Tule Lake Research Articles

Threatened fishes of the world: Deltistes luxatus (Cope 1879) (Catostomidae)

Common name: Lost River sucker, mullet, c’waam. Conservation status: Endangered: (USFWS 1988; Gimenez Dixon 1996). Identification: D 10–12, LL 82–113, gill rakers 23–37 in adults >200 mm, 44–48 post-Weberian vertebrae. Elongate body with long, narrow head, long snout, small eyes. Upper lip thin (two to five rows of large papillae). Lower lip (one to three rows of papillae) deeply notched. Adults up to 1 m TL and 4.5 kg. Maximum recorded age: 43 years. Illustration by Joe Tomelleri. Distribution: Historically widely distributed in upper Klamath and Lost River basins (Oregon/California). Limited to the following lakes/rivers and their tributaries: Upper Klamath Lake, Clear Lake, Lost River, Tule Lake, and Klamath River to Copco Reservoir. Abundance: Historically very abundant; sufficiently abundant to support a fishery. Long-term abundance data limited, but dramatic decline evident (NRC 2004). Current population size estimated in the tens of thousands (USFWS 2007). Low recruitment and low adult survival may indicate future declines (USFWS 2007). Habitat and ecology: Lakes: shallow depths, cool water (16–24°C), moderate alkalinity (pH 7.2– 9.2), DO levels of 6–10 mg/L (Moyle 2002). Feeds benthically on detritus and invertebrates. Reproduction: Spawns at shoreline lake springs and in tributaries from February–May in shallow riffle/run habitat with gravel substrate and moderate current. Matures between 5– 9 years (Scoppettone and Vinyard 1991); most mature by age 9. Iteroparous. Threats: Current threats include hyper-eutrophication of Upper Klamath Lake and mass mortality of adults; loss of aquatic marsh habitat from drainage of wetlands for agriculture; conflicting water management goals; and predation of larvae by nonnative species. Some measures addressing limited access to spawning areas by dams and entrainment by water control structures are underway. Conservation action: ESA listing prompted wetland/riparian restoration, dam removal, and fish screening/passage programs. Remarks: Recovery is complicated by the long life span, episodic recruitment, and multiple demands on water management of the upper Klamath Basin. Environ Biol Fish (2009) 86:401–402 DOI 10.1007/s10641-009-9530-3

American inquisition: the hunt for Japanese American disloyalty in World War II

American Inquisition: The Hunt for American Disloyalty in World War II. By Eric L. Muller. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 216. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index, $27.50.) After eviction from their homes, expulsion from the West Coast, detention in makeshift compounds, and indiscriminate incarceration in ten longer-term concentration camps, Americans in 1943 were then questioned about their national allegiance-and were fully expected to demonstrate it. This ludicrous exercise and its many related absurdities are deftly examined by legal scholar Eric Muller, who exercises calm, sober restraint throughout. As his insightful monograph shows, this American Inquisition necessarily revealed great deal more about the intentions of interrogators than the loyalties of captives Muller's focus, therefore, is on the bureaucracy, the four federal entities that assessed tens of thousands of cases (p. 2). The Western Defense Command (WDC), which had ordered removal, judged any potential return. In the interim, the Provost Marshal General's Office (PMGO) weighed suitability for employment in sensitive war industries; the War Relocation Authority (WRA) determined whether inmates could be released at all or were to be further segregated-that is, isolated at the reconfigured Tule Lake camp for so-called disloyals. For time, the interdepartmental American Joint Board (JAJB) attempted to coordinate the efforts of all three. Historians have long appreciated the significance of the federal government's ill-conceived registration program-by any measure, Muller suggests, a disaster (p. 36). The form filled out by all adult inmates, particularly questions twenty-seven and twenty-eight about military service and national loyalty, divided households and multiplied dissent from behind barbed wire. What became of the forms-how they were used and misused-makes for fascinating reading. Muller maneuvers through the mountains of midlevel managerial memoranda to reveal farcical systems administered by agencies often at odds with one another. For the WDC, the forms were unnecessary and potentially embarrassing, for the military now took the position that the loyalty of Americans could be [individually] ascertained, the public would want to know why costly WRA camps had been established for wholesale confinement, rather than screening the American population in the summer of 1942 (p. 33). Still, the questionnaires were answered, and the PMGO devised point system to assess them. Since perceived cultural assimilation [w]as proxy for loyalty, second-generation birthright citizen of the United States would be awarded two points if a Christian, for example, but deducted two points if able to read, write, and speak Japanese good [sic] (p. …

