunhe Liu, Manoj Chelvanambi, Laura A. Gibson, Sarah B. Johnson, Chih-Chen Yeh, Davis R. Ingram, Courtney W. Hudgens, Kyung Serk Cho, Guangsheng Pei, Jiahui Jiang, Yanshuo Chu, Alexander J. Lazar, Jianjun Gao, Jennifer Wargo, Linghua Wang, Amir A. Jazaeri. Longitudinal spatial profiling reveals chemoresistance mechanisms and characteristics of minimal residual disease in high-grade serous ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5656.

Pre-analytical stability of the CEA, CYFRA 21.1, NSE, CA125 and HE4 tumor markers.

For lung cancer, circulating tumor markers (TM) are available to guide clinical treatment decisions. To ensure adequate accuracy, pre-analytical instabilities need to be known and addressed in the pre-analytical laboratory protocols. This study investigates the pre-analytical stability of CA125, CEA, CYFRA 21.1, HE4 and NSE for the following pre-analytical variables and procedures; i) whole blood stability, ii) serum freeze-thaw cycles, iii) electric vibration mixing and iv) serum storage at different temperatures. Left-over patient samples were used and for every investigated variable six patient samples were used and analysed in duplicate. Acceptance criteria were based on analytical performance specifications based on biological variation and significant differences with baseline. Whole blood was stable for at least 6 hours for all TM except for NSE. Two freeze-thaw cycles were acceptable for all TM except CYFRA 21.1. Electric vibration mixing was allowed for all TM except for CYFRA 21.1. Serum stability at 4°C was 7 days for CEA, CA125, CYFRA 21.1 and HE4 and 4 hours for NSE. Critical pre-analytical processing step conditions were identified that, if not taken into account, will result in reporting of erroneous TM results.

Prognostic value of dynamic changes of pre- and post-operative tumor markers in colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis assessment is vital for personalized treatment plans. This study investigates the prognostic value of dynamic changes of tumor markers CEA, CA19-9, CA125, and AFP before and after surgery and constructs prediction models based on these indicators. A retrospective clinical study of 2599 CRC patients who underwent radical surgery was conducted. Patients were randomly divided into training (70%) and validation (30%) datasets. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses identified independent prognostic factors, and nomograms were constructed. A total of 2599 CRC patients were included in the study. Patients were divided into training (70%, n = 1819) and validation (30%, n = 780) sets. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses identified age, total number of resected lymph nodes, T stage, N stage, the preoperative and postoperative changes in the levels of CEA, CA19-9, and CA125 as independent prognostic factors. When their postoperative levels are normal, patients with elevated preoperative levels have significantly worse overall survival. However, when the postoperative levels of CEA/CA19-9/CA125 are elevated, whether their preoperative levels are elevated or not has no significance for prognosis. Two nomogram models were developed, and Model I, which included CEA, CA19-9, and CA125 groups, demonstrated the best performance in both training and validation sets. This study highlights the significant predictive value of dynamic changes in tumor markers CEA, CA19-9, and CA125 before and after CRC surgery. Incorporating these markers into a nomogram prediction model improves prognostic accuracy, enabling clinicians to better assess patients' conditions and develop personalized treatment plans.

Evaluation of the Cutoff Point and Diagnostic Value of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Predicting Ovarian Cancer Compared to Pathological Findings.

This research aims to establish a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) threshold and evaluate its diagnostic accuracy compared to pathological criteria for diagnosing Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC). We conducted a cross-sectional study at Imam Hossein Hospital involving 204 women aged 18 and older with confirmed ovarian mass based on pathology. We recorded clinical, pathological, and preoperative blood count data, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Patients were categorized into malignant and benign ovarian mass groups based on postoperative pathology. The power of NLR to diagnosis of EOC was evaluated using ROC curve. At total, 204 patients (Benign 75.5% vs. Malignant 24.5%) were included in the analysis with mean age of 54.26 ±12.04 yrs in malignant and 46.31±13.21 in benign. In all cases, the proportion of patients with the following tumor markers HE4 (>140 Pm), CA 125 (> 35U/Ml) and CEA (>5 ng/Ml) were 52.45%, 41.67% and 3.43%, respectively, and proportion of abnormal tumor markers was statistically higher in malignant group compared to benign mass (p <0.05). Odds of having higher NLR levels in the malignancy group was higher than benign group (e.g., OR of 4.45 for NLR in quartile 4 vs. quartile 1). According to model selection criteria, the full model with including NLR level and age, BMI and tumor markers has best performance for diagnosis of malignancy (AUC =0.87). High NLR in combination with tumor markers including CA125, HE4 and CEA were associated with malignancy in patients with ovarian mass. More attention and further examinations should be devoted for patients with ovarian mass having high NLR and abnormal tumor markers levels to detect the probable malignancy as soon as possible.

