Tumble Pigweed Research Articles

New floristic records from the Polish part of the Lithuanian Lakeland (NE Poland)

This paper provides a floristic list of 111 vascular plant species recorded in the Polish part of the Lithuanian Lakeland in 2012-2014, using the ATPOL cartogram method. There are 36 native species, 53 established alien species, and 22 casual alien species. Among the established alien species there are 13 species native to Poland which have no natural geographical range in the Polish part of the Lithuanian Lakeland, and they appear to be kenophytes on a regional scale. 16 species are new to the regional flora. Some of the most interesting are: Amaranthus albus, Anthemis ruthenica, Avena strigosa, Bromus benekenii, Cam­ panula rapunculus, Erysimum hieraciifolium, Nonea pulla, Seseli annuum, Sisymbrium strictissimum, Stachys annua, and Tragopogon dubius.

Synthesis and Herbicidal Activities of 3‐(4‐Chloro‐2‐fluoro‐5‐substituted phenyl)benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin‐4(3H)‐one Derivatives

A series of 3‐phenyl benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin‐4(3H)‐one derivatives were synthesized through the condensation of phenol E and alkyl (alkenyl, alkynyl) chlorides (bromides, iodide) or alkyl chloroacetates or N‐alkyl chloroacetamides using K2CO3 as the acid acceptor in N,N‐dimethylformamide. Phenol E was prepared from starting material, 5‐amino‐2‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl ethyl carbonate, in four steps involving in amidation, reduction, diazotization, and deprotecting‐group reaction. The herbicidal activities of the title compounds were tested against two dicotyledonous plants and two monocotyledonous plants, in which some of them exhibited high herbicidal activities against two dicotyledonous plants in preemergence and postemergence treatments. Moreover, when the dosage was decreased to 180 and 90 g/ha, compounds F1, F8, and F9 showed highly selective inhibitory activities against amaranth pigweed, alfalfa, asteraceae, field sowthistle, morning glory, purslane, and velvetleaf in postemergence treatment but had no herbicidal efficacy on rape except F1, suggesting that it be possible to find a kind of herbicides to inhibit dicotyledonous weeds in the field of dicotyledonous crops with the same genus as aforementioned weeds.

Assessment of phytoremediation potential of native plants during the reclamation of an area affected by sewage sludge

In this research paper the natural establishment of plants and their contribution to the reclamation of sewage sludge deposits through their uptake of nutrients and their bioconcentration factor (BCF) were investigated and assessed. The main research started in March 2012, and the plants growing naturally at the site under investigation during the first growing season (June 2012) were identified and recorded. On the basis of their occurrence and cover samples from ten species, namely Amaranthus albus L., Amaranthus viridis L., Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., Chenopodium album L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Cyperus rotundus L., Lolium perenne L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Malva parviflora L., Portulaca oleracea L., were collected for chemical analyses. Macronutrients (Ca, Mg, K, P), trace elements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Pb) and Na were measured. The results showed that plants took up macronutrients at relatively high rates, in some cases reducing their excessive levels of concentration in the sludge by as much as 95%. Trace elements were removed at a lower rate compared to hyperaccumulators, this was possibly affected by their reduced bioavailability in the substrate, but the BCF, which was greater than one for most of the species and for most of the trace elements, indicated that the plants were capable of phytoextraction. It was concluded that selected native plants are not only tolerant to adverse environmental conditions, but also contribute by various processes to the reclamation of sites affected by sewage sludge.

Weed Control and Crop Safety with Premixed Pyrasulfotole and Bromoxynil in Grain Sorghum