The Colonel and the Pacifist: Karl Bendetsen, Perry Saito, and the Incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II

Executive Order 9066. In February 1942, ten weeks after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt put his signature to a piece of paper that allowed the forced removal of Americans of Japanese ancestry from their West Coast homes, and their incarceration in makeshift camps. Those are the facts. But two faces emerge from behind these facts: Karl R. Bendetsen, the Army major who was promoted to full colonel and placed in charge of the evacuation after formulating the concept of 'military necessity, ' and who penned the order Roosevelt signed, and Perry H. Saito, a young college student, future Methodist minister, and former neighbor from Bendetsen s hometown of Aberdeen, Washington who was incarcerated in Tule Lake Relocation Camp.The Colonel and the Pacifist tells the story of two men caught up in one of the most infamous episodes in American history. While they never met, Bendetsen and Saito s lives touched tangentially from their common hometown to their eventual testimony during the 1981 hearings of the Commission on the Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. In weaving together these contrasting stories, Klancy Clark de Nevers not only exposes unknown or little known aspects of World War II history, she also explores larger issues of racism and war that resonate through the years and ring eerily familiar to our post-9/11 ears.

Directing the Flow: Migratory Waterfowl, Scale, and Mobility in Western North America

In the fall of 1946, thousands of ducks and geese descended into the Klamath Basin. Straddling the Oregon-California border, the basin funnels the different flight paths that migratory waterfowl follow, bringing up to seven million birds together at one time in the basin's marshes. During the previous four decades, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation had drained most of the wetlands in the basin. Two U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) refuges, Lower Klamath Refuge and Tule Lake Refuge, contained the few remaining marshes that once blanketed the area. The Bureau of Reclamation had converted parts of the lakebeds into homesteads, many for World War I and World War II veterans. Hence, the birds flew into a landscape of wetlands surrounded by grain farms. The birds found little food on the refuge and quickly moved on to the nearby fields of barley and wheat. Farmers watched in anger as acres of grain disappeared into the stomachs of mallards and pintails. Federal regulations protecting migratory birds prevented the farmers from shooting the trespassers, so they called on the FWS, the agency that was supposed to provide sanctuary for the birds in its wildlife refuges. Pressured to take action, the FWS tried a number of methods to help the farmers clear their fields of waterfowl. Using military surplus equipment like smoke grenades, searchlights, and small airplanes, the FWS herded the birds back into the refuges. The service also issued permits that allowed local farmers and their Mexican laborers to scare them from the fields with shotguns and flares. The combined efforts of these groups contained the birds on the refuge until farmers completed their harvest. For the most part, the birds remained there until hunters came to kill them after the beginning of hunting season in October, or until they flew south to their wintering grounds in California's Central Valley and Mexico.2 The FWS's waterfowl-herding effort was one small part of the agency's response to a continuing challenge-a challenge that has significant implications for environmental history. Unlike other land management agencies in the western United States such as the U.S. Forest Service and the National Park Service, the FWS

Morphology of a crater-filling lava lake margin, The Peninsula tuff cone, Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, California: implications for formation of peperite textures

