Tukey-Kramer Test Research Articles

Effects of Artificial Staining and Bleaching Protocols on the Surface Roughness, Color, and Whiteness Changes of an Aged Nanofilled Composite

This study evaluated the surface roughness and color alteration of an aged nanofilled composite exposed to different staining solutions and bleaching agents. Ninety nanofilled composite (Filtek Z350XT, 3M/Oral Care) specimens were submitted to 5,000 thermal cycles and immersed in (n = 30): red wine, coffee, and artificial saliva at 37°C for 48 h. Groups were subdivided according to the bleaching protocol (n = 10) with 20% carbamide peroxide, 38% hydrogen peroxide, or without bleaching - control. Mean surface roughness values (Ra - μm) and color parameters (L*, a*, b*) were measured at baseline (T0), after thermal cycling aging and staining (TS), and after bleaching (TB). Color (ΔE00) and whiteness index (ΔWID) changes were determined after aging and staining (Ts-T0) and after bleaching (TB-TS). The adopted perceptibility and acceptability thresholds of the nanofilled composite were 0.81 and 1.71 ΔE00 units and 0.61 and 2.90 ΔWID units, respectively. Ra was analyzed using mixed models for repeated measurements and L* by the Tukey-Kramer test. The a* and b* values were evaluated by generalized linear models for repeated measures. ΔE00 was tested using two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests, and ΔWID by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (α = 5%). Ra of all groups decreased after aging and staining (TS, p < 0.05), but increased after bleaching only for groups stained with red wine (TB). Aging and staining decreased the luminosity of the composites, but L* increased after bleaching (p < 0.05). Aging and staining increased a* and b* values, but after bleaching, b* values decreased (p < 0.05). After bleaching, ΔE00 and ΔWID were greater in stained groups at both time intervals, regardless of the bleaching protocol. Stained resin composites exhibited perceptible but unacceptable color (ΔE00 > 1.71) and whiteness (ΔWID > 2.90) changes, regardless of the bleaching treatment performed. Therefore, red wine affected the surface roughness of the aged nanofilled resin submitted to bleaching. Bleaching was unable to reverse the color changes promoted by red wine and coffee on the aged nanofilled composite.

Effects of the classification of boars according to progressive sperm motility and the extender type on the reproductive performance of a single fixed-time insemination

The study aimed to evaluate the fertility of boars according to the resistance of their semen to storage using dilution in either Short- or Long-term extender for single fixed-time insemination. From a total of 32 boars, twelve boars were classified during three semen collection (one collection/boar/week) as Low- (64.5%) or High-preservation (83.9%) capacity for maintaining progressive motility (PM) at 120 h of storage using Short-term extender. After the selection period, six ejaculates (weekly collected) from the Low- and High-preservation boars were diluted in Short- or Long-term extender (2 × 2 factorial design) for insemination and evaluation of fertility. A total of 519 weaned sows were submitted to induction of ovulation with triptorelin (OvuGel®) at 96 h post-weaning. Twenty-four hours later, estrus sows were single fixed-time inseminated (FTAI) with semen doses from the different groups of evaluation. The SAS® software was used for statistical analysis considering the class of boar, type of extender, and interaction as fixed effects. The GLIMMIX procedure was used, considering a binomial distribution for total motility (TM) and PM, binary distribution for pregnancy (PR), and farrowing rate (FR), and the total born (TB) was analyzed assuming a normal distribution with the comparison of means by Tukey-Kramer test. An interaction of class of boars and type of extender was observed for TM and PM at insemination (P < 0.001). Long-term extender increased TM in Low-preservation boars, with no effect in High-preservation boars. The ejaculates from High-preservation boars diluted in Short- or Long-term extender showed higher PM at insemination (86.8 and 87.8%, respectively) compared to those from Low-preservation boars in Short- or Long-term extender (73.2% and 77.9%, respectively). There was no effect of the interaction of boar preservation class and type of extender (P ≥ 0.163) on PR, FR or TB. However, Low-preservation boars presented lower TB (14.1 ± 0.2) compared to High-preservation boars (15.0 ± 0.2; P < 0.01). The PR (93.3 vs. 90.1) and FR (88.8 vs. 88.2) were not affected by class of Low- or High-preservation boars, respectively (P ≥ 0.187). The type of extender did not affect PR, FR, or TB (P ≥ 0.440). In conclusion, Low-preservation boars impaired the reproductive performance of single-FTAI sows by reducing TB with no apparent effect on PR or FR.

