Tube Technology Research Articles

Accelerator development at the FREIA Laboratory

The FREIA Laboratory at Uppsala University focuses on superconducting technology and accelerator development. It actively supports the development of the European Spallation Source, CERN, and MAX IV, among others. FREIA has developed test facilities for superconducting accelerator technology such as a double-cavity horizontal test cryostat, a vertical cryostat with a novel magnetic field compensation scheme, and a test stand for short cryomodules. Accelerating cavities have been tested in the horizontal cryostat, crab-cavities cavities in the vertical cryostat, and cryomodules for ESS on the cryomodule test stand. High power radio-frequency amplifier prototypes based on vacuum tube technology were developed for driving spoke cavities. Solid-state amplifiers and power combiners are under development for future projects. We present the status of the FREIA Laboratory complemented with results of recent projects and future prospects.

Paramount feat to sway and purge pollution by adopting computational intelligence

Human's can't imagine machines independent. From Vacuum Tubes technology to transistors and now with Integrated chip (IC), semiconductor technology defined another industrial revolution. The modern industrial twirl is already in transpire. Artificial intelligence (AI) is ushering in the new age of technologies that are super fast, more flexible, much potential, and initiating the world more digitally connected. No doubt the potential of IoT and AI to clean up the environment is cosmic. A computational concept like fuzzy logic, neural network, and machine learning will change the perspective of machine how they are used now. Our study reveals retrospect progression in the internet of things and artificial intelligence technologies to curb ecological pollution. New generation AI-enabled intelligent control systems are optimized with a complex algorithm to identify and eliminate pollutants for environmental clean-ups. With AI automation pollution management and mitigation, developments are examined. Adopting tech-savvy IoT and AI technology, dependency on machines can be seemly employed. For example; Transportation Management System using AI and IOT can be used to determine the best shipping routes by cutting fuel and gas consumption. To some extent ICT, wireless technology adds a contribution to reducing E-Waste. ICT together with IoT acts as a mediator while renting and sharing devices among people with different industries. AI helps to solve complex data analysis that supports Quick Decision System and policymaking. With intelligent robots, we can monitor and control acidification on Soil and water. The concept of neural network and fuzzy logic are greatly used to develop intelligent machines that predict different gas rates and chemical processes. AI machines that continuously check the pH level of water, Analysis Air Quality Index can be built to monitor water resources and atmosphere. Some AI robots can identify pollutants and helps to separate them. Now we are successful in a bifurcation of paper with plastic, Iron with aluminum. Such a method contributes to the waste management system appropriately. Our study also inspects the challenges of implementing AI, How data mining and big data management feed system.
 Authentication/Authorization work with industry and governing authority. Inspection of a biased algorithm, poor network, and security. There is no new route to achieve our goal. Our goal is to achieve paramount measures with two concepts in mind, that are Humans assist machines and Machines assist humans to control and prevent pollution in these critical situations. Both humans and machines together find an instant solution with renting and sharing that helps to minimize ecosystem effluence

Application and Exploration of Early In-Situ Combustion Huff-and-Puff Technology in a Deep Undisturbed Reservoir with Extra Heavy Oil