A crater-filling lava lake basalt at The Peninsula tuff cone in northeastern California has features on its base formed by interaction of the basalt with wet hydrovolcanic tuff. A spectrum of features, including elongated, streamlined, flute-shaped lobes, and irregular corrugations, are exposed on the base of the lava lake. Flute-shaped lobes range in amplitude from several centimeters to 0.5 m, plunge downdip with respect to the subjacent layered tuff toward the center of the crater, and are better defined at depths more than 3 m below the lava lake surface. These may have been formed by growth of Rayleigh–Taylor instability waves caused by the density contrast between the wet tuff and basalt, combined with directed stress from flow of the lava lake radially outward from the crater. Formation of an insulating vapor film at the wet tuff–basalt interface and downward pressure exerted by the lava lake allowed the edge of the lava lake to quench gradually, and prevented formation of peperite at greater depths in the lake. Corrugations exposed on the upper 1.5 m of the lava lake margin increase in size from several millimeters to 10 cm in amplitude toward the top of the lava lake and approximately parallel the surface. Corrugations may be the remnant of fluidal peperite preserved on the edge of the lava lake, where the peperite was eroded, or may be deformation features formed within an insulating vapor film due to oscillation of the vapor film. These were formed higher in the lava lake, where the lava lake basalt was thinner, wet tuff deposits confining the lava lake were thinner, and temperature differences between the wet tuff and lava were greater. If corrugations represent deformation of the lava edge within the vapor film, rather than peperite formation, they preserve an intermediate process that is involved in the formation of peperite. This study offers a unique opportunity to evaluate some of the initial mechanisms involved in the formation of peperite based on features preserved in the lava where the host rock, in this case hydrovolcanic tuff, has been eroded but the properties of the host rock are known from adjacent exposures.

Declining Ring-Necked Pheasants in the Klamath Basin, California: II. Survival, Productivity, and Cover

Cover condition and its influence on nesting success, survival, and body condition of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) were evaluated at Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (TLNWR) and Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (LKNWR). Inadequate nesting cover was responsible for extremely low nest success early in the nesting season at TLNWR. Later in the season at TLNWR, spring-planted crops provided cover to conceal nesting and renesting hens; however, only 0.07 young were produced (to 1 August) per hen during the study. The extremely low reproductive rates were well below those required to maintain a stable population. At TLNWR, most adult mortality during spring and early summer (before crops provided adequate cover) apparently resulted from predation by golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). This mortality occurred weeks before insecticide applications. Hard winters (cold temperatures and heavy snowfall) periodically reduce the pheasant population in the Klamath Basin and again greatly reduced numbers during the last year of this study. Unfortunately, pheasant populations declined under the conditions found during this study and were unable to recover from the hard winter of 1992 to 1993. Mean body mass and tarsal length of adult hen pheasants at TLNWR, which is intensively farmed, were less than those for hens at LKNWR, which is not intensively farmed. Results of our study suggest that TLNWR hens may have been nutritionally stressed, and that the amount and distribution of vegetative cover needs to be improved at TLNWR. Habitat management of edge cover along agricultural crops should feature perennial grasses and legumes with small tracts of land interspersed throughout the agricultural fields to provide alternative cover for wildlife in general including pheasants.

The training of George K. Kambara, MD.

George K. Kambara has been a leader in ophthalmic education and practice on the West Coast. His choice of ophthalmology arose in part because of his experience running an eye, ear, nose, and throat clinic while interned as a Japanese American during World War II. His training took him from San Francisco, to the Tule Lake Relocation Center, to the Memphis Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, to the University of Wisconsin, and eventually back to Los Angeles. He saw both sides of discrimination, as a Japanese American in California and as a "white" in the South. He was turned down for positions that he should have had based on his education, but he was also supported by many individuals who put aside public fears to help him. His story shows a triumph of the spirit, but is also a reminder of dark times that should not be forgotten.