EFFECT OF RECASTING CO-CR ALLOYS ON THE MARGINAL FIT OF CROWN WITH SHOULDER MARGIN - AN INVITRO STUDY

Introduction: Marginal adaptation is one of the most important and weakest links in the success of cast restorations. There is some indication that the quality of marginal adaptation may be as important to gingival health as marginal location.01&#x0D; Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the marginal integrity and occlusal discrepancy of base metal alloy copings by recasting method using conventional casting technique.&#x0D; Methodology: The 30 test samples were grouped into 3groups as Group I: 10 samples will be prepared using 100% new co-cr alloy.Group II: 10 samples will be prepared using 50% new alloy and 50% reused alloy.Group III:10 samples will be prepared using 25% new alloy and 75% reused alloy. The patterns obtained were casted with an induction casting machine and Co-Cr copings, the vertical gap and internal gap/occlusal discrepancy of all the 30 Co-Cr cast copings are obtained, with the use of stereo microscope.&#x0D; Results: Paired t test and tukey Kramer tests were conducted to determine p value. The p value for marginal integrity was found to be less than 0.01 which indicates that there is a significant difference between groups on buccal,lingual,mesial and distal surfaces . p value for occlusal discrepancy was found to be greater than 0.01 indicating that there is no significant difference between groups on occlusal mesial surfaces while distal side it is less than 0.01 which is significant.&#x0D; Summary and Conclusion: The patterns were prepared with inlay casting wax on the custom-made stainless steel die. 30 of the patterns were invested with a metal ring during investment. The vertical marginal gaps of three groups cast copings obtained by conventional casting were statistically significant to each other with higher value in group 2 followed by group 3 and group 1.

Seven-tesla quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopy of glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, and glutathione in the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus in patients with epilepsy.

The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus is a key hub of the default mode network, whose function is known to be altered in epilepsy. Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, respectively. Glutathione (GSH) is the most important free radical scavenging compound in the brain. Quantification of these molecules by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) up to 4 T is limited by overlapping resonances from other molecules. In this study, we used ultra-high-field (7 T) MRS to quantify their concentrations in patients with different epilepsy syndromes. Nineteen patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and 16 with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) underwent magnetic resonance imaging scans using a 7-T research scanner. Single-voxel (8 cm3 ) MRS, located in the PCC/precuneus, was acquired via stimulated echo acquisition mode. Their results were compared to 10 healthy volunteers. Mean concentrations of glutamate, GABA, and the glutamate/GABA ratio did not differ between the IGE, TLE, and healthy volunteer groups. The mean ± SD concentration of GSH was 1.9 ± 0.3 mmol·L-1 in healthy controls, 2.0 ± 0.2 mmol·L-1 in patients with TLE, and 2.2 ± 0.4 mmol·L-1 in patients with IGE. One-way analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey-Kramer test revealed a significant difference in the concentration of GSH between patients with IGE and controls (P=.03). Short-term seizure freedom in patients with epilepsy was predicted by an elevated concentration of glutamate in the PCC/precuneus (P=.01). In patients with TLE, the concentration of GABA declined with age (P=.03). Patients with IGE have higher concentrations of GSH in the PCC/precuneus than healthy controls. There is no difference in the concentrations of glutamate and GABA, or their ratio, in the PCC/precuneus between patients with IGE, patients with TLE, and healthy controls. Measuring the concentration of glutamate in the PCC/precuneus may assist with predicting drug response.

Mixing commonly used crystalloid solutions with red blood cells in five common additives does not negatively impact hemolysis, aggregometry, or deformability.

Literature is beginning to challenge the belief that it is unsafe to coinfuse red blood cells (RBCs) with solutions other than isotonic saline. We recently showed that additive-free RBCs tolerated coincubation with Plasma-Lyte or catecholamines dissolved in normal saline (NS), though 5% dextrose in water (D5W) promoted hemolysis. Herein, we evaluate the effect of coincubating crystalloids on additive-preserved RBC hemolysis, aggregation, and membrane deformability. RBCs were coincubated 5 minutes with plasma, NS, Plasma-Lyte, lactated Ringer's (LR) or D5W (1 mL PRBC +131.3 μL solution). Samples were then assessed for hemolysis (free hemoglobin), aggregation (critical shear stress [mPa]), and membrane deformability (elongation index [EI]). Significance (P ≤ .05) by t test or ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey-Kramer test. Additive-prepared RBCs coincubated with crystalloid instead of plasma demonstrated: (a) no increase in hemolysis as indicated by plasma free hemoglobin levels that is likely to be clinically relevant; (b) no increase, but in some cases a decrease, in aggregation as indicated by critical shear stress; and (c) in some combinations, a deterioration in deformability. When present, the deformability decrease was likely clinically insignificant in degree, and always returned to normal when the crystalloid was subsequently diluted out with plasma. Our data suggest that additive-prepared RBCs coincubated for 5 minutes with any of four common crystalloids demonstrate no clinically relevant increased lysis, increased aggregation, or decreased deformability.