Summary Achieving effective results using conventional thermal recovery technology is challenging in the deep undisturbed reservoir with extra-heavy oil in the LKQ oil field. Therefore, in this study, a novel approach based on in-situ combustion huff-and-puff technology is proposed. Through physical and numerical simulations of the reservoir, the oil recovery mechanism and key injection and production parameters of early-stage ultraheavy oil were investigated, and a series of key engineering supporting technologies were developed that were confirmed to be feasible via a pilot test. The results revealed that the ultraheavy oil in the LKQ oil field could achieve oxidation combustion under a high ignition temperature of greater than 450°C, where in-situ cracking and upgrading could occur, leading to greatly decreased viscosity of ultraheavy oil and significantly improved mobility. Moreover, it could achieve higher extra-heavy-oil production combined with the energy supplement of flue gas injection. The reasonable cycles of in-situ combustion huff and puff were five cycles, with the first cycle of gas injection of 300 000 m3 and the gas injection volume per cycle increasing in turn. It was predicted that the incremental oil production of a single well would be 500 t in one cycle. In addition, the supporting technologies were developed, such as a coiled-tubing electric ignition system, an integrated temperature and pressure monitoring system in coiled tubing, anticorrosion cementing and completion technology with high-temperature and high-pressure thermal recovery, and anticorrosion injection-production integrated lifting technology. The proposed method was applied to a pilot test in the YS3 well in the LKQ oil field. The high-pressure ignition was achieved in the 2200-m-deep well using the coiled-tubing electric igniter. The maximum temperature tolerance of the integrated monitoring system in coiled tubing reached up to 1200°C, which provided the functions of distributed temperature and multipoint pressure measurement in the entire wellbore. The combination of 13Cr-P110 casing and titanium alloy tubing effectively reduced the high-temperature and high-pressure oxygen corrosion of the wellbore. The successful field test of the comprehensive supporting engineering technologies presents a new approach for effective production in deep extra-heavy-oil reservoirs.

A new theoretical model of low cycle fatigue life for coiled tubing under coupling load

Coiled tubing (CT) technology is widely used in oil and gas industry. In the operation process, low cycle fatigue failure is easy to occur. Therefore it is necessary to predict the fatigue life of CT. In this paper, a new theoretical model of low cycle fatigue life for CT is established, the feasibility of the theoretical model is verified by experimental result and Finite Element (FE) value. This method effectively solves the problem that the result of the previous model is not more accurate at some conditions. Using the theoretical model, the effect of CT steel grade, wall thickness, outer diameter (OD), reel radius, guider radius and internal pressure on the fatigue life are studied by using the theoretical model. The result shows that the reel radius, CT OD and internal pressure are the sensitive parameters that affect the fatigue life of CT.

Large-scale preparation of 2D VSe2 through a defect-engineering approach for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction

Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as VSe2, are widely explored as promising hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts, however, the catalytically inert basal planes remain a great challenge limiting the H2 evolution process. Herein, a defect-engineering approach is adopted to activate the inert basal planes of VSe2 by embedding Se vacancies in the crystal lattice via the sealed-quartz tube technology at controlled reaction conditions. The Se vacancies are introduced by tuning the molar ratio of V and Se powders which in situ forms V3+ to revamp the electronic configuration and expose more catalytic active sites favoring reduce the Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption (△GH). The upgraded VSe2-1.8 delivers an overpotential value of 160 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 which shows its superiority compared with the reported literatures. Not only that, a small Tafel slope 85 mV dec-1 and excellent stability for 48 h demonstrate its fast reaction kinetics and applicability for a long period of time. Moreover, the theoretical calculation results also indicate that introducing proper Se-vacancy density to form the separate defects on the basal plane of VSe2 can yield the optimal △GH, which achieve higher intrinsic HER activity. Furthermore, a high throughput synthesis device is designed for large-scale preparation of the catalysts which is much suitable for application at commercial level. The defect engineering technique to trigger more active sites provides a novel and efficient way to enhance HER performance of 2D TMDs.

Optimization of Heat-insulating Pipes for Thermal Recovery of Heavy Oil in Bohai Sea and Optimization of Nitrogen Injection Technology

The thermal recovery wells in Bohai Oilfield have been subjected to multiple rounds of thermal recovery, and optimizing wellbore insulation technology has become one of the most critical technologies in thermal recovery steam injection. At present, the A23 well in the L oilfield of Bohai Oilfield has carried out three rounds of steam stimulation on-site operation, and the third round of steam injection has been optimized and improved on the basis of the second round of steam injection, using 4-1/2″ aerogel insulated tubing steam injection. Comparing with high vacuum insulated tubing used in the second round of Well A23, the second steam injection effectively reduces the heat loss per kilometer of insulated tubing from 14.24% to 10.21%. Meanwhile, the intermittent nitrogen injection process in the empty wellbore reduces the heat loss in the wellbore annulus and effectively reduces the total nitrogen injection volume by 11.86% compared with the previous round. By using aerogel insulated tubing and annulus intermittent nitrogen injection technology, the heat loss of steam injection is reduced and the cost of steam injection for offshore thermal recovery wells is effectively saved.