In Quest of Autonomy: The Northern California Affiliate of the American Civil Liberties Union and World War II

(NCACLU), traveled from San Francisco to the Oregon border in the heat of summer, 1944. His purpose was to interview Japanese Americans held in the stockades at the Tule Lake camp without charges, hearings, or counsel. Besig never completed his task. First the camp director imposed limits on Besig's access to prisoners; ultimately, Besig was ordered off the premises. Moreover, on the way back to San Francisco, Besig's car malfunctioned. A visit to a mechanic revealed that salt had been poured into his gas tank. Convinced that the vandalized car, the illegal restrictions imposed on the stockaded men, and the camp director's behavior all bespoke Gestapo methods, he immediately contacted the ACLU's executive director, Roger Baldwin. The WRA [War Relocation Authority, the civilian administrative agency for the camps] is running a private prison, he reported in a telegram urging Baldwin's immediate intervention and his presence at the camp.

Mercury levels, reproduction, and hematology in western grebes from three California Lakes, USA

AbstractTwenty‐three healthy adult western and Clark's grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis and Aechmophorus clarkii) were collected at three study sites in California, USA, in 1992: Clear Lake, Lake County; Eagle Lake, Lassen County; and Tule Lake, Siskiyou County. Liver, kidney, breast muscle, and brain were analyzed for total mercury (Hg) concentration (ppm wet weight), and blood was analyzed for various blood parameters. Clear Lake birds (n = 13) had greater Hg concentrations in kidney, breast muscle, and brain than birds from the other two lakes (p < 0.05), whereas liver concentrations were not statistically different (p > 0.05). Average concentrations for Clear Lake birds were 2.74 ppm for liver, 2.06 ppm for kidney, 1.06 ppm for breast muscle, and 0.28 ppm for brain. The tissue levels of kidney, breast muscle, and brain at the other two study sites were one half the levels found at Clear Lake. These mean tissue levels were near, but below, those known to cause adverse effects. When data from all sites were merged, kidney, breast muscle, and brain concentrations are positively correlated to each other (p < 0.05). Liver concentrations were not correlated to any other value. Brain Hg concentrations were also negatively correlated to blood potassium and blood phosphorus levels (n = 11, p < 0.05). Kidney Hg levels were positively correlated to percent blood heterophils and negatively correlated to percent eosinophils (n = 13, p < 0.05), suggesting that mercury levels might be affecting immune function. These biomarkers could not be related to any obvious ecological effects.

Declining ring-necked pheasants in the Klamath Basin, California: I. Insecticide exposure

A study of organophosphorus (OP) insecticide exposure was conducted on a declining population of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) associated with agricultural lands at Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (TLNWR) during the summers of 1990–92. Findings at TLNWR were compared with a nearby pheasant population at Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (LKNWR) not subjected to intensive farming or OP insecticide applications. Direct toxicity of anticholinesterase (antiChE) compounds (in this case methamidophos) killed 2 young pheasants (91 and 92% brain acetylcholinesterase [AChE] inhibition), but no deaths of adult radio-equipped hens were ascribed to direct insecticide intoxication. However, within 20 days postspray of OP insecticides, 68% (28 of 41) of the adult pheasants collected at TLNWR were exposed to antiChE insecticides, and exhibited brain AChE inhibition of 19–62%, with 15% (6 of 41) showing >55% brain AChE inhibition. The lack of radio-equipped hens dying was unexpected because >50% brain AChE inhibition has been frequently used as a ‘diagnostic tool’ for evaluating cause of death from antiChE insecticides. No young were radio-equipped, so the extent of the effects of insecticide exposure on the survivorship of young was unknown. It is concluded that insecticide exposure was not the major factor impacting the pheasant population (see Grove et al., in press), although some young were acutely intoxicated. However, the loss of insects killed by insecticide use may have contributed to food shortages of young pheasants, indirectly influencing survival.