The Role of Cavovarus Deformity in the Pathogenesis of Peroneal Tendon Tears

Category:Other; SportsIntroduction/Purpose:While it is a commonly accepted principle peroneal tendon (PT) tears are associated with cavovarus deformity, this is the first study that both quantifies deformity in patients with surgically proven tears using sophisticated and reproducible methods to compare radiographic measurements to a matched control group. Understanding of the anatomy and mechanism of injury affecting the PTs has led to greater recognition of PT tears as an important cause of lateral sided foot and ankle pain. The literature reports a presumed correlation between the cavus foot and PT tears. Little data exist quantifying the correlation between PT tears and the alignment of the foot. We hypothesize the cavovarus foot applies stress over the lateral border of the foot leading to degenerative changes in PTs.Methods:A cohort of 252 consecutive patients operatively treated for peroneal tendon tears (PT) were compared to an age- and sex- matched control (C) group of 104 outpatients treated for isolated forefoot problems. Calcaneal pitch, calcaneal - first metatarsal, talometatarsal, and talocalcaneal angles were compared on standing lateral radiographs. Talometatarsal and talocalcaneal angles, and talonavicular coverage, were compared on standing anteroposterior radiographs. Published radiographic criteria were used to determine cavovarus. ANOVA analysis detected statistically significant differences between patients and controls and a subsequent Tukey-Kramer test compared the control group with each type of PT tear. An a prioripower analysis was performed to calculate the minimum sample size in each cohort to detect a 90% effect size for a significance level of p<0.05.Results:Radiographic cavovarus was found in 9.4% (74/252) of PT group, and 6.7% (7/104) in controls. On lateral radiographs a significant greater calcaneal pitch (p=0.0001), and significant smaller calcaneal-first metatarsal angle (p=0.0084) was noted with PT tears (p=0.0001). On anteroposterior radiographs a significant smaller talometatarsal angle (p=0.0001) and talonavicular coverage (p=0.0001) were noted in PT tears. AP talocalcaneal and lateral talometatarsal and talocalcaneal angles were not correlated with PT tears. Patients treated for PT tears, isolated peroneus brevis tears (PB) accounted for 67.9% (171/252), isolated peroneus longus (PL) tendon tears were 7.5% (19/252), PB and PL tears accounted for 17.5% (44/252). A smaller talometatarsal angle on the AP was associated with PL (0.0098) and combined PB and PL tears (<0.0001) but not PB tears alone (0.1162).Conclusion:The correlation between cavovarus and peroneal pathology in the literature is highly anecdotal. Few studies report objective measures. This is the first study to our knowledge comparing nature and severity of cavovarus according to location of peroneal tear. This study proves and quantifies objective measures of cavovarus that correlate with peroneal tendon tears, when compared to a cohort of matched controls.

Mineral trioxide aggregate suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine expression via the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells/early growth response 2 pathway in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages.

To elucidate mechanisms by which mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Mineral trioxide aggregate extracts were prepared by immersing set ProRoot MTA in culture medium. RAW264.7 cells were cultured in the presence of LPS and MTA extracts. mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, early growth response 2 (Egr2), suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (Socs3) and IL-10 were quantified with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 in RAW264.7 cells was analysed by Western blotting. Intracellular calcium imaging was performed with Fluo-4 AM. The activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) was determined by luciferase assays. Enforced expression and silencing of Egr2 in RAW264.7 cells were carried out using an expression vector and specific RNAi, respectively. In vivo kinetics of Egr2+ cells in MTA-treated rat molar pulp tissues were examined using immunohistochemistry. Data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey-Kramer test (P<0.05). Exposure to MTA extracts resulted in reduced mRNA expression levels of IL-1α and IL-6, as well as reduced expression of phosphorylated NF-κB, in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Exposure to MTA extracts induced Ca2+ influx, which was blocked by NPS2143, an antagonist of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR); Ca2+ influx then triggered activation of calcineurin/NFAT signalling and enhanced mRNA expression of Egr2. Enforced expression of Egr2 in RAW264.7 cells promoted the expression of both IL-10 and Socs3. In vivo application of MTA onto rat molar pulp tissue resulted in the appearance of Egr2-expressing cells that coexpressed CD163, a typical M2 macrophage marker. Mineral trioxide aggregate extracts induced downregulation of IL-1α and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells via CaSR-induced activation of calcineurin/NFAT/Egr2 signalling and subsequent upregulation of IL-10 and Socs3.

