Tumor-associated Tissue Eosinophilia Research Articles

Assessment of Tumor-Associated Tissue Eosinophilia (TATE) and Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) in Canine Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder

Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a significant neoplasm in dogs, characterized by a poor prognosis and a high metastatic potential. These canine spontaneous tumors share many characteristics with human transitional cell carcinoma, making them an excellent comparative model. The role of inflammatory infiltration in tumor development and progression is frequently contradictory, especially concerning tumor-associated tissue eosinophils (TATE) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). This study aims to analyze TATE and TAMs in canine transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Congo Red staining was used to identify TATE, and immunohistochemistry was performed to detect TAMs in 34 cases of canine transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder carcinomas, categorized into low and high grades. Statistically significant differences were observed between the number of eosinophils and macrophages in the two groups of tumors. The number of TATE was higher in low-grade malignant tumors, but the number of TAMs was higher in high-grade tumors. Our findings suggest the importance of TATEs and TAMs in the aggressiveness of canine transitional cell carcinoma and propose their potential use as therapeutic targets.

Vulval apocrine adenocarcinoma with tumour-associated eosinophilia in a cat

A 10-year-old, spayed female, Domestic Shorthaired cat was referred for surgical removal of a mass on the left vulval fold. An impression smear revealed mixed cell inflammation, with eosinophils predominating focally, and a concurrent bacterial infection, suggesting a primarily inflammatory lesion. However, cytology of a fine-needle aspirate of the mass revealed a neoplastic epithelial cell population, confirmed on histopathology as an apocrine vulval adenocarcinoma with lymphatic invasion and marked tumour-associated tissue eosinophilia. One month after surgical excision of the mass, the cat developed inguinal metastatic lymphadenopathy and chemotherapy was initiated. The patient ultimately developed marked peripheral lymphadenomegaly and was euthanized due to concerns for overall quality of life and comfort. This case highlights that neoplasia should be a consistent differential diagnosis for eosinophilic infiltrates/inflammation. The distinct appearance of the two cytological samples in this case stresses the need for sampling of different sites of a lesion and the importance of not relying on superficial impression smears for clinical management and prognosis.

Preliminary Assessment of Tumor-Associated Tissue Eosinophilia (TATE) in Canine Mast Cell Tumors: Prevalence and Prognostic Relevance and Its Association with Neoangiogenesis.

Mast cell tumor (MCT) is the most common malignant skin tumor in dogs. In order to gain more information on the prognostic markers in MCT, the role of the eosinophil granulocytes infiltrates was investigated and assessed by the evaluation of tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) in 87 canine cutaneous MCTs. In human medicine, high TATE are often described in highly angiogenic tumors: we therefore assessed the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in neoplastic mast cells. TATE and VEGF expression were compared between themselves, with histological grading, immunohistochemical expression of KIT and Ki-67, and with the recurrence. We found a statistically significant correlation between TATE and Patnaik grading (p = 0.041), Kiupel grading (p = 0.022), immunohistochemical KIT expression (p = 0.015), and tumor recurrence (p = 0.000). No associations were observed with Ki-67 and VEGF expression. This is the first evaluation of TATE and its prognostic value in canine MCTs in veterinary oncology. This study suggest that this investigation could be an important source of information for this tumor and for other neoplasms.

To evaluate eosinophilia (tissue eosinophilia, blood eosinophilia and tissue eosinophilia/blood eosinophilia ratio) in increasing grades/ severity of oral neoplastic lesions.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in India. Buccal mucosa is the most common site because of tobacco quid. Several parameters for the assessment of OSCC have been studied like lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, grade, and perineural invasion. Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia is another parameter, on which several studies have been done because of its favorable and unfavorable prognosis. The aim of our study is to study quantitative and qualitative eosinophilia in premalignant and malignant lesions of squamous origin in oral cavity with respect to tumor-associated blood eosinophilia. A retrospective study was done at Tertiary care hospital between January 2016 and December 2016. A total of 150 cases of premalignant (oral leukoplakia and dysplasia) and malignant oral squamous cell carcinoma (of various grades) along with blood pictures were evaluated.

Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia promotes angiogenesis and metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Eosinophils are terminally differentiated leukocytes that participate in the process of chronic inflammation and allergy and are able to release multiple cytokines into the surrounding tissue environment. Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) is the presence of eosinophils in the tumor or in the neighboring stroma and has been observed in various types of cancer. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), the clinical relevance of TATE has not been concluded yet because of the inconsistent results in different studies. In our study, we focus on the prognostic effects of TATE on HNSCC and how TATE can influence tumor behavior and tumor microenvironment. We first showed that in both the TCGA-HNSC cohort and our cohort of patients with HNSCC who had received curative surgery, TATE is correlated with worse overall survival. To investigate the underlying mechanism of how TATE leads to poor clinical outcomes, we showed that activated eosinophils produce a variety of cytokines and chemokines, and activated TATE-derived culture medium promotes tumor migration mainly through CCL2. We also showed that eosinophils are capable of inducing angiogenesis and that HNSCC samples enriched with TATE are highly correlated with tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, HNSCC enriched with TATE had more aggressive pathological features, including regional lymph node metastasis, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and tumor growth. Lastly, we showed that HNSCC enriched with TATE is associated with immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Taken together, our results suggest that TATE promotes cancer metastasis and angiogenesis which results in a poor clinical outcomes in HNSCC.

Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia in preinvasive and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of cervix

Background: Differentiating between preinvasive and invasive squamous neoplasms of the cervix can be a challenge in small, superficial fragments of cervical biopsy, particularly when inflammatory infiltrates obscure the epithelial stroma interface and due to tangential sectioning of the acanthotic squamous epithelium. This study evaluates whether thresholds of eosinophils in stroma serve as a morphological marker for the presence of tumor invasion in squamous neoplasms of the cervix. Material and methods: Sixty-five cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma and preinvasive squamous neoplasia were evaluated. In each case, the number of eosinophils per HPF and per 10 HPF in the tissue adjacent to the neoplastic epithelium was counted. For statistical purposes, the elevated eosinophils were categorized as > 3 eosinophils/HPF, > 5 eosinophils/HPF, and >10/10 HPF. Results: Stromal eosinophils were present in 1/5 cases of LSIL, 3/8 HSIL cases, 15/16 cases of microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma, and 34/36 cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma, signifying an increase in eosinophil count from a spectrum of preinvasive to invasive carcinoma. Greater than 5 eosinophils/HPF and >10 eosinophils/10 HPF had sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values of 55%, 100%, 100%, and 75%, 100%and 100%, respectively. The difference of >5eosinophils/HPF and >10eosinophils/10 HPF between SIL and SCC was statistically significant. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the presence of increased eosinophils in squamous neoplasia of the cervix can be associated with tumor invasion and should prompt a thorough evaluation when evidence of invasion is absent.

Tumour Associated Tissue Eosinophilia in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Special Histochemical Analysis of Tissue Eosinophilia using Congo Red Staining

Introduction: Tumour Associated Tissue Eosinophilia (TATE) is an important phenomenon occurring in the tumour microenvironment and has a pivotal role. TATE is defined as “eosinophilic stromal infiltration of a tumour not associated with tumour necrosis or ulceration”. The exact role of TATE in malignancies is yet unclear but studies have shown that TATE usually has a favourable outcome in head and neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC). Therefore, more studies are needed to substantiate this data. Aim: To compare TATE between normal epithelium and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) and compare TATE between the histological grades of OSCC. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at Dr. BR Ambedkar Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, from June 2019-January 2021 which included 50 cases, 10 from normal mucosa and 40 histopathologically diagnosed cases of OSCC. 1% congo red solution was used to stain 4 μm thick sections. The sections were examined at a high magnification (40X) and 10 microscopic fields were examined in succession for eosinophils. The average number of eosinophils observed were compared using univariate analysis, which included the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test and the Chi- square test and a p-value of 0.001 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean value of tissue eosinophils increased in OSCC compared to normal mucosa, according to present study findings. When comparing different grades of carcinoma, statistical analysis revealed that well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma had a greater TATE than other grades, which was statistically significant (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: The higher eosinophil count in well differentiated OSCC compared to the other grades could be associated with a better clinical outcome for the patient. In OSCC, TATE can be utilised as a predictor of a good prognosis.