Field experiments were conducted in grain sorghum at five locations in Kansas in 2009 and 2010, to evaluate the efficacy and crop safety of early- to mid-POST (EMPOST) and late-POST (LPOST) applications of premixed pyrasulfotole and bromoxynil (PYRA&BROM) in tank mix combinations with atrazine or atrazine plus 2,4-D ester or dicamba compared to bromoxynil plus atrazine. PYRA&BROM at 244 or 300 g ai ha−1 plus atrazine at 560 g ai ha−1 applied EMPOST controlled pigweed species (Palmer amaranth, tumble pigweed, and redroot pigweed), kochia, velvetleaf, common sunflower, ivyleaf morningglory, and common lambsquarters 93% or greater. Puncturevine control among three locations ranged from 85 to 99%. Control of most weed species was not improved by increasing PYRA&BROM rate from 244 to 300 g ha−1 or by tank mixing 2,4-D or dicamba with PYRA&BROM plus atrazine. However, ivyleaf morningglory control was improved at the LPOST timing by adding 2,4-D or dicamba at 140 g ae ha−1. In no instance did any PYRA&BROM treatment provide greater weed control than bromoxynil plus atrazine at 281 + 560 g ha−1 when applied EMPOST, but in most instances PYRA&BROM treatments were more effective than bromoxynil plus atrazine when applied LPOST. Generally, PYRA&BROM treatments were more effective when applied EMPOST than LPOST, especially when 2,4-D or dicamba was added. PYRA&BROM plus atrazine treatments caused foliar bleaching in sorghum within 7 ± 3 d after treatment, but recovery was complete within 3 to 4 wk and grain yields were not reduced. Tank mixing dicamba with PYRA&BROM and atrazine occasionally reduced visible crop response compared to PYRA&BROM plus atrazine. Our results indicate that PYRA&BROM plus atrazine with or without 2,4-D or dicamba selectively controls several troublesome broadleaf weeds in grain sorghum. Foliar bleaching of sorghum leaves can occur but the symptoms are transient, and grain yields are not likely to be reduced.

Saddling up for Louis

Saddling up for Louis

Efficacy of postemergence herbicides tankmixes in aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant grain sorghum

The development of aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP)-resistant grain sorghum could provide additional opportunities for postemergence herbicide grass control in grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted in Texas (Bushland, and Yoakum), Kansas (Dodge City, Garden City, Hays, Manhattan, Colby, Ottawa, and Tribune), and South Dakota (Highmore) to evaluate the efficacy of quizalofop tank mixes in APP-resistant grain sorghum. Quizalofop was applied alone or in combination with dicamba, 2,4-D, prosulfuron, 2,4-D + metsulfuron methyl, or halosulfuron methyl + dicamba. Herbicides were applied when sorghum was 12–50 cm in height. Overall weed control was greater when quizalofop was applied with other herbicides than when applied alone. At 2 and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), large crabgrass [ Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], giant foxtail ( Setaria faberi Herrm.), and green foxtail [ Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] control were greater than 90% when quizalofop was applied alone or in combination with dicamba, halosulfuron methyl + dicamba, or prosulfuron. Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.), puncturevine ( Tribulus terrestris L.), and tumble pigweed ( Amaranthus albus L.) control were greater than 90% in all treatments except when quizalofop was applied alone. Herbicide treatments, except those that included 2,4-D, caused slight to no sorghum injury. Grain sorghum yield was greater for all herbicide treatments compared to the weedy check. This research showed that application of quizalofop in combination with broadleaf weed herbicides provided excellent weed control in sorghum.

Single and Sequential Applications of Tribenuron on Broadleaf Weed Control and Crop Response in Tribenuron-Resistant Sunflower

Field experiments were conducted near Hays, KS in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the effects of single and sequential postemergent applications of tribenuron on broadleaf weed control and crop response in tribenuron-resistant sunflower. Weeds were acetolactate-synthase–susceptible biotypes of kochia, puncturevine, Russian thistle, and tumble pigweed in 2007 and puncturevine, redroot pigweed, and tumble pigweed in 2008. Tribenuron at 18 g ai ha−1applied early POST with methylated seed oil (MSO) provided > 96% control of all species in 2007 and 92 and 99% control of redroot pigweed and puncturevine, respectively, but only 69% control of tumble pigweed in 2008. Early-POST tribenuron at 9 g ha−1and late-POST tribenuron at 18 g ha−1generally provided less weed control compared to early-POST tribenuron at 18 g ha−1. Sequential applications slightly improved redroot pigweed and tumble pigweed control in 2008 compared to single applications of tribenuron. Some tribenuron treatments caused transitory crop injury, but imazamox at 35 g ha−1caused 24 to 44% crop injury at 7 d after treatment and permanent crop stunting in 2007. Significant yield losses occurred with imazamox and single treatments of tribenuron in 2008. Collectively, tribenuron at 18 g ha−1alone can provide satisfactory control of the evaluated broadleaf weed species when applied to appropriate weed sizes, and this rate does not cause significant injury to tribenuron-resistant sunflower, regardless of the crop size.