Phenotypic analysis of human CYP2C9 polymorphisms using fluorine-substituted tolbutamide.

To investigate the effect of fluorine substitution on tolbutamide (TB) hydroxylation catalyzed by CYP2C9, the hydroxylation of TB and its fluorinated derivative 3'-fluoro-tolbutamide (3'-F-TB) by recombinant human CYP2C9*1, CYP2C9*2, and CYP2C9*3 was analyzed. In general, fluorine substitution near the metabolic site may decrease enzymatic oxidation owing to its electron-withdrawing nature. Fluorine substitution reduced the Michaelis-Menten-derived Km of 4'-hydroxylation of TB catalyzed by CYP2C9*1 from 115 (TB) to 77 (3'-F-TB) µM. In the case of TB hydroxylation catalyzed by CYP2C9*2, the Km value of TB was also reduced by fluorine substitution from 129 to 88 µM. The greatest effect of fluorine substitution on the Km in TB hydroxylation was observed in the catalysis by CYP2C9*3, in which the Km value decreased from 287 to 117 µM. When a mixture containing TB and 3'-F-TB was hydroxylated by CYP2C9, the hydroxylated metabolite ratio in CYP2C9*3 was significantly increased compared with that in CYP2C9*1 and CYP2C9*2 (p < 0.01, Tukey-Kramer test). These results suggest that obtaining the metabolite profiles of fluorine-substituted analogs of the key substrate molecule may be useful as a new tool for phenotyping polymorphic CYP isoforms.

Acid Effects on the Physical Properties of Different CAD/CAM Ceramic Materials: An in Vitro Analysis.

To evaluate the flexural strength, elastic modulus, microhardness, and surface roughness of monolithic zirconia, lithium disilicate ceramics, and feldspathic ceramics after being exposed to different acidic solutions. Rectangular specimens (n = 180) were prepared from three different ceramic materials: lithium disilicate, monolithic zirconia, and feldspathic porcelain. Initial Surface roughness of ninety specimens (n = 30/material) was evaluated using an optical noncontact profilometer. Thirty specimens of each material were immersed in one of the following solutions (n = 10/group): citric acid; acidic beverage; and artificial saliva, which served as the control. Post immersion surface roughness, flexural strength, and elastic modulus were determined using an optical noncontact profilometer and three-point bending test. Another thirty specimens of each material were immersed in the aqueous solutions (n = 10/group) following the same protocol and subjected to microhardness test using a Vickers diamond microhardness tester. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the surface characteristics changes. ANOVA and Post-hoc Tukey's Kramer tests were used for data analysis (α = 0.05). Immersion in different solutions did not affect the flexural strength and elastic modulus of lithium disilicate or zirconia. Microhardness and surface roughness were significantly affected in all groups (p < 0.05). For feldspathic porcelain groups, the flexural strength and elastic modulus were significantly decreased in the citric acid group (p = 0.045 and p = 0.019). Also, there were significant differences among all feldspathic porcelain groups (p = 0.001) in terms of microhardness and surface roughness values. The tested acidic agents significantly affected the flexural strength, elastic modulus, surface roughness, and microhardness of feldspathic porcelain. However, the flexural strength and elastic modulus of evaluated lithium disilicate and zirconia did not change significantly.

Neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rb-1 on a rat model of Alzheimer's disease

Objective: To investigate the protective mechanism of ginsenoside Rb-1 on the brain in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Methods: Fifty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, low-dose Rb-1 group (Rb-1: 25 mg•kg(-1)•d(-1)) and high-dose Rb-1 group (Rb-1:50 mg•kg(-1)•d(-1)). Morris water maze was designed to observe the changes of learning and memory ability in rats. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were employed to detect the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (p53, Bax, cytochrome C (Cyto C), Caspase-3 and caspase-9) and anti-oxidative stress-associated genes (nuclear Factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (keap-1), heme oxygenase 1(HO-1) and NADPH quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1)).The activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected by relevant kits. ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The learning and memory ability of rats in the model group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.01).The learning and memory ability of rats in the high-dose Rb-1 treatment group was significantly higher than that of the model group [(80±8) s vs (100±11) s, t=5.390, P<0.01]. The expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (p53, Bax, Cyto C, caspase-3 and caspase-9) in the model group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.01), while the expression levels of these genes in low-dose and high-dose Rb-1 groups were significantly lower than those of the model group (P<0.01). The expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 genes in the model group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05), while the expression of these genes in low-dose and high-dose Rb-1 groupswere significantly higher than those of the model group (P<0.01). The activities of CAT, GSH-Px and SOD in the model group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.01), however the activities of CAT, GSH-Px and SOD in low-dose and high-dose Rb-1 groups were higher than those of model group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Both low-dose and high-dose Rb-1 have protective effect on memory and cognitive function of Alzheimer's disease rats by reducing the damage and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, down-regulating the expression levels of p53, Bax, Cyto C, caspase-3 and caspase-9, up-regulating the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 genes, and increasing the activities of CAT, GSH-Px and SOD. Moreover, the protective effect of Rb-1 on rat brain may be dose-dependent.