A pair of primary colorectal cancer-derived and corresponding synchronous liver metastasis-derived organoid cell lines.

Proper preclinical models for the research of colorectal cancer (CRC) and CRC liver metastases (CLM) are a clear and unmet need. Patient-derived organoids have recently emerged as a robust preclinical model, but are not available to all scientific researchers. Here, we present paired 3D organoid cell lines of CWH22 (CRC-derived) and CLM22 (CLM-derived) with sound background information and the short tandem repeats are identical to those of the normal tissue. Morphological and immunohistochemical staining, along with whole-exome sequencing (WES), confirmed that the organoids exhibited the same differentiation, molecular expression, and mutation status as the corresponding tumor tissue. Both organoids possessed mutated APC/KRAS/SMAD4/CDKN1B/KMT2C genes and wild-type TP53 and PIK3CA; stably secreted the tumor markers CEA and CA19-9, and possessed sound proliferation rates in vitro, as well as subcutaneous tumorigenicity and liver metastatic abilities in vivo. IC50 assays confirmed that both cell lines were sensitive to 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, SN-38, and sotorasib. WES and karyotype analyses revealed the genomic instability status as chromosome instability. The corresponding adherent cultured CWH22-2D/CLM22-2D cells were established and compared with commonly used CRC cell lines from the ATCC. Both organoids are publicly available to all researchers and will be useful tools for specific human CRC/CLM studies both in vitro and in vivo.

Paraneoplastic Syndrome: A Missed Diagnosis

AbstractParaneoplastic syndrome can involve a single organ or diverse organ systems. It is one of the rare manifestations of occult malignancy. A 47-year-old female patient with history of recent suspected herpes infection presented with features of extensive skin darkening and thickening, associated with poor swallowing and cough reflex. Patient was not able to lift both arms nor able to sit or stand which was suggestive of proximal muscle weakness involving the shoulders and hip. Patient's initial workup for autoimmune disorders including dermatomyositis was negative. With paraneoplastic syndrome as differential diagnosis contrast-enhanced computed tomography chest and abdomen and tumor markers CA125 and CA19.9 done showed no evidence of occult malignancy. Patient was started on empirical steroids for polyradiculoneuropathy. After starting steroids patients was able to sit and walk with support. Patient was able to swallow liquids without aspiration. On regular follow-up over a period of 3 months, patient developed abdomen pain and abdominal distention which on evaluation showed ascites and multiple new cystic ovarian lesions suggestive of ovarian malignancy. Patient's CA125 was repeated and was markedly elevated. Patient was referred to an oncologist and was started on chemotherapy along with immunosuppressants. This case report emphasizes the need for regular follow-up of patients suspected of paraneoplastic syndrome. Although the initial workup for malignancy did not give a clue, on periodic review we were able to make the primary diagnosis and start appropriate treatment and achieve a better patient survival.

