Tubular Goods Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TUBE QUENCHING PROTOTYPE UNIT

This paper describes the stages of applied research and development leading to a functional prototype of a quenching unit. It became a part of a closed facility of process equipment for thermal treatment by refining and other methods of annealing of seamless steel tubes for the OCTG industry (Oil Country Tubular Goods), power engineering and mechanical engineering in Třinecké Železárny. The development of the prototype has been divided into several stages: mapping of the current state and critical assessment of the technical and technological level of the existing equipment in the Tube Mill, laboratory testing of tube samples cooling, including numerical simulations with the prediction of the initial settings of the process parameters for the recommendation of the technological configuration of the quenching unit prototype and finally a comprehensive technical design of the prototype quenching unit. The design of the prototype technical solution served as the basis for the creation of the detailed engineering documentation with the subsequent construction of the prototype quenching unit. The paper summarizes the procedures and results of individual development stages, including the results of measured temperatures of tubes during actual operation of the prototype and the results of additional numerical simulations of its actual cooling capacity.

Stress corrosion crack evaluation of super 13Cr tubing in high-temperature and high-pressure gas wells

Abstract Super 13Cr is widely used for oil country tubular goods (OCTG) in wet CO2 environments with small amounts of H2S. This paper presents a case study of super 13Cr tubing that failed due to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM), and fluorescent magnetic particle inspection were used to investigate the failure mechanism. The results show that the inclusions, metallographic structure, yield strength, and tensile strength of the tubing meet the standard requirements. Furthermore, cracking analysis of the tubing shows that both secondary cracks propagating along grain boundaries and tree root branching were sunlight readable. Finally, failure was attributed to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). We concluded that the mechanism leading to stress corrosion cracking was corrosion product film breaking.

An Experimental Study on Mechanical properties of P110S under Dynamic Loads

Oil country tubular goods (OCTG) may develop plastic bending, fracture and fatigue failure during the service due to dynamic loads, such as perforation impacts and fluid-induced vibration. This paper was to evaluate strength safety of OCTG under dynamic loading. To gain key parameters of the dynamic constitutive model of materials represented by Johnson-cook. An axial tensile test of the common P110S and an experiment on its mechanical properties under high strain rate were carried out for the first time. The yield limit of P110S under static loads was 775MPa, which was 2.2% higher than the nominal value (758MPa). The ultimate strength was 835MPa and the yield ratio was 1.08. Since it often requires the yield ratio higher than 1.2 5, the P110S had slightly poor tenacity. Under the strain rates of 500s-1 and 1000s-1, the yield limits of P110S were 15.5% and 41.4% higher than the static measured values. The dynamic loading experiments of P110S under the strain rates of 500s−1 and 1000s−1 were corresponding to the fluid-induced vibration of columns and perforation i mpacts-induced vibration of columns, respectively. Dynamic factor of P110S was determined according to engineering habits. According to conversion and contrast analysis on increment of yield limit under dynamic loading, the final strengths were decreased by 4.5% and 8.6%, respe ctively. Moreover, key parameters of the Johnson-cook dynamic constitutive model of P110S material were determined through experiments for the first time. They could provide key para meters of constitutive model for accurate finite element simulation analysis under dynamic loa ds.

United States – Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods from Korea (US–OCTG (Korea)), DS488

The dispute relates to anti-dumping measures imposed by the United States (US) on oil country tubular goods (OCTG) imported from the Republic of Korea (Korea). Korea challenged the ‘laws, regulations, administrative procedures and other measures’ through which the US maintains a ‘viability test’ in anti-dumping investigations, administrative reviews, and other aspects of anti-dumping proceedings ‘as such’ and ‘as applied’ in the underlying investigation in this dispute. Korea also challenged certain aspects of the final anti-dumping measure that was applied by the US on imports of Korean OCTG subsequent to a final determination of dumping by the US Department of Commerce (USDOC) in the underlying investigation. Moreover, Korea challenged certain conduct of the USDOC during the course of the investigation at issue. Finally, Korea challenged the USDOC's remand determination of 22 February 2016 that was issued while the current dispute was pending before the panel. This determination was taken by the USDOC subsequent to a review conducted by the US Court of International Trade (USCIT) on the final determination challenged by Korea in this dispute. The USCIT found aspects of the final determination to be inconsistent with US law and remanded that final determination to the USDOC to cure the relevant inconsistencies.