Histopathological prognosticators and their clinicopathological correlation in oral squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue.

Tongue carcinomas account for 25%-40% of intraoral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). Although TNM staging systems is an international standard for cancer reporting, prognosis evaluation, and treatment planning, multiple histopathological risk assessment predictors such as tumor thickness (TT), tumor shape, tumor growth pattern, and invasive malignancy grading scoring systems have been studied and should form a basis for prediction and prognostication of such aggressive carcinomas. To evaluate and characterize the histomorphological prognostic indicators in OSCCs of tongue and compare it with OSCCs of other anatomic sites within the oral cavity. Furthermore, to elucidate the significance of histopathological indicators in predicting prognosis of tongue squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Forty SCC cases with 20 each of tongue and 20 from other intraoral sites were retrieved from department archives. Clinical data and staging were obtained for each case. Histomorphological parameters including pattern of invasion (POI), tumor budding (TB), depth of invasion (DOI), TT, lymphocytic host response, tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE), vascular invasion, perineural invasion (PNI), and muscular invasion were assessed. The results were statistically evaluated. TB, DOI, and sarcolemmal spread were significant histologic predictors in tongue SCC. Upon correlation of histomorphological parameters with clinical staging, TT, POI, and TATE were observed to be significantly correlated (P ≤ 0.05). The histomorphological risk assessment model may serve as important addition to the existing prognosticators and may be used as a prognostic index to help plan and individualize treatment protocol in cases with aggressive high-risk disease for whom the use of multimodality treatment seems beneficial.

The role of tumour-associated tissue eosinophilia as a prognostic indicator in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

BackgroundEosinophils are bone marrow-derived granulocytes known to have an imperative role in tissue inflammation. The mechanism of tumour-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) in head and neck cancers is however not well understood, and its role as a prognosticator is under evaluation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of TATE with factors associated with head and neck cancer and to assess its role as a prognostic marker in such patients.Results102 males and 24 females comprised the study population, and 34.9% of which were in the age group of 41 to 50 years. Amongst these 126 patients, most (37.3%) presented in stage III followed by stage IV (28.6%). 29.4% had well-differentiated SCC, 55.6% had moderately differentiated SCC, and 15% were diagnosed with poorly differentiated SCC. 42.8% had TATE grade II, followed by grade III (29.4%) and grade I (27.8%). Correlation studies showed that factors significantly associated with TATE were age, site and tumour differentiation. While 45.7% poorly differentiated tumours showed grade I eosinophilia, 51.4% of well-differentiated tumours had grade III TATE.ConclusionsTATE showed a highly significant association with tumour differentiation, suggestive of eosinophils partaking a tumouricidal role. This association may be utilised as a convenient early prognosticator for head and neck cancers and should be made a regular feature of biopsy reports. Furthermore, it may be utilised in planning and adopting appropriate treatment modalities in malignancies predicted to have an aggressive course.

Quantitative assessment of tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia and nuclear organizing region activity to validate the significance of the pattern of invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A retrospective study.