Late Cenozoic lacustrine and climatic environments at Tule Lake, northern Great Basin, USA

Cores of lake sediment to a depth of 334 m in the town of Tulelake, Siskiyou County, northern California, document the late Cenozoic paleolimnologic and paleoclimatic history of the northwestern edge of the Great Basin. The cores have been dated by radiometric, tephrochronologic and paleomagnetic analyses. Lacustrine diatoms are abundant throughout the record and document a nearly continuous paleolimnologic history of the Tule Lake basin for the last 3 Myr. During most of this time, this basin (Tule Lake) was a relatively deep, extensive lake. Except for a drier (and cooler?) interval recorded by Fragilaria species about 2.4 Ma, the Pliocene is characterized by a dominance of planktonic Aulacoseira solida implying a warm monomictic lake under a climatic regime of low seasonality. Much of the Pleistocene is dominated by Stephanodiscus and Fragilaria species suggesting a cooler, often drier, and highly variable climate. Benthic diatoms typical of alkaline-enriched saline waters commonly appear after 1.0 Ma, and tephrochronology indicates slow deposition and possible hiatuses between about 0.6 and 0.2 Ma. The chronology of even-numbered oxygen isotope stages approximately matches fluctuations in the abundance of Fragilaria since 800 ka indicating that glacial periods were expressed as drier environments at Tule Lake. Glacial and interglacial environments since 150 ka were distinct from, and more variable than, those occurring earlier. The last full glacial period was very dry, but shortly thereafter Tule Lake became a deep, cool lacustrine system indicating a substantial increase in precipitation. Aulacoseira ambigua characterized the latest glacial and Holocene record of Tule Lake. Its distribution indicates that warmer and wetter climates began about 15 ka in this part of the Great Basin. Diatom concentration fluctuates at 41 000 year intervals between 3.0 and 2.5 Ma and at approximately 100 000 year intervals after 1.0 Ma. In the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, Aulacoseira solida percentages wax and wane in an approximately 400 000 year cycle. The possible response of Tule Lake diatom communities to orbitally-induced insolation cycles underscores the importance of this record for the study of late Cenozoic paleoclimate change.

The late Cenozoic diatom stratigraphy and paleolimnology of Tule Lake, Siskiyou Co. California

Lacustrine diatoms are diverse, well preserved and abundant in cores of lake sediment to 334 m depth near the town of Tulelake, Siskiyou County, northern California. The cores have been dated by radiometric, tephrochronologic and paleomagnetic techniques, which indicate a basal age of about 3 million years (Ma) and a nearly continuous depositional record for the Tule Lake basin for the last 3 million years (My). Fossil diatoms document the late Cenozoic paleolimnologic and paleoclimatic history for the northwestern edge of the Basin and Range Province. During the last 3 My, Tule Lake was typically a relatively deep, extensive lake. The Pliocene is characterized by a diatom flora dominated by Aulacoseira solida suggesting more abundant summer precipitation and warmer winters. Increases in ‘Fragilaria’ at 2.4 Ma and between 2.0 and 1.7 Ma imply cooler summers that correlate to glacial environments recorded elsewhere in the world.

Genetic Variation, Population Structure, and Evolution of California Quail

We studied the genetic population structure of California Quail (Callipepla californica). This relatively sedentary gallinaceous species has differentiated geographically in ecological features and morphology. In California and Baja California, we obtained samples of quail (101 total birds) from a total of seven sites representing six of the eight recognized subspecies. We analyzed genetic variation at 37 protein-coding loci using starch gel electrophoresis. Levels of within population genetic variation, such as average heterozygosity per individual (3.2%), percentage of loci polymorphic (18.1%), and mean number of alleles per locus (1.32), are similar to values reported for other birds, both passerines and nonpasserines. Genotypic distributions did not differ significantly from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Geographic partitioning of genetic variation was slight. Fsr (3.2%) and pairwise genetic distances among samples (D = 0.005) indicated little among-sample divergence, although statistically significant geographic heterogeneity was detected at four loci. Using Slatkin's (1985a) method to estimate levels of gene flow, our data indicated that populations receive an average of 5.5 immigrants per generation. A UPGMA phenogram and a distance Wagner network indicated the existence of two weakly differentiated groups of samples, corresponding roughly to Baja California and California. However, a sample from California (Tule Lake) is genetically more similar to samples from Baja California than to its nearest geographic neighbors. We hypothesize that California Quail dispersed southward into Baja California subsequent to its junction three to five million years ago with southern California.