A 25-y longitudinal dolphin cohort supports that long-lived individuals in same environment exhibit variation in aging rates

While it is believed that humans age at different rates, a lack of robust longitudinal human studies using consensus biomarkers meant to capture aging rates has hindered an understanding of the degree to which individuals vary in their rates of aging. Because bottlenose dolphins are long-lived mammals that develop comorbidities of aging similar to humans, we analyzed data from a well-controlled, 25-y longitudinal cohort of 144 US Navy dolphins housed in the same oceanic environment. Our analysis focused on 44 clinically relevant hematologic and clinical chemistry measures recorded during routine blood draws throughout the dolphins' lifetimes. Using stepwise regression and general linear models that accommodate correlations between measures obtained on individual dolphins, we demonstrate that, in a manner similar to humans, dolphins exhibit independent and linear age-related declines in four of these measures: hemoglobin, alkaline phosphatase, platelets, and lymphocytes. Using linear regressions and analyses of covariance with post hoc Tukey-Kramer tests to compare slopes (i.e., linear age-related rates) of our four aging rate biomarkers among 34 individual dolphins aging from 10 y to up to 40 y old, we could identify slow and accelerated agers and differentiate subgroups that were more or less likely to develop anemia and lymphopenia. This study successfully documents aging rate differences over the lifetime of long-lived individuals in a controlled environment. Our study suggests that nonenvironmental factors influencing aging rate biomarkers, including declining hemoglobin and anemia, may be targeted to delay the effects of aging in a compelling model of human biology.

Electrical synchronization achieved by multipoint pacing combined with dynamic atrioventricular delay.

Multipoint pacing (MPP) improves left ventricular (LV) electrical synchrony in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). SyncAV automatically adjusts atrioventricular delay (AVD) according to intrinsic AV intervals and may further improve synchrony. Their combination has not been assessed. The objective was to evaluate the improvement in electrical synchrony achieved by SyncAV combined with MPP in an international, multicenter study. Patients with LBBB undergoing CRT implant with a quadripolar lead (Abbott Quartet™) were prospectively enrolled. QRS duration (QRSd) was measured by blinded observers from 12-lead ECG during: intrinsic conduction, BiV pacing (conventional biventricular pacing, nominal static AVD), MPP (2 LV cathodes maximally spaced, nominal static AVD), BiV + SyncAV, and MPP + SyncAV. All SyncAV offsets were individualized for each patient to yield the narrowest QRSd during BiV pacing. QRSd changes were compared by ANOVA and post hoc Tukey-Kramer tests. One hundred and three patients were enrolled (65.7 ± 12.1years, 67% male, 37% ischemic, EF 26.4 ± 6.5%, PR 190.3 ± 39.1ms). Relative to intrinsic conduction (QRSd of 165 ± 16ms), BiV reduced QRSd by 11.9% to 145 ± 18ms (P < 0.001 vs intrinsic), and MPP reduced QRSd by 13.3% to 142 ± 19ms (P < 0.001 vs intrinsic). However, enabling SyncAV with a patient-optimized offset nearly doubled this QRSd reduction. BiV + SyncAV reduced QRSd by 22.0% to 128 ± 13ms (P < 0.001 vs BiV), while MPP + SyncAV reduced QRSd further by 25.6% to 122 ± 14ms (P < 0.05 vs BiV + SyncAV). SyncAV can significantly improve acute electrical synchrony beyond conventional CRT, with further improvement achieved by superimposing MPP.

Efficacy of pharmacotherapy follow-up care in Brazilian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of pharmaceutical care in improving outcomes of Brazilian outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: In this single-blind, controlled trial, 71 outpatients were randomized into two groups: pharmaceutical care intervention (managed using pharmacotherapy follow-up protocol); and control (managed using standard dispensing procedures). Outcomes included hospitalization, severe complication (retinopathy, renal insufficiency, hypoglycemia, coronaropathy or foot lesion), and the values of A1c hemoglobin (HbA1c), capillary glycaemia (CG), blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC) and body mass index (BMI). All patients were followed for 12 months and drug-related problems (DRP) were described in intervention group. The groups were compared using the Student´s t-test, Tukey-Kramer, Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Results: No significant difference in baseline clinical characteristics of the intervention (n= 36) and control groups (n= 35) (p&gt;0.05). The groups did not differ for the outcome hypoglycemia, CG, BP, HbA1c, TC and BMI (p&gt;0.05), but CG and HbA1c levels decreased at 3, 6 and 12 months, in both groups (p≤0.05). A total of 56 DRP were observed in intervention group and the pharmacist resolved approximately 60% of these. Conclusion: Improvements in the glycemic parameters of outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attended within a community pharmacy were observed. Studies involving larger samples are needed to confirm the benefits of pharmacotherapy follow-up care for key clinical outcomes in these patients. The trial was registered in Clinicaltrials.gov: Record NCT03196336.