Light-Activated, Sensor-Controlled Sprayer Provides Effective Postemergence Control of Broadleaf Weeds in Fallow

A study was conducted in summer fallow fields near Davenport, WA, and Pendleton, OR, in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the POST weed control efficacy of herbicide treatments applied with a light-activated, sensor-controlled (LASC) sprayer compared to the broadcast application of glyphosate. The LASC application of glyphosate alone (at all rates) and in mixture with pyrasulfotole plus bromoxynil or 2,4-D had weed control (≥ 88%) and dry weight (≤ 6% of control) similar to the broadcast application of glyphosate across locations and years. Tumble pigweed and prickly lettuce control with bromoxynil, 2,4-D, or carfentrazone plus dicamba, was 12 to 85% less than glyphosate applied alone with LASC or broadcast sprayer. Overall, none of the tested alternate herbicides was promising enough to replace glyphosate under present conditions.

Medicinal plants used in the management of chronic joint pains in Machakos and Makueni counties, Kenya

Ethnopharmacological relevance Traditional medicines play an important role in the management of chronically painful and debilitating joint conditions, particularly in the rural Africa. However, their potential use as sources of medicines has not been fully exploited. The present study was carried to find the medicinal plants traditionally used to manage chronic joint pains in Machakos and Makueni counties in Kenya. Materials and methods To obtain this ethnobotanical information, 30 consenting traditional herbal medical practitioners were interviewed exclusively on medicinal plant use in the management of chronic joint pains, in a pre-planned workshop. Results and discussion In this survey, a total of 37 plants belonging to 32 genera and 23 families were cited as being important for treatment of chronic joint pains. The most commonly cited plant species were Pavetta crassipes K. Schum, Strychnos henningsii Gilg., Carissa spinarum L., Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Milve-Redh. and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth., Amaranthus albus L., Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr., Grewia fallax K. Schum., Lactuca capensis, Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Jeffrey, Lippia kituiensis Vatke, Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. are documented for the first time as being important in the management of chronic joint pains. Conclusions The findings of this study show that a variety of medicinal plants are used in the management of chronic joint pains and the main mode of administration is oral.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Herbicidal Activities of 2‐Cyanoacrylates Containing 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole Moieties

AbstractThree series of novel 2‐cyanoacrylates 7a–7f, 9a–9f, 10a–10f containing 1,3,4‐thiadiazole ring moieties were synthesized as herbicidal inhibitors of photosystem II (PS II) electron transportation. Their structures were clearly verified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, elemental analysis (or HRMS analysis) and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Bioassay showed that a suitable group at the 3‐position of acrylates was essential for high herbicidal activity. In particular, compound 7e showed the best herbicidal activities and gave 100% inhibitory activity against rape and amaranth pigweed at a dose of 1.5 kg/ha. Introduction of substituent with higher polarity such as sulfinyl or sulfonyl to the 5‐position of 1,3,4‐thiadiazole decreased herbicidal activities.

Cycloalkyl substituted N-nitrourea derivatives: a convenient synthesis and biological evaluation

A series of N-nitrourea derivatives bearing various cycloalkyl were conveniently obtained via three steps including nitration, carbamic chlorination, and aminolysis reactions. The structures of all newly synthesized compounds were elucidated and confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. The preliminary bioassay indicated that the target compounds exhibited moderate herbicidal activity against Amaranthus albus and Sorghum sudanense. However, some of the title compounds presented high plant growth regulating activity against rice.