The Education of Japanese Americans at Tule Lake, 1942-1946

Research Article| February 01 1987 The Education of Japanese Americans at Tule Lake, 1942-1946 Thomas James Thomas James Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Pacific Historical Review (1987) 56 (1): 25–58. https://doi.org/10.2307/3638825 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Thomas James; The Education of Japanese Americans at Tule Lake, 1942-1946. Pacific Historical Review 1 February 1987; 56 (1): 25–58. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3638825 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentPacific Historical Review Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1987 The Pacific Coast Branch, American Historical Association Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

A Test of Water Depth Niche Partitioning by Western Grebe Color Morphs

Darkand light-phase Western Grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis) have been described by Storer (1965) and Ratti (1981). Ratti (1979) and Nuechterlein (1981) reported on reproductive separation and isolating mechanisms between color morphs. Data from Ratti (1979) indicate that light-phase birds represent reproductively independent populations and that morphs are separate species. Ratti (1979) stated that morphologically and ecologically, darkand light-phase Western Grebes are practically indistinguishable and may represent one of best avian examples of an exception to competitive exclusion principle (Grinnell 1904). However, Nuechterlein (1981) reported that light-phase birds tend to feed farther from shore than dark-phase birds. He also noted a preponderance of level dives by dark-phase birds and a preponderance of springing dives by light-phase birds. The light-phase diving posture is more perpendicular to water surface and may facilitate diving to greater These findings led to Nuechterlein's (1981) hypothesis that the two color phases may be segregating behaviorally into two subtly different ecological forms specialized for feeding at different depths. The objective of this research was to test Nuechterlein's (1981) hypotheses. Data were gathered at Goose Lake, Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), and Tule Lake NWR, California; Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon; and Bear River NWR, Utah. Goose and Upper Klamath lakes are natural water basins; Lower Klamath, Tule Lake, and Bear River NWRs are artificial water impoundments. All surveys were initiated at sunrise, when most birds were actively feeding, and usually terminated by midmorning. Survey routes were determined from previous field work (Ratti 1979). One survey was conducted at each study area and, thus, all data are statistically independent. Birds were classified as dark-phase or light-phase (Ratti 1981); rare intermediates were not recorded. Each bird observed was recorded into 1 of 3 categories, based on an ocular estimation of distance from shore; A = 75 m. The location, number of birds, and color phase also were recorded on a map of survey route. After completion of bird surveys, I returned to bird observation sites and conducted a minimum of 3 water-depth transects. Transect lines were 100 m apart, parallel, and generally perpendicular to shoreline of observation site. I traversed transect lines from a canoe, and recorded water depth from ocular estimated distances of 15, 50, and 100 m from shore to correspond with distance categories of bird observations. Throughout study, distances were measured periodically from shore to verify my ocular estimations. Data from bird observations were tested using Chi-square analysis and mean depths were compared by t-test. Between 15 June and 20 July 1981, I observed 1,132 dark-phase and 596 light-phase Western Grebes and measured water depth from 106 transects. Variation in number of water-depth transects measured at each location was a function of distribution of birds along survey route. Distance from shore.-Observations of color morphs in categories of distance from shore were not random (Table 1). There was a clear tendency for

Breaking Silence: An Anthology of Contemporary Asian American Poets ed. by Joseph Bruchac