Effect of Nb on microstructure and yield strength of a high temperature tempered martensitic steel

Martensitic steels based on a composition of 25CrMo47NbVTi with different concentrations of Nb (0.003%–0.060%) were quenched (Q) at 900 °C and tempered (T) at 700 °C to obtain oil country tubular goods (OCTG) with higher yield strength. The precipitation and microstructures were characterized and quantified by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the increased Nb content led to an enhanced overall precipitation, the rising solution-precipitation temperature, the increased mass or volume fraction of the Nb-containing precipitates, and the decreased average diameter of Nb-containing particles. With the enhanced precipitation of small sized Nb-containing particles, the austenite grain and corresponding martensitic packet and block were evidently refined. In addition, the dislocation density increased slightly with increasing Nb addition. The yield strength was experimentally measured and quantitatively estimated. The findings based on theoretical calculations indicated that as a consequence of intensified strengthening from grain boundaries, precipitates and dislocations, the yield strength was enhanced significantly by Nb addition.

Effect of heavy tempering on microstructure and yield strength of 28CrMo48VTiB martensitic steel

The 28CrMo48VTiB martensitic steel for sulfide stress cracking (SSC) resistance oil country tubular goods (OCTG) of C110 grade was thermally processed through quenching at 890 °C and tempering at 600 °C–720 °C for 30–90 min. The microstructures of all samples were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffractometry (XRD). Also, the tensile properties were measured. The results indicated that the yield strength (YS) decreased as both the tempering temperature and duration increased, due to the coarsening of martensitic packet/block/lath structures, the reduction of dislocation density, as well as the increase of both the volume fraction and average diameter of the precipitates. The martensitic lath width was the key microstructural parameter controlling the YS of this heavily-tempered martensitic steel, whereas the corresponding relationship was in accordance with the Langford-Cohen model. Furthermore, the martensitic structure boundary and the solid solution strengthening were the two most significant factors dominating the YS, in comparison with the dislocation and precipitation strengthening.

에너지 강관의 결함 검출을 위한 다채널 초음파 시스템

에너지 강관의 결함 검출을 위한 다채널 초음파 시스템

Sensitivity analysis of the expansion process for alloy UNS N08028

Due to the good mechanical properties of forged parts, the forging process plays a decisive role in the manufacturing of seamless stainless steel pipes for oil country tubular goods (OCTG) lines. Tough competition between manufacturers gives them plenty of incentive to make their processes in raw material and energy usage more and more efficient. In this context the expansion process is one of the critical production steps in the manufacturing of seamless stainless steel pipes. This work presents a sensitivity analysis of a finite element method (FEM) for the simulation of the expansion of the alloy UNS N08028. The input parameters ram speed, tool angle, initial ID and final ID of the billet as well as temperature were used to describe responses like tool wear and material loss. With the aim to minimize the tool wear and to reduce the material waste, a study of influence of the input parameters on the mentioned responses were performed. This development is supported by experimental work in order to validate the simulation model. The sector demand for new materials with specific properties and the cost-intensive experimental trials justifies the use of such simulation tools and opens great opportunities for the industry.

Погрешности обработки резьбовых соединений труб нефтяного сортамента

Погрешности обработки резьбовых соединений труб нефтяного сортамента

SUMITOMO SM17CRS-125

Abstract Sumitomo SM17CRS-125 is a high-strength martensitic-ferritic alloy for use in oil country tubular goods as a material suitable for corrosive well service. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming and heat treating. Filing Code: SS-1273. Producer or source: Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal Corporation.

SUMITOMO SMC276-125

Abstract Sumitomo SMC276-125 (minimum yield strength of 125 ksi, or 862 MPa) is a high-strength nickel alloy (nominal 16% Mo) for use in oil country tubular goods as a material suitable for severe sour service. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming and heat treating. Filing Code: Ni-738. Producer or source: Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal Corporation.

SUMITOMO SM2050-125

Abstract Sumitomo SM2050-125 is a high-strength nickel alloy for use in oil country tubular goods as a material suitable for severe sour service. This datasheet provides information on composition, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming and heat treating. Filing Code: Ni-736. Producer or source: Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal Corporation.

Corrosion problems in the oil country tubular goods and their mitigation – a review

PurposeImportant reserves of oil and gas, which are left to be discovered and produced, are mainly concentrated in challenging locations and under severe conditions such as high pressure (HP)/high temperature (HT). The presence of aggressive environments including H2S, CO2 and chlorides plus HP/HT causes a series of corrosion problems, which cost the oil industry billions of dollars a year. Thus, there is an increasing challenge for tubes (i.e. oil country tubular goods, for short, OCTG) used in producing oil and gas. The purpose of this study is to summarize different kinds of corrosion problems and their mitigation, to more efficiently protect OCTG from corrosion.Design/methodology/approachTo effectively select proper mitigation methods, the mechanism of corrosion must be understood, which can be classified into four categories: sweet corrosion, sour corrosion, galvanic corrosion and microbiologically induced corrosion. Also, the effects of environmental and material factors on the corrosion rate are presented. Subsequently, current technology of mitigating these corrosion problems has been discussed, including the development of materials, application of chemical inhibitors and application of protective layers.FindingsIt is stressed that limits exist for each individual mitigation method; therefore, a careful balance between economic life of OCTG and safety in operation is required.Originality/valueThe main purpose of this essay is to give a brief review and detailed introduction and analysis about those technologies.