The diagnostic potential of miR-196a-1 in colorectal cancer

BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important epigenetic alterations that notably impact various physiological and pathological processes by acting as negative regulators of gene expression. Furthermore, they have a vital function in different types of cancers, including CRC. In this research, we evaluated, for the very first time, the expression levels of miR-196a-1 in the tissue and plasma of patients with CRC and also homeobox D8 (HOXD8) as the target gene.Materials and methodsThis study included a collection of 220 plasma and tissue samples from 55 patients diagnosed with CRC, as well as 55 healthy individuals matched by age and sex. Total RNA was extracted from plasma and tissue samples, and then polyadenylation and cDNA synthesis were performed. The expression levels of miR-196a-1 and HOXD8 as target gene was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. We compared the diagnostic value of plasma miR-196a-1 with that of the circulating tumor markers CA19-9 and CEA using a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis. The association of miR-196a-1 with clinicopathological characteristics was assessed in tissue and plasma samples from patients with CRC.ResultsOur data demonstrated that the expression levels of miR-196a-1 in the tissue and plasma samples of CRC patients were 11.426- and 11.655-fold higher, respectively than those in adjacent normal tissue and plasma samples from normal subjects (p < 0.001). Through ROC curve analysis, it was identified that the sensitivity and specificity of miR-196a-1 for tissue samples, with an AUC of 0.925, were 89% and 98%, respectively. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity for plasma samples with an AUC of 0.801 were 70% and 98%, respectively. These findings reveal that miR-196a-1 is a useful biomarker for discriminating cases from controls. Furthermore, the expression of HOXD8 was not significantly altered in tumor tissue samples compared to adjacent normal tissues (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThese results show that miR-196a-1 has an oncogenic impact and plays a significant role in CRC development. The results also indicate that miR-196a-1 could serve as a novel noninvasive biomarker for the detection of CRC.

Development and validation of nomogram for predicting early recurrence after radical gastrectomy of gastric cancer

BackgroundAfter radical surgery, early detection of recurrence and metastasis is a crucial factor in enhancing the prognosis and survival of patients with gastric cancer (GC). Therefore, assessing the risk of recurrence in gastric cancer patients and determining the timing for postoperative recurrence is crucial.MethodsThe clinicopathological data of 521 patients with recurrent gastric cancer, who underwent radical gastrectomy at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital between January 2010 and January 2017, were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were randomly divided into two groups: a training group (n = 365) and a validation group (n = 156). In the training set, patients were further categorized into early recurrence (n = 263) and late recurrence (n = 102) groups based on a 2-year boundary. Comparative analyses of clinicopathological features and prognoses were conducted between these two groups. Subsequently, a nomogram for predicting early recurrence was developed and validated.ResultsIn this study, the developed nomogram incorporated age, serous infiltration, lymph node metastasis, recurrence mode, and the tumour marker CA19-9. In the training cohort, the area under the curve (AUC value) was 0.739 (95% CI, 0.682–0.798), with a corresponding C-index of 0.739. This nomogram was subsequently validated in an independent validation cohort, yielding an AUC of 0.743 (95% CI, 0.652–0.833) and a C-index of 0.743. Furthermore, independent risk factors for prognosis were identified, including age, absence of postoperative chemotherapy, early recurrence, lymph node metastasis, abdominal metastasis, and vascular cancer embolus.ConclusionIndependent risk factors for gastric cancer recurrence following radical surgery were utilized to construct a nomogram for predicting early relapse. This nomogram effectively assesses the risk of recurrence, aids in treatment decision-making and follow-up planning in clinical settings, and demonstrated strong performance in the validation cohort.

Diagnostic and prognostic significance of tissue lncRNA HOTAIR and hexokinase 2 mRNA expression in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

BackgroundPancreatic adenocarcinoma, recognized for its aggressive behavior and frequent late-stage diagnosis, imposes significant challenges in early detection and prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic potential by measuring the expression levels of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR and the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase 2 (HK2) mRNA in both tumorous and adjacent non-tumorous pancreatic tissue samples (n = 25 each) using RT-qPCR. ResultsBoth lncRNA HOTAIR and HK2 expression levels significantly increased in tumorous pancreatic tissues compared to non-tumorous tissue (P = 0.001). However, their levels in stage T2 and T3 showed no statistically significant difference (P = 0.01). lncRNA HOTAIR and HK2 expression levels positively correlated with each other (P = 0.001; r = 0.95); however, no significant associations were found with serum tumor markers CA19-9 and CEA (P = 0.01; r = 005; p = 0.1, r = 0.2). ROC analysis demonstrated the significant abilities of both lncRNA HOTAIR and HK2 expression levels to discriminate between tumorous and non-tumorous pancreatic tissues (AUC = 0.92 and 0.84, respectively) with 96% and 88% sensitivity, and 72% and 40% specificity, respectively, at optimal cut-off values of 1.12 and 0.84 relative expression units. Patients with elevated lncRNA HOTAIR and HK2 expression had shorter median survival (8 and 7 months, respectively), increasing the risk of adverse outcomes or recurrence 4–4.8 times (HR = 4.08, p = 0.07; HR = 4.8, p = 0.01), thus emphasizing their prognostic potential in pancreatic cancer.ConclusionlncRNA HOTAIR and HK2 expression levels exhibit diagnostic potential in pancreatic tumors. Elevated levels of both markers correlate strongly with adverse outcomes, underscoring their prognostic value.