Biometric characteristics of fruits and leaves of Cornus officinalis Siebold et Zucc. genotypes in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine

In the context of global climate change, the current strategy of agroeconomics focuses on the introduction of unique plant species and the selection of new commercially important cultivars adapted to the dramatic weather changes. Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae) has Chinese origin, its reintroduction at the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine started in 1993.&#x0D; The objectives of this research were: to investigate the biometric parameters of fruits and leaves of C. officinalis genotypes, C. officinalis × C. mas hybrid ‘Etude’ and genotype from the grafting C. officinalis on C. mas under cultivation in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and to determine the degree of adaptation of C. officinalis to the climatic conditions of Ukraine (in particular, Right-Bank Forest Steppe) for selection of promising genotypes for further breeding work.&#x0D; Material and methods. We used: a) 26-year-old maternal plant obtained from a two-year-old seedling in 1993 received from the nursery “Northwoods Wholesale Nursery” Mollala (Oregon, USA), where it was grown as an ornamental plant; b) seedlings of the maternal plant; c) cultivar Etude, which is an artificial hybrid from crossing C. officinalis × C. mas; and d) genotype obtained from grafting C. officinalis on C. mas. In our experiment, the maternal plant is indicated as G-01, while other plants – as G-02–G-08 genotypes. We determined the biometric parameters of the fruit (length, diameter, and weight), endocarp (length, diameter, and weight), pedicel (length and thickness), leaf blade (length, width, and the number of lateral veins) and petiole (length, width, and thickness). We examined the dynamics of fruit and endocarp formation during the season (genotypes G-01–G-03 and G-05) and compared the biometric characteristics of the fruit of genotypes G-01–G-05 from crops of two years, 2010 and 2018, which were most favorable in weather conditions. We have processed quantitative data in the PAST 2.10 software. The differences between the samples were estimated using the Tukey-Kramer test. The degree of variability was determined by the coefficient of variation. To assess the level of variability, we used the classification of Mamaev (1975).&#x0D; Results. We have found that the largest fruits in 2010 were observed in the genotype G-01 and the smallest – in the genotype G-03. The coefficient of variation of the linear parameters of the fruit and endocarp was in the range 5.7–10.1 %; the level of variability was very low or low. The variability of fruit weight and endocarp was high; the coefficient of variation was from 7.0 up to 28.3 %. The amplitude of the linear parameters of the leaf was wide (coefficient of variation was from 9.8 to 31.0 %). The cultivar Etude differed from other C. officinalis genotypes in size and weight of (M = 1800 mg, max = 2400 mg) and a much wider amplitude of variation in the length (17.9–22.6 vs. 14.3–18.2 mm) of the fruit. The largest leaves were in the genotypes G-08 and G-01, and the smallest – in the genotype G-02. The cultivar Etude did not differ so much by the mean leaf morphometric indices and number of veins, but it demonstrated one of the broadest leaf blades (51.5 mm).&#x0D; Conclusions. The data obtained in this study is important for the commercial use of C. officinalis and the cultivar Etude as food and medicinal plant, as well as for breeding in climatic conditions of Ukraine and analysis of hybridization features in the genus Cornus in general.

OPTIMUM SALINITY LEVEL FOR THE CULTIVATION OF CILIATED PROTOZOA

In the present study, protozoa was cultured in different salinity water (10%, 20% and 30%) to determine the optimum salinity level required for the culturing. We examined the densities of protozoa and the ciliates Euplotes spp. in a general culture and Euplotes encysticus Yonezawa in a separate monoculture. Various species of protozoa were observed in the culture water, with a peak density of 30,000–40,000 cells ml–1 on day 4. The density of Euplotes spp. in the culture water increased with elapsed days, peaking on day 3. One-way analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the densities on day 3, and post-hoc Tukey–Kramer test results showed that the density at 10% was significantly higher than that at 30%. The E. encysticus monoculture peaked at 5000–6000 cells ml–1, but there was no significant difference between the salinity levels. Although our results are not definitive, the lower salinity level appeared most suitable for culturing protozoa. The ciliated protozoa Euplotes spp. in the current study were smaller than 100 µm, and they may be suitable size as live feed as starter diet for marine fish larvae with small mouth openings