Experimental and numerical simulation study on fatigue life of coiled tubing with typical defects

Coiled tubing (CT) technology is widely used in oil and gas development. In operation process, defects are common and accelerate the fatigue failure of CT. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the fatigue life of CT with defects. In this paper, the combining method of finite element analysis and experimental analysis is used to analyze the parameters of affecting the fatigue life of CT, such as the depth, length, width and distribution of the defects. Experimental results show that the most important defect parameter is the defect depth. Considering the effect of these significant parameters, based on the elastic-plastic mechanics and Brown-Miller fatigue life theoretical model, a theoretical model of the fatigue life of CT with pit defects was established, and it was modified according to the experimental results for obtaining more accurate theoretical model of the fatigue life of CT. The theoretical model is suitable for CT with ellipsoidal defects, and the defects are volume reduction defects caused by mechanical damage.

Calculation method of production pressure drop based on BP neural network velocity pipe string production in CBM wells

In the stable production stage CBM wells have the characteristics of high gas production and low water production. The use of continuous velocity tube technology for drainage can achieve better drainage results. Accurate and rapid prediction of the pressure drop of velocity pipe string production in a coalbed methane well has become the key to the operation and management of velocity pipe technology. This paper uses the nonlinear mapping and prediction capabilities of the BP neural network to build a three-layer BP neural network to construct a velocity pipe string production pressure drop prediction model. The model is based on gas production, water production, bottom hole pressure, pipe string diameter, and well depth. The five factors are input, and the pressure drop of the pipe string is the output, which can quickly and accurately realize the pressure drop analysis and calculation of the speed pipe drainage. The analysis shows that it is feasible to use the BP neural network to calculate and analyse the pressure drop of the velocity string of coalbed methane wells.

Next frontiers in particle physics detectors: INSTR2020 summary and a look into the future

The physics goals of high luminosity particle accelerators, from LHC to HL-LHC and to the next generation of lepton colliders, have set quite stringent constraints on the future needs at the Instrumentation Frontier. Many technologies are reaching their sensitivity limit and new approaches need to be developed to overcome the currently irreducible technological challenges. The detrimental effect of the material budget and power consumption represents a very serious concern for a high-precision silicon vertex and tracking detectors. One of the most promising areas is CMOS sensors offering low mass and potentially radiation-hard technology for the future proton-proton and electron-positron colliders, intensity frontier and heavy-ion experiments. MPGDs have become a well-established technique in the fertile field of gaseous detectors; these will remain the primary choice whenever the large-area coverage with low material budget is required. Vacuum tube technology is inherently fast and new developments include advances in microchannel plates for photomultipliers with a potential for a picosecond-time resolution in large systems. Several novel concepts of picosecond-timing detectors will have numerous powerful applications in particle identification, pile-up rejection and event reconstruction, and serve numerous scientific goals. The story of modern calorimetry is a textbook example of physics research driving the development of an experimental method. Silicon photomultipliers have seen a rapid progress in the last decade, becoming the standard solution for scintillator-based devices. The integration of advanced electronics and data transmission functionalities plays an increasingly important role and needs to be addressed. Bringing the modern algorithmic advances from the field of machine learning from offline applications to online operations and trigger systems is another major challenge. The timescales spanned by future projects in particle physics, ranging from few years to many decades, constitute a challenge in itself, in addition to the complexity and diversity of the required accelerator and detector R&D. This paper summarizes advances and recent trends in the instrumentation techniques for particle physics experiments, largely based on the presentations given at the International Conference “Instrumentation for Colliding Beam Physics” (INSTR-20), held at BINP Novosibirsk, Russia, from 24 to 28 February, 2020.