Introduction:Pattern of invasion (POI) in scoring system of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) can predict local recurrence and overall survival rate. Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AGNOR) counts are considered to reflect the biosynthetic and nucleolar activity of a cell and thus serve as an indicator of the rapidity of the cell cycle thereby indicating the proliferative index of the tumor. It is implied that higher tumor associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) showed lesser venous invasion, lymph node metastasis and clinical recurrence. The aim of the study was to assess and evaluate the following criteria's: POI-1 to POI-4 as defined by Bryne et al. in OSCC, proliferative index by AgNOR stain and TATE with carbol chromotrope stain in OSCC, validity of POI by correlating the AgNOR proliferative index and TATE.Materials and Methods:Forty samples of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks diagnosed of OSCC were taken for the study. Three sections were taken from a single block and then the tissues were stained differently with H & E Stain, AgNOR stain and Carbol chromotrope stain. First section stained with H & E was observed for POI and grading was done according to Bryne's criteria. The second and third sections were stained with AgNOR stain and Carbol chromotrope stain for proliferative index and TATE. One way analysis of variance was used to test the significance.Results:Mean AgNORs count increases gradually from type 1 to type 4, depicting the increase in the nucleolar proliferative index of the cells and was statistically significant. In the case of the mean eosinophilic count, type 1 shows the highest mean eosinophilic count and the count shows drastic decrease till type 3 and from type 3 to type 4 the decrease is more gradual and was statistically significant.Conclusion:The study validated that POI is a good predictor for prognosis and also can be included in grading OSCC along with routine histopathological criteria.

Tumour-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a comprehensive review.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common head and neck malignancy, characterised by high invasive capacity, lymph node metastasis, and high recurrence rate. Among the morphological features of oral cancer, the tumour-associated tissue eosinophilia has gained growing interest in the last years. Eosinophils are a minor subpopulation of leukocytes, representing 1-3% of all circulating white blood cells. The presence of high levels of eosinophils is associated with several diseases, but their role in cancer pathophysiology is controversial. In particular, an uncertain and contradictory relationship exists between the exact role of tumour-associated tissue eosinophilia and oral cancer development. Many studies have shown that tumour-associated tissue eosinophilia increases both in the progression of oral potentially malignant disorders as well as in the grade and stage progression of oral cancer. Despite this, both negative and positive prognostic outcomes have been associated with eosinophil infiltration. The heterogeneous results may be partially due both to several methodological inconsistencies and to an incorrect interpretation of the physiological role of eosinophils. Therefore, further studies to elucidate the contribution of eosinophil infiltration are needed, focusing on the existence of eosinophil subpopulations regulated by the cancer immune microenvironment. Furthermore, the correct reporting of prognostic marker research is encouraged, in order to ensure the reproducibility and the comparability of the results from different studies.

Prevalence and clinical relevance of tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) in breast cancer

BackgroundTumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) has been associated with outcomes in a variety of solid tumors; however, its role in breast cancer is not well defined. We hypothesized that tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia is associated with a high mutation and neoantigen load, and we assessed its correlation with cancer outcomes. MethodsThe Cancer Genome Atlas was analyzed for eosinophil signatures in breast cancer specimens. Descriptive analyses were performed, including the tumor-infiltrating cell composition using CIBERSORT, cytolytic activity score, and gene set enrichment analysis. Overall survival and disease-free survival were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. ResultsOut of 1069 cases analyzed, 40 (3.7%) had tissue eosinophils (the tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia group). Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia was noted in 32.5% luminal, 5% HER2-positive, and 15% triple-negative breast cancer subtypes. The single nucleotide variant–neoantigen load was significantly higher in the tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia group (P = .005), with a higher nonsilent mutation rate (P = .01). The tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia group had lower cytolytic activity (P = .02) but had enriched MYC-targeted (P = .002), E2F-targeted (P = .04), deoxyribonucleic acid repair (P = .03), and unfolded protein response gene sets (P = .05). Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia was associated with a trend toward improved disease-free survival (P = .06) but presented no differences in overall survival (P = .56). ConclusionTumor-associated tissue eosinophilia was noted in 3.7% of breast cancers and was associated with a higher single nucleotide variant–neoantigen load and nonsilent mutation rate, similar to that of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the triple-negative subtype. However, a lower cytolytic activity score and enriched cell proliferation–related gene sets implicate different roles for tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia than for tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.

Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia in oral squamous cell carcinoma – A predictable biological behavior

Objectives: Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is the most common aggressive epithelial malignant neoplasm. Its biological behavior is influenced by the host immune cells, such as multifaceted eosinophils, associated with wound healing and tissue damage processes. Their presence within a variety of human cancers raises queries about their role. The infiltrations of tumor stroma by eosinophils are believed to play a significant role in progression of the carcinoma and could be either a potential diagnostic tool for stromal invasion or as a prognostic indicator. Its role in cancer still remains unclear since in the literature, there are very few studies showing improved prognosis and few contradictory studies showing poor prognosis. This study was conducted with an aim to compare the tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and normal tissue and to correlate the expression in different grades of carcinoma using a special stain that targets eosinophils exclusively and vividly. Materials and Methods: The study includes 30 samples, six normal, and 24 histopathologically diagnosed with OSCC. 5 μ thick sections were made and stained using special stain and examined under high power (×40), ten consecutive microscopic fields were studied. The average numbers of eosinophils were statistically analyzed. Results: Eosinophil count for carcinoma was higher compared to normal mucosa, but the comparison in different grades of cancer did not show much difference. Conclusion: Since eosinophil count was higher in carcinoma, eosinophil infiltration in dysplastic cases should prompt thorough evaluation for invasiveness.

Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia predicts favorable clinical outcome in solid tumors: a meta-analysis

BackgroundActivated eosinophils have been deemed to affect carcinogenesis and tumor progression via various mechanisms in tumor microenvironment. However, the prognostic role of tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) in human cancers remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to better comprehend the association between TATE and clinical outcomes of patients.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase and EBSCO to determine the researches assessing the association between TATE and overall survival (OS) and/or disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with cancer, then combined relevant data into hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratio (OR) for OS, DFS and clinicopathological features including lymph node metastasis etc. with STATA 12.0.ResultsTwenty six researches with 6384 patients were included in this meta-analysis. We found that the presence of TATE was significantly associated with improved OS, but not with DFS in all types of cancers. In stratified analyses based on cancer types, pooled results manifested that the infiltration of eosinophils was remarkably associated with better OS in esophageal carcinoma and colorectal cancer. In addition, TATE significantly inversely correlated with lymph node metastasis, tumor stage and lymphatic invasion of cancer.ConclusionTATE promotes survival in cancer patients, suggesting that it is a valuable prognostic biomarker and clinical application of biological response modifiers or agonists promoting TATE may be the novel therapeutic strategy for patients.

Pancytokeratin immunostained tumor buds and cytoplasmic pseudofragments are reliable early predictive variables for regional lymph node metastatic risk assessment of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

The 5-year survival rate in patients with cervical lymph node metastasis is reported to be 20-36% post surgery as compared to 63-86% in patients without nodal involvement. This necessitates assessing the metastatic potential of OSCC patients. To evaluate the role of Pancytokeratin immunostained tumour buds and cytoplasmic pseudofragments with other histopathological and immunohistochemical variables in predicting metastatic risk of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Retrospective study on archival tissues of OSCC available from the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology. Totally. Pearson's Chi square test and Man Whitney U test were used and analysed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0. Metastatic OSCC showed significantly high number of tumour buds (p = 0.001), cytoplasmic pseudofragments (p = 0.008), higher tumour grade (p = 0.038), lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.008) and LVD (p = 0.013), aggressive invasive tumour front pattern (p = 0.001) compared to non-metastatic OSCC. Pancytokeratin immunostained tumour buds, cytoplasmic pseudofragments and higher LYVE-1 expression may be used as independent predictors for OSCC metastasis.

IL-33 reduces tumor growth in models of colorectal cancer with the help of eosinophils