Liver transplantation for unresectable Klatskin tumor: first long-term outcomes – a single center experience

Objective: to demonstrate the first long-term outcomes of treatment of unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA) after combined neoadjuvant therapy followed by liver transplantation (LT). Materials and methods. From 2017 to 2023, at the Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, 10 patients were included in the treatment protocol for unresectable HCCA. Combined neoadjuvant therapy included endobiliary photodynamic therapy (EPDT), regional chemotherapy (RCT) and systemic polychemotherapy (SPCT). Each modality was applied at least three times over a period of four to six months. Patients were placed on the LT waitlist when tumor marker CA19-9 reduced, there was no radiological evidence of disease progression, and there was no evidence of acute cholangitis. Before LT, the recipients underwent diagnostic laparoscopy to exclude carcinomatosis and also evaluation of regional lymph nodes with urgent morphologic examination. In the absence of extrahepatic tumor spread, LT from a deceased donor was performed according to the classical technique with paracaval and hepatoduodenal lymph node dissection, biliodigestive anastomosis using the Roux-en-Y procedure. The operation was performed in six patients. Patient age ranged from 40 to 55 years (mean, 46.3). The mean time from start of treatment to LT was 9.1 months (range 6 to 14). The mean CA19-9 level at the time of LT was 66.5 IU/mL (8 to 212). Results. After combined neoadjuvant treatment, the CA19-9 marker normalized in four patients and there was a 3–4-fold decrease in two patients. Radiological evaluation indicated stable disease in five patients, and a partial response in one. Disease progression was noted in four out of 10 patients. Currently, one of the 6 patients is alive with a follow-up of 34 months. Median (Me) overall survival is 28 months; Me overall survival after LT is 22.2 months; Me survival before progression is 27 months. During long-term follow-up of patients after LT, three patients out of six had disease progression: implantation metastasis (n = 2) at 25 and 27 months follow-up (metastasectomy was performed), carcinomatosis (n = 1) at 20 months follow-up. Conclusion. LT for unresectable Klatskin tumor is effective when combined neoadjuvant treatment is used and there is no acute cholangitis. However, the use of endobiliary manipulations (drainage change, EPDT) are risk factors for the development of implantation metastasis.

Role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the detection of recurrence and peritoneal metastasis from ovarian cancer in correlation with cancer antigen-125 tumor marker levels

BackgroundThe chronic nature of ovarian cancer and disease recurrence has a considerable impact on the assessment of follow-up strategies and treatment planning for both oncologists and radiologists. It is imperative to conduct adequate follow-up in ovarian cancer to detect and treat recurrence as early as possible. Presently, surveillance of patients with this malignancy involves the combination of serial CA-125 assay and diverse imaging procedures, yet normal CA-125 levels cannot entirely rule out disease relapse. PET/CT provides whole-body functional imaging that does not necessities contrast injection, and allows for precise diagnosis and restaging of patients with suspected ovarian cancer recurrence, thereby strongly impacting disease management decisions. Our study aims to evaluate the value of FDG-PET/CT as a follow-up imaging tool in detecting and localizing recurrence of ovarian cancer, in conjunction with CA-125 tumor markers.ResultsIn our study, it was demonstrated that recurrent disease manifested in FDG-PET/CT in 24 cases, with 9 of those cases exhibiting CA-125 levels within the normal range. There were two instances of false negative results and one instance of false positive results in FDG-PET/CT. Additionally, three cases were found to be free of disease relapse in FDG-PET/CT and exhibited normal CA-125 levels throughout the follow-up period (true negative). The prevalence of disease recurrent sites was 12% for local recurrence, 60% for peritoneal metastasis, 64% for nodal deposits and 28% for distant metastatic disease. The accuracy of FDG-PET/CT was 88.8%, with a sensitivity of 91.3% and specificity of 75%. Furthermore, FDG-PET/CT showed a positive predictive value of 95.5% and a negative predictive value of 60.3%.ConclusionsPET/CT imaging provides a comprehensive and functional view of the entire body, which can accurately diagnose and restage cases with ovarian cancer recurrence. This approach plays a critical role in identifying peritoneal carcinomatosis and is considered a more dependable method than CA-125 tumor markers for detecting and monitoring ovarian cancer recurrence. Additionally, PET/CT imaging has the potential to decrease the number of second-look laparotomies and can thus significantly impact the management plan.