Weed Control Efficacy With Ammonium Nonanoate for Organic Vegetable Production

Organic Producers Rank Weed Management Research as their top priority. Organic vegetable producers have many challenges because their weed control tools are mostly limited to cultural methods, with a strong dependence on excessive tillage, cultivation, and hand-hoeing for weed control. Very few chemical weed control options have been approved for organic use. Racer®, ammonium nonanoate, is a new contact herbicide labeled for non-food use and under evaluation for registration as a bioherbicide for organically grown food crops. Prior to actual use in crops, new herbicides need thorough evaluations to determine the spectrum of weeds controlled at multiple growth stages as influenced by application methods. The objective of this study was to investigate the weed control efficacy of ammonium nonanoate applied at different rates and application volumes on endemic weed populations. The factorial experiment included two herbicide rates (7.2 and 10.8 kg·ha−1 a.i.) applied at four application volumes (164, 327, 654, and 981 L·ha−1). In general, application of ammonium nonanoate produced greater weed control for broadleaf weeds tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus L.), spiny pigweed (A. spinosus L.), and carpetweed (Mollugo verticillata L.) than the monocoty weeds goosegrass (Eleusine indica L. Gaertn.) and smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb. ex Schweig Schreb.)]. The best weed control for both pigweed species occurred at the 10.8 kg·ha−1 rate applied at 654 L·ha−1. Carpetweed was very sensitive to ammonium nonanoate, with 66% control at the lowest application rate and volume, and most application rates and volumes produced at least 88% control. Grass weed control ranged from 31% to 54% for goosegrass and 24% to 54% for smooth crabgrass. The lowest ammonium nonanoate rate provided unsatisfactory control for all weed species. Ammonium nonanoate provided consistent control across a large range of application volumes. The results indicate that ammonium nonanoate has excellent potential as an organic herbicide.

Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of Novel Pyrimidinyl Derivatives Containing an α-Amino Phosphonate Moiety

In order to find novel pyrimidinyl carboxylic acid analogs with high activity and low toxicity, a series of novel pyrimidinyl derivatives containing an α-amino phosphonate moiety 5 was synthesized by the condensation of 4-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy)phenoxyacetic 3a or propionic acids 3b with dialkyl α-amino substitutedbenzyl phosphonates 4. Their structures were characterized by spectroscopic data (IR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR, MS) and elemental analyses. The results of preliminary herbicidal activities (in vitro) showed that most of these compounds exhibited higher herbicidal activities against dicotyledonous weeds (Brassica campestris L) than monocotyledonous weeds (Echinochloa crus-galli). Further bioassays (in vivo) indicated that some of compounds 5 possessed selective herbicidal activity against amaranth pigweed (A. retroflexus) in post-emergence treatment. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements to view the free supplemental file.

Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of α‐Hydroxy Phosphonate Derivatives Containing Pyrimidine Moiety

AbstractA series of α‐hydroxy phosphonate derivatives containing pyrimidine moiety were designed and synthesized. Their structures were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, MS and elemental analysis. The results of preliminary herbicidal activities (in vitro) showed that some of the title compounds 2 exhibited moderate herbicidal activities against dicotyledonous weeds (Brassica campestris L), and most of compounds 2 showed better activity against dicotyledonous weeds than monocotyledonous weeds (Echinochloa crus‐galli). Further bioassays (in vivo) indicated that some of the title compounds 2 possessed good and selective herbicidal activity against amaranth pigweed (A. retroflexus) in both pre‐ and post‐emergence treatments at the dose of 1.5 kg/ha. For exmple, compounds 2a, 2b and 2e exhibited 100% inhibition against A. retroflexus in pre‐emergence treatment, and 91.7%, 98.8% and 99.5% inhibition in post‐emergence treatment at the dose of 1.5 kg/ha, respectively.

The alien flora of Greece: taxonomy, life traits and habitat preferences

The aim of the paper is the state-of-the-art assessment of the alien flora of Greece and its traits. The dataset consists of a total of 343 alien taxa, including 49 archaeophytes. The taxonomy, life traits and habitat of the 294 neophytes are analysed vs their naturalisation status. Out of the 122 (41%) naturalised neophytes, 50 are identified as exhibiting invasive behaviour. Poaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae, and Polygonaceae are the plant families richest in alien taxa. The majority of them are of American origin, followed by those of Asiatic and Mediterranean origin. The neophytes are predominantly herbs, most of them annuals. Yet, the perennial life cycle is equally frequent with the annual one and the proportion of phanerophytes in the alien flora is increased compared to the one of the native flora. Regarding flowering traits, most of the aliens have a long flowering period (over 1 month) and flower in late spring, summer and autumn, when few of the native plants are in bloom. Vertebrate zoochory and anemochory are the two dispersal modes mostly utilised by the alien plants (43 and 28%, respectively), while more than one dispersal mechanisms are functional for 56% of them. Artificial habitats have the highest frequencies of alien plants. The natural habitats with the highest numbers of aliens are the coastal ones and inland surface waters. Opuntia ficus-barbarica, Ailanthus altissima, Oxalis pes-caprae, Erigeron bonariensis, Amaranthus albus and Symphyotrichum squamatum are typical cases of plants characterised as invasive, having established in almost all the habitat groups identified. The diversity of the ecological characteristics of the plants suggests a potential of impacts that needs to be further assessed.