Academician Yu Hongru: Pioneer of New Detonation Driving Method for Shock Tubes

Yu Hongru studied mathematics and mechanical engineering in his early years, laying a solid foundation for the combination of science and engineering. In 1956, he was admitted to the Graduate School of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Under the guidance of Qian Xuesen, Lin Tongji, and other masters, as well as his inherent quality and understanding, he embarked on an experimental research journey of "shock wave phenomenon and its application" . Yu Hongru abandoned the techniques used in other countries to meet the needs of our country and explored a low-cost and efficient high-enthalpy experimental method detonation drive, which was widely praised by his international peers. He also actively promoted the application of shock tube and shock tunnel technology in national defense, aerospace engineering, and civil engineering. At the beginning of the 21st century, he researched the performance of a hypersonic ramjet and explored a new concept of using a catalytic composite method to improve the thrust of ramjets. Yu is also actively concerned about the development of China’s Pneumatic Center. He paved the way for the later reseachers.

A fast and efficient scheme for solving a class of nonlinear Lienard’s equations

In this work, we propose a numerical framework for solving a class of Lienard’s equation. This equation arises in the development of radio and vacuum tube technology. The spatial approximation is based on the Bernoulli collocation method in which the shifted Chebyshev collocation points are used as collocation nodes. The operational matrix of derivatives of Bernoulli is introduced. The matrix together with the collocation method is then utilized to reduce the problem into a system of nonlinear algebraic equations. Also, a reliable and fast approach for solving this nonlinear system is discussed. The error function is presented to assure the accuracy of the solution. Numerical results and comparisons with other existing methods provided in the literature are made proving the ability of the proposed scheme of providing excellent results.

Solar thermal wastewater evaporation for brine management and low pressure steam using the XCPC

In this manuscript, the performance of a commercial thermal evaporator powered using solar energy is described. The solar collector, known as the external compound parabolic concentrator (XCPC), is an emerging technology which combines nonimaging optics and metal-glass vacuum tube technology to provide high operating temperatures from a stationary collector. Paired with a commercial thermal evaporator, it provides a renewable heat alternative to fossil fuels for wastewater volume reductions. To assess performance, the team at UC Merced installed a 10 gallon-per-hour (0.037 m3/hr) thermal evaporator and connected it to a 30 kW solar thermal collector field. The solar array operates between 130 and 150 °C, providing thermal energy to drive evaporation for 8 h each day. The single-stage thermal evaporator has a specific energy consumption of 776 kWh/m3. Performance of the array was then used to develop an annual performance model to extrapolate performance for different locations and thermal loads (e.g. other commercial and emerging water treatment and desalination technologies). Extrapolating performance yields an annual thermal generation of ~500 kWhth useable heat delivered to the process load at 150 °C per square meter of solar field, although the team estimates a commercial installation can generate closer to 625 kWh/m2/year. Thus a commercial installation could process 2.5–3 m3 of product water per square meter each year. At these temperatures the thermal energy can also be used to decarbonize a number of other industrial processes such as evaporation, desalination, drying, and more.

Evaluation of chemical polymers as coagulation aids to remove suspended solids from marine finfish recirculating aquaculture system discharge using a geotextile bag

Traditionally used in the construction and excavation industries to remove solids from runoff, geotextile fabric tube (Geotube) technology has been adopted by freshwater aquaculture facilities as a method of effluent management. The effectiveness of a Geotube is improved by using chemical polymers to bind suspended solids in the effluent for greater retention; however, polymers used in freshwater systems may not be effective in marine systems. Using laboratory jar tests, seven organic polymers of different molecular weights and ionic charges were evaluated at doses ranging from 0 to 50 ppm for solids removal efficiency (SRE) from effluent from a marine (33 ppt) finfish RAS growing black sea bass. Of the seven polymers screened, two cationic high molecular weight polyacrylamide polymers Drewfloc (DF) 2449 and DF 2468 had high SRE of total suspended solids (TSS) (36.1–84.4 %). Further tests using miniature geotextile bags confirmed that DF 2449 at 10 ppm and DF 2468 at 5 ppm had high SRE (73.3–75.9%) compared to the untreated control (43.4 %). When applied to a commercial-scale Geotube, DF 2449 at 10 ppm removed 92.1 % of the TSS in the effluent of the marine finfish RAS growing black sea bass. Rinsing the saline biosolids with freshwater at a rate of 1.63 L per 100 g dry solids reduced the salinity to < 1 ppt, a level safe for land application, while 4.43 L per 100 g dry solids were needed to reduce the salinity to 0.16 ppt. Geotube systems are effective at removing TSS from intensive, marine RAS discharge as well as meeting NPDES discharge compliance and reducing the impact of aquaculture on local waters.