Expression and Clinical Progress of Tumor Markers CA125, CA199, HE4 and HCG in Ovarian Malignant Tumors

Expression and Clinical Progress of Tumor Markers CA125, CA199, HE4 and HCG in Ovarian Malignant Tumors

Comprehensive Evaluation of Traditional Herbal Medicine Combined With Adjuvant Chemotherapy on Post-Surgical Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Gastric cancer is a common cause of global mortality, with significant challenges during treatment due to side effects and complications. Traditional herbal medicine (THM) has emerged as a potential adjuvant therapy to enhance cancer treatment by reducing side effects and bolstering the immune response. This study conducted a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of THM as an adjuvant therapy in post-surgical gastric cancer patients. PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CNKI, CiNii, KMBASE, KISS, OASIS, RISS, and ScienceON databases were searched from inception through December, 2021. The outcomes considered in this analysis encompassed tumor response, quality of life (QoL), side effects, and tumor markers. Additionally, a frequency analysis of the most commonly used herbs in the included studies was conducted. A total of 36 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included, and data were extracted according to study design. The analysis compared groups receiving chemotherapy alone with those receiving both chemotherapy and THM treatment. The group receiving both chemotherapy and THM showed substantial improvement in tumor response compared to the chemotherapy-only control group (RR 1.25, 95% CI [1.09, 1.45]). QoL also significantly increased in the THM-treated group. Most drug adverse reactions displayed statistical significance, except for platelet reduction. Tumor markers CEA, CA19-9, and CA72-4 exhibited significant improvements, but CA125 did not. The 1, 2, and 3-year survival rates improved, with RR values of 1.08 (95% CI [1.02, 1.14]), 1.32 (95% CI [1.19, 1.47]), and 1.42 (95% CI [1.12, 1.79]) respectively. However, some publication bias was indicated. THM may offer potential benefits as a complementary approach to post-surgical anticancer therapy in gastric cancer patients. Improved tumor response, quality of life, and survival rates were reported. However, it is important to exercise caution due to the possibility of publication bias, and further research is needed to confirm these findings.Registration:PROSPERO CRD 42022354133.

Reversal of Platinum-based Chemotherapy Resistance in Ovarian Cancer by Naringin Through Modulation of The Gut Microbiota in a Humanized Nude Mouse Model.

As a chemotherapy agent, cisplatin (DDP) is often associated with drug resistance and gastrointestinal toxicity, factors that severely limit therapeutic efficacy in patients with ovarian cancer (OC). Naringin has been shown to increase sensitivity to cisplatin, but whether the intestinal microbiota is associated with this effect has not been reported so far. In this study, we applied a humanized mouse model for the first time to evaluate the reversal of cisplatin resistance by naringin, as well as naringin combined with the microbiota in ovarian cancer. The results showed that naringin combined with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis NCU-01 had an inhibitory effect on the tumor, significantly reducing tumor size (p<0.05), as well as the concentrations of serum tumor markers CA125 and HE4, increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides, inhibit Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-induced intestinal inflammation and increase the expression of intestinal permeability-associated proteins ZO-1 (p<0.001) and occludin (p<0.01). In conclusion, the above data demonstrate how naringin combined with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis NCU-01 reverses cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer by modulating the intestinal microbiota, inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and modulating the p38MAPK signaling pathway.