Synthesis, crystal structure, and herbicidal activity of novel 1,2,3-thiadiazole substituted 2-cyanoacrylates

A series of novel 2-cyanoacrylates containing the 1,2,3-thiadiazole ring moiety were synthesized and characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, elemental analysis and, in one case, by X-ray crystallography. Most of these cyanoacrylates exhibited good herbicidal activities. In particular, (Z)-methoxyethyl- and (Z)-ethoxyethyl-2-cyano-3-isopropyl-3-(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5yl)methylaminoacrylate 9h and 9g showed 100% herbicidal activities against rape and amaranth pigweed at a dose of 1.5 kg/ha. 2-Cyanoacrylates containing the thiadiazole ring are a new variation of this class of compound which still retain herbicidal activities.

Synthesis, crystal structure, and herbicidal activity of pyrimidinyl benzylamine analogues containing a phosphonyl group

AbstractA series of pyrimidinyl benzylamine analogues containing a phosphonyl group (2) was synthesized via the Mannich‐type reactions of 2‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yloxy)benzoaldehyde 1, aromatic amines, and dialkyl phosphites or triphenyl phosphite in the presence of Mg(ClO4)2. Their structures were characterized by spectroscopic data (infrared, 1H NMR, 31P NMR, and mass spectrometry) and elemental analyses, and compound 2b was further determined by X‐ray diffraction crystallography. The results of preliminary bioassays (in vitro) showed that most of title compounds 2 exhibited higher herbicidal activities against dicotyledonous weeds (Brassica campestris L.) than monocotyledonous weeds (Echinochloa crus‐galli). Further bioassays (in vivo) indicated that some of 2 displayed as good herbicidal activity against amaranth pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) as the commercially available herbicide, Bispyribac‐sodium, in both preemergence and postemergence treatments at the dose of 1.5 kg/ha. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:148–155, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20589

Design, Synthesis, and Herbicidal Activities of Novel 2-Cyanoacrylates Containing Isoxazole Moieties

A series of novel 2-cyanoacrylates containing an isoxazole moiety were designed and synthesized. Their structures were characterized by (1)H NMR and elemental analysis (or high-resolution mass spectrometry). Their herbicidal activities against four species were evaluated, and the results indicated that some of the title compounds showed excellent herbicidal activities against rape and amaranth pigweed in postemergence treatment even at a dose of 75 g/ha.

Dose Responses of Five Broadleaf Weeds to Saflufenacil

Greenhouse dose–response studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of PRE and POST applications of saflufenacil on blue mustard, flixweed, Palmer amaranth, redroot pigweed, and tumble pigweed. Weed species did not differ in their responses to saflufenacil applied PRE. Averaged across species, PRE application of saflufenacil at 6 to 30 g/ha reduced weed biomass 82 to 98%, but biomass did not differ among rates of 12 g/ha or higher. POST application of saflufenacil reduced weed biomass by 92%, averaged across species and rates. On the basis of regression analysis, the 90% plant biomass reduction for saflufenacil applied PRE and POST was 9 and 6 g/ha, respectively. Saflufenacil applied PRE reduced population density by 77 to 98%, averaged across weed species; a rate of 9 g/ha reduced population density 90% (DR90) on the basis of regression analysis. Averaged across species, POST application of 6 to 30 g/ha reduced population density by 63 to 93%, but regression analysis indicated that the DR90 value was greater than 30 g/ha. Averaged across rates, saflufenacil reduced the population density of flixweed, Palmer amaranth, redroot pigweed, tumble pigweed, and blue mustard by 49, 64, 67, 73, and 78%, respectively.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activities of Novel 2-Cyanoacrylates Containing Oxazole, Oxadiazole, or Quinoline Moieties

A series of novel 2-cyanoacrylates containing an oxazole, oxadiazole, or quinoline moiety were designed and synthesized, and their structures were characterized by (1)H NMR and elemental analysis (or high-resolution mass spectrometry). Their herbicidal activities against four weeds were evaluated, and the result indicated that some of the title compounds showed excellent herbicidal activities against rape and amaranth pigweed in postemergence treatment at a dose of 375 g/ha. Furthermore, most of these cyanoacrylates exhibited interesting plant growth regulatory activities.