322 Western American Literature Breaking Silence: An Anthology of Contemporary Asian American Poets. Edited by Joseph Bruchac. (Greenfield Center, NY: The Greenfield Review Press, 1983. 300 pages, $9.95.) Ours has always been a multi-cultural society. But only in recent years has this begun to be reflected in the published literature. The first novel by a Mexican American, Antonio Villareal’s Pocho, was brought out by Double­ day in 1959. The first published book of poems by a Japanese American was Lawson Inada’s Before the War, from Morrow in 1971. Now we have Breaking Silence, an extraordinary book and a publishing milestone, since it is the first poetry collection to represent the full range of contemporary Asian American voices. And that range is impressively broad — from the touching memoir of a family burying funeral urns before a 1953 exodus from South Korea, to the challenging stance of a Bay Area feminist coalition called “Unbound Feet Three,” to the love poems of Shawn Wong, whose forefathers arrived from China five generations ago and whose short elegant lyrics make no reference at all to ethnic origins or to Asia. A number of these writers, like Wong and Inada, already have books and awards behind them. Hawaii-born Cathy Song won the 1982 Yale Series of Younger Poets Award for her first book, Picture Bride. Mei-Mei Bersenbrugge (“born in Peking in 1947 and grew up in Massachusetts” ) has twice received American Book Awards from Berkeley’s Before Columbus Foundation. For others this collection is the first appearance outside small magazines. Jeff Tagami is a young Filipino American (“I grew up in isolated farmhouses along the Pajaro River and Freedom, California” ). In spare, tough, com­ passionate portraits he illuminates the lives lived in that dusty world of row crops and cutting sheds. Joseph Bruchac (who also edits a highly respected literary quarterly, The Greenfield Review) solicited work from over two hundred writers and received submissions from a great many more, before selecting the fifty repre­ sented here. “My choices were subjective,” he says in his introduction. “I picked poems I liked the best, with an eye for variety and giving each poet enough space.” The writers come from Honolulu, from Toronto, from Colorado, New York City, Oakland, L.A. They often hark back to cities and landscapes rela­ tives left behind to head east across the Pacific. The book is sprinkled with place names: Shikoku, Chung-Ju, Yangtze, Manilatown, Hiroshima. Many poems are laced with foods and idioms from Asian languages, bringing both fresh blood and new vocabularies into the broad stream of American litera­ ture. The collection’s title is also the title of a poem by San Francisco writer and editor Janice Mirikitani, and that poem is worth dwelling on. Its subject — the World \\T ar ii internment — recurs often enough in these pages to remind us that it is still one of the metaphors central to Asian American experience. The poem is not about the internment per se, but about the long silence Reviews 323 that followed. It is dedicated to Mirikitani’s mother, who as a young woman was sent to Rohwer, one of two large holding camps in Arkansas. Like so many who underwent the shame and dislocation of those years, she had never expressed her deepest feelings about them. In an astonishing, two-voiced poem the daughter pays tribute to the mother who, after thirty-five years, finally speaks out. In 1981, in response to growing demands for some kind of reparation, a federal commission began hearings to investigate whether the government was liable for any injustice done to the 100,000 Japanese Americans interned during the 40s. This woman, who had been raised to bend to authority and not make waves, was among those who appeared. In the poem it becomes the occasion for her not only to testify, but to bear witness at last, to speak her heart. She talks about how family property was vandalized and lost. She wonders why no German or Italian Americans were interned. She remembers a niece who died at California’s Tule Lake camp. When a commissioner says she has gone over the five-minute time limit...

Modes of ectoparasite reinfestations of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus).

Modes of ectoparasite reinfestations were studied on ectoparasite-free deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) returned to their natural habitat on the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Siskiyou County, California, during the summer of 1977. The age of the host made no significant difference in the mode of reinfestation of lice, fleas, or mites. Flea reinfestation rates were related to the sex of the host, requiring 4 and 2 days, respectively, to reach control levels on male and female hosts. Mite populations reached the control level within 1 day, regardless of the sex of the host. No statistically significant louse reinfestations were noted within 8 days after the hosts were released. The percent of the host population reinfested with each ectoparsite followed the same patterns of reinfestation as the numbers of each parasite per host. It is suggested that the mode of ectoparasite reinfestations is a function of the behavior of the host relative to the lifestyles of the ectoparasite species.