Preliminary study of the diagnostic performance of the tumor marker CA 19.9 in the diagnosis of locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Preliminary study of the diagnostic performance of the tumor marker CA 19.9 in the diagnosis of locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Procena rizika u korelaciji sa gojaznošću i laboratorijskim monitoringom najčešćih tipova karcinoma dojke kod žena u Kantonu Sarajevo

Abstract: Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is a malignant disease that predominantly affects women, with known genetic components such as mutations in tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Other risk factors include unhealthy lifestyles, lack of physical activity, and consumption of alcohol and cigarettes. Aging also plays a role in BC development, with hormonal influences such as estrogen and progesterone promoting cancer growth. Material and Methods: Research was conducted using data collection tools for risk factors and tumor markers from primary healthcare unit records. The sample comprised 200 women, divided into two groups based on BC diagnosis, with complete medical documentation. Male BC cases were excluded. Results: Statistical significance was found between genetic components, family history, aging, obesity, alcohol and cigarette consumption, longer hormone exposure, and female BC development using the Chi-Square test, confirmed by Fisher's Exact test. Tumor markers CA 15-3, CEA, CA 19-9, and CA 125 were useful for BC screening and metastasis detection, as determined by the One Sample T-test. In Sarajevo Canton, invasive ductal BC was the most common type among women, while lobular carcinoma in situ was the least common. Conclusion: Correlations between risk factors, including aging, unhealthy lifestyles, and hormone exposure, and increased BC risk were confirmed. Tumor markers CA 15-3, CEA, CA 19-9, and CA 125 were effective in diagnosis, screening, and metastasis detection in females, with sensitivity for regression detection at 81.8% and specificity at 100%.

Evaluation of the Effect of Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors in the Treatment of Bladder Cancer and its Impact on CA19-9 and CA125 Levels

Objective: To evaluate the impact of transurethral resection of bladder tumors on surgical outcomes and serum tumor markers CA19-9 and CA125 in patients with bladder cancer. Methods: 80 patients with bladder cancer admitted to our hospital were selected and divided into two groups according to different treatment methods, with 40 cases in each group. The control group underwent open resection of bladder tumor, and the observation group adopted transurethral resection of bladder tumors. The two groups’ surgical indicators and levels of serum tumor markers CA19-9 and CA125 before and after treatment were observed and compared. Results: The operation time, bladder irrigation time, and intraoperative bleeding volume of the observation group were less than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05); Before surgery, there was no statistically significant difference in serum CA19-9 and CA125 levels (P &gt; 0.05). After surgery, the serum CA19-9 and CA125 levels of the two groups of patients were significantly lower than those before surgery. Moreover, the serum CA19-9 and CA125 levels in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group after surgery (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Transurethral resection of bladder tumors in the treatment of bladder cancer can significantly improve various surgical indicators and reduce the levels of bladder cancer tumor markers CA19-9 and CA125. The surgical effect and prognosis are good and it is worthy of clinical application and promotion.

Investigation of the Role of Preoperative Serum CA 125 Levels in Determining the Necessity of Lymphadenectomy in Cases Diagnosed with Endometrium Cancer: A Retrospective Study

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between preoperative serum CA 125 levels and clinicopathological parameters in patients operated for endometrial carcinoma (EC) and to reveal the effectiveness of preoperative serum CA 125 levels in determining the necessity of lymphadenectomy. Materials and Methods: The study included retrospective data of 88 patients who underwent surgery due to EC. The relationship between the patients' preoperative serum tumor marker CA-125 levels and tumor grade, stage, histological type, lymph node positivity was evaluated statistically. The statistical significance of CA-125 levels in determining the need for lymph node dissection was analyzed. Results: When the preoperative diagnostic methods of the cases were evaluated according to their surgical stage; the mean CA 125 value was 31.21±35.54 (4.4-150.3) IU/ml in early stage (Stage I-II) patients and 349.13±497.34 (19.5-1566) IU/ml in advanced stage (Stage III-IV) patients (p=0.001). Considering the depth of myometrial invasion and preoperative CA 125 values, the mean preoperative CA 125 values were 21.43±20.06 (4.4-44.1) IU/ml in cases with myometrial invasion less than 1/2, while this value was 141.03±329.47 (6.8-1566) IU/ml in cases with more than 1/2 and the difference between the groups was found to be statistically significant (p=0.025). CA 125 levels of cases with positive lymph nodes were statistically significantly higher than CA 125 levels of cases with negative lymph nodes (p&lt;0.05). While the CA 125 level was 35 IU/ml and above in all cases with positive lymph nodes, the CA 125 level was 35 IU/ml and above in 30.2% of the cases with negative lymph nodes (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions: The results we obtained in this study support the association of increased preoperative CA 125 levels with lymph node positivity, advanced stage and myometrial involvement above ½ in cases with EC.