Fosforita na produção de azevém como cobertura de solo no inverno no Cerrado Mineiro

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da fosforita na produção de azevém como cobertura de solo no inverno no Cerrado Mineiro. O estudo foi realizado na Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Unidade Acadêmica de Passos. O experimento foi conduzido em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, sendo duas fontes de fósforo P (MAP - fosfato monoamonico e fosforita) e controle (sem adubação), com sete repetições, totalizando 21 parcelas. O azevém foi conduzido no campo até o estádio de florescimento pleno, quanto foi realizada a mensuração da altura, rendimento de massa seca da parte aérea e teores de macro e micronutrientes. A partir destes dados foram calculados os valores acumulados dos nutrientes. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e quando significativos, as médias foram comparadas usando o teste de Tukey-Kramer (P&lt;0,05) ou teste t (P&lt;0,05) através do pacote estatístico Sisvar. Conclui-se que a produção de massa seca apresentou 9,81 t.ha-1 para o tratamento MAP e 8,42 t.ha-1 fosfato natural, os quais não apresentaram diferença estatística, bem como as variáveis altura, teores foliares e acumulados de macro e micronutrientes da parte aérea do cultivo de inverno azevém variedade BRS Ponteiro.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SHEAR BOND QUALITY OF THREE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ORTHODONTIC ADHESIVES BASED UPON THEIR FILLER CONTENT- AN IN VITRO STUDY.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and compare Shear bond strength,adhesive remnant index of three different commercially available composite materials depending upon their filler content. Materials and Methods: 90 maxillary premolar teeth were placed in three groups(n=30) bonded with steel metal brackets using three orthodontic adhesives-Transbond XT, Transbond plus, and transbond supreme LV. Shear bond strength of each adhesive were evaluated with testing machine. Adhesive scores were calculated using stereomicroscope. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all the groups.Comparisons of the means Shear bond strength values were completed with analysis of variance (ANOVA).Multiple comparisons were undertaken using Tukey –Kramer test. The results of shear bond quality were subjected to Bartlett’s test which facilitates accurate comparison between the groups.Results: Transbond XT showed highest, whereas Transbond plus showed lowest mean value among all groups (P < 0.05),while chi square test showed significant difference in adhesive remnant index scores of all three groups. Conclusion: 1- Bond quality of orthodontic adhesives depends on the filler level.2- Higher filled Transbond XT seem to provide greater bond strength than do lower filled Transbond supreme LV and Transbond Plus.3- Adhesive remnant index is not dependent on filler content of adhesives used in study. Transbond in addition to shading change adhesivehas better bond failures than Transbond supreme lv and Transbond XT when ARI of all groups were compared.

P0847HEPATIC ERYTHROPOIETIN SYNTHESIS IS ENHANCED IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS WHO DO NOT REQUIRE ERYTHROPOIESIS-STIMULATING AGENTS

Abstract Background and Aims Erythropoietin is synthesized in the liver during the fetal period and mainly in the kidney after birth. However, some patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease do not require the administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) despite their damaged renal function. This study aimed to clarify the origin of extrarenal erythropoietin generation in these patients. Method The origin of erythropoietin was investigated by analyzing the erythropoietin glycation patterns based on the percentages of migrated isoforms (PMI). Sera of stable hemodialysis (HD) patients with (ESA group) or without (non-ESA group) ESA treatment and umbilical cord blood of newborns (UCB group), which contained erythropoietin of liver origin, were analyzed. The non-ESA group was determined as HD patients without ESA treatment for &amp;gt; 6 months. Informed consent was obtained from all included HD patients and from the parents or guardians of the newborns. This study was performed with permission from the institutional ethical committee and was registered as a clinical trial (no. R000033462 UMIN000029335). Results The mean duration of no ESA treatment in the non-ESA group was 29.2 months. There were no differences in major clinical parameters, including age and HD duration. The hemoglobin concentration in the ESA group was 107 ± 5 g/L (mean ± standard error), which was significantly lower than that in the non-ESA group (123 ± 4 g/L) (P = 0.025, unpaired Student’s t-test). The PMI values of the ESA, non-ESA, and UCB groups were 12.6 ± 11.4％, 61.2 ± 13.1%, and 65.0 ± 13.5％, respectively, and the PMI value of the ESA group was significantly lower than that of non-ESA or UCB group (one-way analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer test), suggesting that the glycation pattern of erythropoietin in the non-ESA group was similar to that in the UCB group but different from that in the ESA group. No significant differences were found in the reticulocyte ratio, serum iron concentration, total iron binding capacity, and ferritin and transferrin saturation between the ESA and non-ESA groups. Conclusion These results suggest that patients in the non-ESA group had enhanced extrarenal erythropoietin synthesis and that their erythropoietin originated from the liver. Further analysis of the underlying mechanism may contribute to the development of internal extrarenal erythropoietin-stimulating therapy.