ABSTRACT In many types of cancer, presence of eosinophils in tumors correlate with an improved disease outcome. In line with this, activated eosinophils have been shown to reduce tumor growth in colorectal cancer (CRC). Interleukin (IL)-33 has recently emerged as a cytokine that is able to inhibit the development of tumors through eosinophils and other cells of the tumor microenvironment thereby positively influencing disease progress. Here, we asked whether eosinophils are involved in the effects of IL-33 on tumor growth in CRC. In models of CT26 cell engraftment and colitis-associated CRC, tumor growth was reduced after IL-33 treatment. The growth reduction was absent in eosinophil-deficient ΔdblGATA-1 mice but was restored by adoptive transfer of ex vivo-activated eosinophils indicating that the antitumor effect of IL-33 depends on the presence of eosinophils. In vitro, IL-33 increased the expression of markers of activation and homing in eosinophils, such as CD11b and Siglec-F, and the degranulation markers CD63 and CD107a. Increased expression of Siglec-F, CD11b and CD107a was also seen in vivo in eosinophils after IL-33 treatment. Viability and cytotoxic potential of eosinophils and their migration properties toward CCL24 were enhanced indicating direct effects of IL-33 on eosinophils. IL-33 treatment led to increased levels of IL-5 and CCL24 in tumors. Our data show that the presence of eosinophils is mandatory for IL-33-induced tumor reduction in models of CRC and that the mechanisms include eosinophil recruitment, activation and degranulation. Our findings also emphasize the potential use of IL-33 as an adjuvants in CRC immunotherapy. Abbreviations AOM: azoxymethane; bmRPMI: bone marrow RPMI; CRC: colorectal cancer; CFSE: carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; EPX: eosinophil peroxidase; INF-γ: interferon gamma; ILC: innate lymphoid cell; IL-33: interleukin-33; IL-5: interleukin-5; MDSC: myeloid derived suppressor cells; NK cells: natural killer cells; P/S: penicillin/streptomycin; rm: recombinant mouse; T regs: regulatory T cells; TATE: tumor associated tissue eosinophilia; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha

SERUM EOSINOPHILS AND TUMOR-ASSOCIATED TISSUE EOSINOPHILIA IN PATIENTS WITH ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and pathologic findings of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and compare them with the tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) and serum eosinophilia (SE) quantifications. Clinical and anatomopathologic data were obtained from the medical records between 2006 and 2016. Tumors were classified according to histologic grade into 2 groups: well-differentiated carcinomas (group 1) and moderately/poorly differentiated (group 2). For analysis of TATE, the histologic slides were stained with Congo red, and stromal eosinophils were counted in 5 consecutive high-power fields using Image J 1.45 s. The SE count was performed by XE-2100 D Sysmex automated system after venous puncture. Of the 113 patients, 83 were from group 1 and 30 were from group 2. Most of the patients were white, smokers, alcoholics, and manual workers. Stage II of the disease predominated in both groups, and 8 patients died. There was no statistical difference between the groups in relation to TATE or SE (P = .16 and P = .19, respectively). However, there was a positive correlation between the TATE and SE (r = + 0.417, P = .048). TATE is directly associated with SE in OSCC patients, having no association with tumor aggressiveness, survival, or other clinical parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and pathologic findings of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and compare them with the tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) and serum eosinophilia (SE) quantifications. Clinical and anatomopathologic data were obtained from the medical records between 2006 and 2016. Tumors were classified according to histologic grade into 2 groups: well-differentiated carcinomas (group 1) and moderately/poorly differentiated (group 2). For analysis of TATE, the histologic slides were stained with Congo red, and stromal eosinophils were counted in 5 consecutive high-power fields using Image J 1.45 s. The SE count was performed by XE-2100 D Sysmex automated system after venous puncture. Of the 113 patients, 83 were from group 1 and 30 were from group 2. Most of the patients were white, smokers, alcoholics, and manual workers. Stage II of the disease predominated in both groups, and 8 patients died. There was no statistical difference between the groups in relation to TATE or SE (P = .16 and P = .19, respectively). However, there was a positive correlation between the TATE and SE (r = + 0.417, P = .048). TATE is directly associated with SE in OSCC patients, having no association with tumor aggressiveness, survival, or other clinical parameters.