The Calculating Method of Thinning Pipes Ends before Rolling in the Reduction Mill

In this article it is discussed one of the main directions of improving the rolling tubes technology on a pipe-rolling plant with a continuous mill, in order to reduce the pipe-ends cut. A method for preliminary end sections thinning modes, calculating during rolling on a continuous mill, to compensate for wall subsequent thickening in the reduction mill, has been developed. Method distinctive feature is the calculation of end thickening volume, which must be reduced by a specified quantity when end sections rolled. The sequence of technological calculations is given. The results of pipe reduction computer simulation by regular rolling modes, and modes calculated by the proposed method, are represented The analysis of the simulation results showed the possibility of thickened ends length reducing of at least 10%.

Factors and Trends in the Formation of Natural–Technogenic Associations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Snow–Soil System

The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and snow cover near the carbon black plants in Moscow, Omsk, and Samara regions was studied. The differences in the composition, bulk atmospheric deposition, and resources of PAHs in soils in key areas controlled by the production technology and the duration of the plant work were revealed. It was established that all key areas are characterized by lower modern delivery of PAHs in comparison with the activities of plants in the past. The highest amounts and the heaviest composition of PAHs were detected near a nonoperating plant, which previously had used an environmentally unfavorable tube technology. In all areas, the soils are characterized by a higher proportion of phenanthrene associations in relation to the snow; without account for phenanthrene in soils, the same PAHs dominate in the snow. The snow and soil PAH associations are the most similar near the operating plant.

Experimental Study of Microstructures in Bias Weld of Coiled Tubing Steel Strip With Multi-Frequency Eddy Current Testing

Coiled tubing technology is widely used in drilling and repairing operations, and the quality of bias weld directly determines the fatigue life of the coiled tubing. The microstructures consistency between the bias weld and the base metal determines that whether the fatigue resistance of the weld reaches the level of the base metal. In this paper, multi-frequency eddy current testing technique is used to detect the reactance of the bias weld zone and the base material zone within coiled tubing steel strip, which can be used to determine the microstructure consistency between the base metal area and the weld area, and in turn to improve the welding technology and heat treatment process. In this work, CT100 and CT90 materials with the bias weld for coiled tubing were used as the test samples, and the on-line real-time non-destructive testing technology was used to judge whether welding technology and heat treatment technology have been improved. The basis for determination is whether the mechanical properties and fatigue properties of the welding site reach the base material level. The weld zone and base metal zone can be identified by analyzing the characteristic cloud map of the detection signal, and then the quality of partial weld can be evaluated according to the difference of microstructure between them, which is of guiding significance for quality control and improvement of coiled tubing production process.

Straw Chambers for the NA64 Experiment

The aim of this work is to describe the characteristics and properties of the particle-tracking detectors created at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research by the glued straw tube technology for the NA64 experiment on the extracted electron beam of the CERN SPS. The physical task of the experiment is to search for phenomena of the dark sector and dark matter.

Progress of ITER-India activities for ITER deliverables—challenges and mitigation measures

The responsibilities of ITER-India include a mix of precision, heavy, R&D intensive and interface intensive systems, under the built-to-print and functional systems categories. In several systems, the components are the first or largest of their kind. The uniqueness of component specifications and adherence to the desired quality standards considering the harsh nuclear environment in which the components need to operate and survive the lifetime of ITER leads to a challenging situation—namely that neither the existing laboratories nor potential suppliers have ever done or encountered such a scale-up (either in size, capacity, precision, quality etc) and in many cases do not have even the research and development (R&D) infrastructure to match ITER’s requirements. To bridge this gap, ITER-India adopted a two-step approach of first manufacturing prototypes as per ITER-specific standards and then subjecting them all to critical evaluation before launching bulk production. Some of the key areas of development include demonstrations of the following: (a) 1.5 MW radiofrequency power in the 35–65 MHz frequency range under Diacrode and Tetrode tube technologies for the ion cyclotron resonance heating system; (b) a low loss multi-process pipe cryogenic transfer line and the development of a 3.3 kg s−1 cold circulator for the cryoline and cryo-distribution system; (c) an angled accelerator grid with precision in positioning of apertures within 50 μm, as a first of its kind development, and special, ITER grade, copper alloy development for the diagnostic neutral beam (DNB) system. Full scale test facilities have been built for the performance assessment of the DNB, the electron cyclotron and ion cyclotron sources, cryogenic transfer lines and diagnostics systems. A summary is presented of the technical features of the major areas of procurements, notable achievements in R&D and manufacturing and their application in the Indian R&D related to fusion.