In vitro effect of children's toothpaste on brushing abrasion of eroded primary enamel.

Emerging data have suggested that acid erosion has become an increasing clinical problem in pediatric dentistry. This study aimed to investigate the abrasive effects of two commercial toothpastes on primary enamel eroded by orange juice using an in vitro model. Thirty enamel slabs were obtained from primary teeth and then randomly assigned to three groups (n = 8) comprising two different toothpastes: G1-control-distilled water; G2-Dentifrice A (containing no fluoride); and G3-Dentifrice B (1.100 ppmF-NaF). Each slab had one half protected to provide a control side, and the other one was subjected to treatments. The slabs were submitted to daily erosive challenges (3×/day, 2min) in concentrated orange juice (pH 3.38) associated with abrasive challenges using a tooth-brushing machine (150 brush movements for each cycle). During the experimental period, the slabs were kept in 37°C artificial saliva, and the experiment was carried out for 5days. The depths of the resulting eroded areas were measured by stylus profilometry. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Tukey-Kramer test (α = 5%). Tooth loss (µm, mean ± SD) was 2.46 ± 1.18 for G1, 3.32 ± 2.12 for G2 and 2.14 ± 1.03 for G3. Therefore, the NaF dentifrice (Dentifrice B) produced significantly less mineral loss (p = 0.04) than dentifrice A. The findings suggest that fluoride toothpaste could protect primary enamel against erosion.

Effects of Prenatal Nicotine Exposure on the Dental Health of Laboratory Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Nicotine, regarded as the active ingredient in cigarette smoke, is known to directly or indirectly interfere with cellular metabolic pathways including angiogenesis, osteogenesis, and collagen synthesis. Though smoking remains common, relatively little studies focus on nicotine’s role in dental development.The objective of this project was to assess the effect of prenatal nicotine exposure on dental development using rats (Rattus norvegicus) as an animal model. We hypothesized that maternal prenatal exposure to nicotine would have a long lasting negative effects on dental development even after nicotine withdrawal.To test these hypotheses, 12 female and six male Long Evans rats were purchased and bred. Dams were randomly divided into four groups (n=3, per group) and injected subcutaneously with different concentrations of nicotine hydrogen tartrate (Sigma CAS Number 65‐31‐6) as follows; Control Group (saline), Low Dose (1 mg/kg), Medium Dose (2 mg/kg), and High Dose (4 mg/kg). Pups were raised under normal laboratory conditions. We additionally monitored the weights and food intake levels of mothers during pregnancy.Incisor Growth Measurement: Offspring were anesthetized with a 2L/m oxygen flow with 5% isoflurane. Grooves were made above the gum line of mandibular incisors using an electronic dremel. After 7 days, incisor length measurement was made by measuring the distance between the gum tissue boundary and the groove. A new groove was made at the gum line. Measurements were taken every 7 days for eight weeks. Upon completion of the study, the animals were euthanized by carbon dioxide inhalation followed by bilateral thoracotomy. All procedures used on live animals were approved by St. Olaf College Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.The differences among groups on incisor growth rate, maternal food intake, weight gain and litter size were determined by analysis of variance. P values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant.Nicotine injection during pregnancy is associated with reduced food intake and weight growth of the mothers. Prenatal exposure to nicotine also altered incisor growth rates among their offspring. Our results have shown that the mean dental growth of male offspring in the control, low, medium, and high doses were 4.8 mm, 4.0 mm, 4.4 mm, and 4.4 mm, respectively; the mean dental growth of female offspring in the control, low, medium, and high doses were 4.7 mm, 3.9 mm, 4.1 mm, and 4.4 mm, respectively. According to our two factor ANOVA, the result rejects the hypothesis that there is a correlation between sex and dental growth differences among the groups. On the other hand, the Tukey‐Kramer test suggested that there were statistically significant differences between the control and low groups, control and medium groups, and low and high groups in regard to dental growth rates. However, the correlation between nicotine dosage and dental growth in statistically significant groups is not dosage dependent, In conclusion, maternal nicotine uptake does not affect dental growth rate in a dose dependent pathway.Support or Funding InformationSt. Olaf Biology Department