An Archaeological and Historical Assessment of the Tule Lake Tract, Nueces County, Texas

An Archaeological and Historical Assessment of the Tule Lake Tract, Nueces County, Texas

GASTRIC ULCERS ASSOCIATED WITH Contracaecum SPP. (NEMATODA: ASCAROIDEA) IN A STELLER SEA LION AND A WHITE PELICAN

Contracaecum spp. (Nematode: Ascaroidea) caused gastric ulcers in a Steller sea lion from the California coast and a white pelican from Tule Lake, California. The parasite penetrated deeply into the gastric wall, causing extensive inflammtory reaction. A hyaline material formed a mold surrounding the head of the nematode in the granulation tissue.

Plumage Descriptions and Age Data for Canada Goose Goslings

Eight stages of plumage development and the equivalent age in days are presented for goslings of great basin Canada geese (Branta canadensis moffitti), which permit the field-aging of Canada geese broods between the time of hatching and the time of flying. This paper presents plumage descriptions and age data that permit the aging of broods of great basin Canada geese from the time of hatching until they fly. The data have been worked out on the basis of seven male and five female hand-reared geese representing three populations. Six geese were reared from eggs taken at Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge, Washington, in 1952; three were reared at the Lapwai Idaho State Game Farm from eggs taken from nests on the Snake River in southwest Idaho in 1952; and three were taken from the wild at Tule Lake National WildThis content downloaded from 157.55.39.132 on Thu, 15 Sep 2016 04:32:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms FIELD-AGING YOUNG CANADA GEESE 0 Yocom and Harris 875 Table 1. Development of Canada goose goslings as viewed under field conditions.* PLUMAGE CLASS SUBCLASS DESCRIPTION I a Bright ball of fluff-Body color a bright citron with Downy young only a scattering of grey-black. No distinct patterns. no feathers visible Shiny black bill and legs. Age, 1-7 days; midpoint, 4 days (Fig. 1, A). b Darkening ball of fluff-Citron color being progressively replaced by a greyish black color from top of body downward. Crown turns dark at approximately 10 days of age. Will hold a size No. 5 band. Age, 8-15 days; midpoint, 12 days (Fig. 1, B). c Gawky-downy-Mostly greyish black. Citron color left only on flank, breast, and head. Body and neck elongate. Legs and feet appear much too large for such a small bird. In hand, first trace of primary and tail feather growth shows. Will hold a size No. 7 band. Age, 16-25 days; midpoint, 21 days (Fig. 1, C). II a First feathers-First noticeable feathers appear at Partly feathered scapular, tail, and on flanks. Primaries and secboth down and feathers ondaries begin to appear but are still completely in visible under field consheaths. ditions Age, 26-33 days; midpoint, 29 days (Fig. 1, D). b Half feathered--Underparts well feathered with no down apparent. Breast feathers appear. Black neck color begins to appear under down. White tail coverts barely begin to show. Primaries and secondaries conspicuously broken from sheaths. Back generally downy except for scapulars. Head still noticeably downy and generally light colored. Age, 34-40 days; midpoint, 37 days (Fig. 1, E). c Mostly feathered-Body feathered except on back (under folded wings), rump, neck, and head. White cheek patch barely begins to show. Black neck still partly obscured by down. White upper-tail coverts form a conspicuous band against the black tail. Primaries approximately half grown. First honkinglike sound uttered. Age, 41-46 days; midpoint, 43 days (Fig. 1, F). d Last down-Folded wing completely covers entire back so no down is visible on back under field conditions. Head pattern and black neck conspicuous, but still with noticeable persistent down present. Primaries three-fourths grown. White tail band still evident. Age, 47-55 days; midpoint, 51 days (Fig. 1, G). III Feathered-flightless-Essentially fully feathered. Fully feathered Last trace of down may show on back of head and flightless upper neck of some birds and under exceptionally good field conditions. Primaries cross each other over the base of the tail when folded, thus obscuring the white upper-tail coverts. Age, 56-65 days; midpoint, 60 days. Flies well at 65-70 days (Fig. 1, H). * Organization of table modified from Gollop and Marshall (1954:6). This content downloaded from 157.55.39.132 on Thu, 15 Sep 2016 04:32:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 876 Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 29, No. 4, October 1965