Rapid serum tube technology overcomes problems associated with use of anticoagulants.

IntroductionFailure to obtain complete blood clotting in serum is a common laboratory problem. Our aim was to determine whether snake proth-rombin activators are effective in clotting blood and producing quality serum for analyte measurement in anticoagulated patients.Materials and methodsWhole blood clotting was studied in a total of 64 blood samples (41 controls, 20 Warfarin patients, 3 anticoagulated patients using snake venom prothrombin activator (OsPA)) with plain tubes. Coagulation was analysed using a visual assay, Hyland-Clotek and thromboelastography. Healthy control blood was spiked with a range of anticoagulants to determine the effectiveness of OsPa-induced clotting. A paired analysis of a Dabigatran patient and a control investigated the effectiveness of the OsPA clotting tubes. Biochemical analytes (N = 31) were determined for 7 samples on chemistry and immunoassay analysers and compared with commercial tubes.ResultsSnake venom prothrombin activators efficiently coagulated blood and plasma spiked with heparin and commonly used anticoagulants. Clotting was observed in the presence of anticoagulants whereas no clotting was observed in BDRST tubes containing 3 U/mL of heparin. Snake venom prothrombin activator enhanced heparinised blood clotting by shortening substantially the clotting time and improving significantly the strength of the clot. Comparison of 31 analytes from the blood of five healthy and two anticoagulated participants gave very good agreement between the analyte concentrations determined.ConclusionsOur results showed that the snake venom prothrombin activators OsPA and PtPA efficiently coagulated recalcified and fresh bloods with or without added anticoagulants. These procoagulants produced high quality serum for accurate analyte measurement.

A Novel Robotic Endoscopic Device used for Operative Hysteroscopy

Video Objective To trial the use of a novel robotic endoscopic surgery platform for operative hysteroscopy. Setting A uterine tissue model with simulated polyps in various locations (Gynesim). Interventions The robotic endoscope is a surgical platform that simultaneously delivers two instruments that are 2-3mm in size using concentric tube technology. These instruments extend from the tip of a standard rigid endoscope outer sheath and are controlled robotically by an operator distant from the surgical field. In this pilot, a probe and monopolar needle were used to resect simulated endometrial polyps. Surgical principles of adequate exposure and traction and counter-traction are demonstrated. Conclusion The robotic endoscope platform may offer advantages over conventional hysteroscopy that could be useful for some applications. These advantages include: improved exposure, finer dissection capability, and use of two handed technique to allow traction and counter-traction. Further study regarding the safe, efficient, and cost-effective use of the robotic endoscope in gynecology is needed. To trial the use of a novel robotic endoscopic surgery platform for operative hysteroscopy. A uterine tissue model with simulated polyps in various locations (Gynesim). The robotic endoscope is a surgical platform that simultaneously delivers two instruments that are 2-3mm in size using concentric tube technology. These instruments extend from the tip of a standard rigid endoscope outer sheath and are controlled robotically by an operator distant from the surgical field. In this pilot, a probe and monopolar needle were used to resect simulated endometrial polyps. Surgical principles of adequate exposure and traction and counter-traction are demonstrated. The robotic endoscope platform may offer advantages over conventional hysteroscopy that could be useful for some applications. These advantages include: improved exposure, finer dissection capability, and use of two handed technique to allow traction and counter-traction. Further study regarding the safe, efficient, and cost-effective use of the robotic endoscope in gynecology is needed.