SUMITOMO SM2550-125

Abstract Sumitomo SM2550-125 is a high strength nickel alloy for use in oil country tubular goods as a material suitable for severe sour service. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming and heat treating. Filing Code: Ni-735. Producer or source: Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal Corporation.

Research on Metal Forming in Pipe Ends Upsetting Process

Oil country tubular goods (OCTG) are widely used in oil and gas industry. In order to increase joint efficiency of the oil country tubular goods, the process for upsetting their ends is applied. However, the weakness of this upsetting technology is a frequent defect creation on the inner surface of the final product. These imperfections are surface breakings that reduce the effective pipe wall thickness; they are detected close to the upset ends of the pipe. Computer simulation and full-scale experiment were used to study this defect nucleation. According to this research, the occurrence of defects is correlated with average pipe wall thickness, non-uniform wall thickness of the blank, heating mode and friction conditions. The results of full-scale experiment confirm the main conclusions made in the course of the finite element simulation. The research results define the interdependence of actual size of the blank and the operating tool calibration.

Study of Oil Country Tubular Goods Casing and Liner Wear Mechanism on Corrosion-Resistant Alloys

Summary Oil country tubular goods (OCTG) casing and liner wear is a critical problem in today's drilling environments. To put in place practical countermeasures, it is important to understand its mechanism. This paper presents tribological and electrochemical experiments by use of various OCTG casing materials and environmental liquids, along with the in-situ observation and analysis of the rubbing interface. The results revealed that corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) showed an adhesive wear mechanism with relatively high wear rates, whereas low-alloy steels showed an abrasive or a corrosive wear mechanism with mild wear rates. The wear rate had a clear correlation with corrosiveness, where the wear rate increased as corrosion current densities decreased. In-situ observation exhibited that corrosion products γ-FeOOH or Fe3O4 were generated and simultaneously scraped by sliding in the case of carbon steel, whereas no corrosion products were generated in the case of corrosion-resistant alloys. In conclusion, CRAs tend to have metal-to-metal adhesion (scuffing) with iron-based tool material, resulting in a high wear rate. However, low-alloy-steel casing can avoid adhesion by oxidizing its surface, resulting in a mild wear rate.

SUMITOMO SM2242-125

Abstract Sumitomo SM2242-125 is a high strength austenitic alloy for use in oil country tubular goods as a material suitable for severe sour service. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming and heat treating. Filing Code: Ni-734. Producer or source: Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal Corporation.

Experimental research on strain-hardening effect of 40CrMnMo in turning process based on the Oxley-Welsh theory

Based on the Oxley-Welsh theory, this paper focuses on the influence of strain-hardening behavior of oil country tubular goods (OCTG) 40CrMnMo (workpiece material) on a cutting model and the influence of cutting parameters on a stress distribution in the shear zone and the chip formation in turning processes by establishing a reasonable cutting experimental platform. Then a relationship model between the shear flow stress and the hydrostatic stress in the shear zone is built, and the size effect and strain-hardening effect of the shear zone in the turning process are explained reasonably, especially for the influence of them on the chip morphology. The research results show that the slope K of the relationship model is not caused by the Bridgman effect but results from a synergistic action of the size effect and the strain-hardening effect in the shear zone of the workpiece material. The workpiece 40CrMnMo in the shear zone can obtain a better resistance to the inhomogeneous plastic deformation under a certain cutting condition.

SUMITOMO SM2535-125

Abstract Sumitomo SM2535 is a very high strength austenitic stainless steel for use in oil country tubular goods as a material suitable for severe sour service. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming and heat treating. Filing Code: SS-1268. Producer or source: Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal Corporation.

SUMITOMO SMC276-110

Abstract Sumitomo SMC276-110 (minimum yield strength of 110 ksi, or 758 MPa) is an austenitic high-strength nickel alloy for use in oil country tubular goods as a material suitable for severe sour service. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming and heat treating. Filing Code: Ni-730. Producer or source: Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal Corporation.