Assessment of stromal eosinophilia in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

Background: Tumor associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) has been described in a variety of neoplasms. In regard to squamous cell carcinoma, some studies worldwide done to assess stromal eosinophilia in oral and cervical squamous cell carcinoma. The objectives of this study is to evaluate the association of stromal eosinophilic infiltration of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and to detect the significance of this association.
 Aim of the study
 The aim of our study is to establish the relationship between the degree of stromal eosinophilia and the level of invasion and the histological grade in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
 Methods: In this retrospective study done at the histopathology department of al Wasity teaching hospital for orthopedic and plastic surgery in Baghdad, all paraffin embedded blocks for excisional biopsies diagnosed as primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma from December 2015 to January 2017 were retrieved. Incisional biopsies and those with margin positive tumor cells were excluded. After a careful evaluation for histological grading and assessment of level of invasion according to an established histological criteria , the assessment of tissue eosinophils was done by three pathologist through counting eosinophils in tumor stroma in 10 high power field using a light microscope and categorized as none (0,),low (1-4),medium (5-19)and high (more than 20).
 Results : of 56 cases of primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma 48(85.7%) cases were conventional .The mean age was 43.14 ± 1.76 .Regarding conventional squamous cell carcinoma ,of 48 cases 30(62.5) were well differentiated,16(33.3%) had clarck level III,18(37.5%) had clarck level IV and 14(29.1%) had Clark level V .There is a significant statistical relationship between histological grading of tissue eosinophilia and level of invasion with p value 0.044 and a non-significant relationship with degree of differentiation.
 Conclusion :The majority of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas were conventional well differentiated with a mean age in the fifth decade of life ,a male predominance and often had a degree of stromal eosinophilia that is strongly associated with the level of invasion .Thus more Intense tissue eosinophilia is correlated with a higher level of stromal invasion. The significance of such an association should be regarded as either a potential predictive tool for stromal invasion in small incisional biopsy or as a prognostic indicator that could be included in the pathology report for conventional squamous cell carcinoma

Eosinophils: An imperative histopathological prognostic indicator for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Background:Inflammation in tumor microenvironment assists in both promotion and growth of tumor. Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) is the term used when eosinophils are observed in a tumor tissue with inflammatory infiltrate. Although carcinogenesis with inflammation is one of the important hallmarks, the exact role of eosinophils remains unclear. Various studies on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) that focused on eosinophils reported both favorable and unfavorable prognosis in cancer tissue, because of which the exact function of eosinophils still remains uncertain.Aims and Objectives:The present study aims at identifying the role of TATE in OSCC and in malignant transformation of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED).Materials and Methods:The study includes 70 samples that divided into two groups, of which 50 histopathologically proven cases of different grades of OSCC and 20 cases of OED (oral leukoplakia). Congo red stain was used to stain the tissue sections. Each slide was viewed under high power in 10 consecutive microscopic fields for counting of eosinophils.Results:Statistical analysis of values obtained was done using ANOVA, unpaired t-test and Mann–Whitney test. The results were statistically significant (P < 0.05) with a mean total eosinophil count of 2.12 in OED and 4.31 in OSCC.Conclusion:The present study showed higher eosinophil counts in OSCC when compared to dysplasia which should prompt for a thorough evaluation of tumor front for invasiveness. Therefore, tissue eosinophil count may be used as an adjunct to predict the malignant transformation of dysplastic lesions to OSCC.

Особенности секреции ростовых факторов эозинофильными гранулоцитами крови при раке желудка и толстого кишечника с тканевой эозинофилией

We analyzed in vitro secretion of growth factors (TGFβ1, VEGF, and EGF) by peripheral blood eosinophil granulocytes in patients with gastric and colon cancer according to the presence of tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia. In gastrointestinal cancer with tissue eosinophilia, an increase in basal in vitro secretion of TGFβ1 and VEGF (in gastric cancer) was detected, while basal eosinophil-derived EGF production in gastric and colon cancer did not differ significantly from that in the comparison group (without tissue eosinophilia). Additionally, it was shown that in patients with gastric cancer and colon cancer, regardless of the presence of tissue eosinophilia, the levels of basal and r-IL-5-induced secretion of TGFβ1, VEGF, and EGF by eosinophil granulocytes in vitro were comparable. An absence of the secretory response of eosinophils to cytokine stimulation (by r-IL-5) indicates a decrease in the functional reactivity of the cells.