Rates Of Tuberculosis Research Articles

The impact of meteorological factors on tuberculosis incidence in Spain: a spatiotemporal analysis.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global leading cause of death, necessitating an investigation into its unequal distribution. Sun exposure, linked to vitamin D (VD) synthesis, has been proposed as a protective factor. This study aimed to analyse TB rates in Spain over time and space and explore their relationship with sunlight exposure. An ecological study examined the associations between rainfall, sunshine hours, and TB incidence in Spain. Data from the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network (RENAVE in Spanish) and the Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET in Spanish) from 2012 to 2020 were utilized. Correlation and spatial regression analyses were conducted. Between 2012 and 2020, 43,419 non-imported TB cases were reported. A geographic pattern (north-south) and distinct seasonality (spring peaks and autumn troughs) were observed. Sunshine hours and rainfall displayed a strong negative correlation. Spatial regression and seasonal models identified a negative correlation between TB incidence and sunshine hours, with a four-month lag. A clear spatiotemporal association between TB incidence and sunshine hours emerged in Spain from 2012 to 2020. VD levels likely mediate this relationship, being influenced by sunlight exposure and TB development. Further research is warranted to elucidate the causal pathway and inform public health strategies for improved TB control.

TEENAGE CADRES ELIMINATE PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN KASANG PUDAK VILLAGE, DISTRICT MUARO JAMBI

The education and skills carried out by teenagers as elimination cadres can help prevent pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) in the community in Kasang Pudak Village, Regency of Kumpeh Ulu, District Muaro Jambi. It is done to reduce the risk of spreading Tuberculosis, TB Drug Use, Hand Hygiene and Cough Etiquette. The patient assistance that is carried out has obstacles and challenges in the community because it is tough to be able to provide education to the community of pulmonary TB patients directly; this is because they feel embarrassed and still have the principle that if many people find out that their families are pulmonary TB sufferers, they feel alienated from the community. Other. So, the approach is to go through local health workers in the Kumpeh Ulu Health Center Work Area and make an appointment to meet directly with the officers to carry out and educate the companions. Hopefully, this community service activity can be sustainable so that people can apply it in their daily lives and reduce their health status and pulmonary TB rates

Insidious transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Ordos, China: a molecular epidemiology study.

In this study, we conducted this population-based study to evaluate the genetic diversity and clustering rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains using the whole-genome sequencing (WGS), to better understand its transmission in Ordos. All patients with culture-positive TB notified in Ordos from January 2021 to December 2022 were recruited. WGS was performed to analyze single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and to identify genotypic drug susceptibilities of MTB isolates. Overall, a total of 186 patients were included in the present study, of whom 35 (18.8%) had no symptoms suggestive of active TB. Lineage 2 was the predominant MTB sublineage, accounting for 186 of isolates tested. When the pairwise SNP difference ≤ 12 was used as the cutoff for WGS-based clusters, we identified 17 genotypic clusters, and 38 isolates belonged to these 17 clusters, resulting in a clustering rate of 20.4%. The Beijing genotype was an independent factor associating with genomic-clustering (adjusted OR 4.219, 95% CI 0.962-18.502). The overall sensitivity on WGS-based resistance prediction was 85.7% for rifampicin, 73.1% for isoniazid, 60.0% for Ethambutol, 72.7% for streptomycin, and 72.7% for fluoroquinolones. To conclude, the present study demonstrates the extensive recent transmission of Beijing genotype strains in the community of Ordos. The failure to provide a comprehensive pattern of transmission indicated the missed diagnosis of active TB within the community. A substantial proportion of subclinical TB cases are recognized in the bacteria-positive cases, emphasizing that we must interrupt transmission by finding people with active TB before they infect others.

Distribution incidence, mortality of tuberculosis and human development index in Iran: estimates from the global burden of disease study 2019

BackgroundTuberculosis is one of the most serious challenges facing the global healthcare system. This study aims to investigate the incidence and mortality of tuberculosis in Iran from 2010 to 2019 as well as its relationship with the human development index (HDI).MethodsThe present study is an ecological study aiming at investigating the incidence and mortality of tuberculosis in Iran during the years 2010 to 2019. The related data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) website. The spatial pattern attributed to tuberculosis in the provinces of Iran was analyzed using ArcGIS software. In this study, the two-variable correlation method was used to analyze the data extracted to study the correlation between Tuberculosis and HDI.ResultBased on the results recorded in GBD, the incidence of tuberculosis in 2010, that is, 14.61 (12.72, 16.74), declined compared to 2019, namely 12.29 (10.71, 14.09). The age-standardized mortality rate which was 1.63 (1.52, 1.73) in 2010, has decreased compared to 2019: 1.17 (1.07, 1.32). The incidence and mortality rates of tuberculosis in Iran in all age groups have decreased in 2019 compared to 2010. The highest incidence and mortality among tuberculosis patients were recorded in Sistan and Baluchistan and Golestan provinces. The results indicated that there was a negative and significant correlation between the mortality rate of tuberculosis and the human development index in 2010 (r = -0.509, P-value = 0.003) and 2019 (r = -0.36, P-value = 0.001); however, this correlation between incidence and human development index was not significant (p > 0.05).ConclusionSince mortality is mostly observed in areas with low HDI, health system policymakers must pay more attention to these areas in order to improve care and perform screenings to diagnose and treat patients thus reducing the mortality rate of tuberculosis and preventing an increase in its incidence in Iran.

1870. Changes of Tuberculosis Incidence and Mortality after COVID-19 Pandemic: A Interrupted Time-series Analysis

Abstract Background The objective of this study is to investigate how the incidence and mortality levels and trends of tuberculosis changed before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea. Methods To estimate the incidence rate of tuberculosis in Korea, we calculated the number of reported cases per year from 2015 to 2021 and divided it by the corresponding mid-year population. Data on reported cases were obtained from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which mandates the reporting of tuberculosis. Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze monthly incidence and mortality rates, and the Durbin-Watson test was employed to assess seasonality and time-series autocorrelation. Interrupted time series analysis (ITS) using ARIMA models was performed on both the incidence and mortality rates, with the starting point of the COVID-19 pandemic set at February 2020, when the first cases emerged in the community. The tuberculosis mortality was analyzed separately for two age groups: those aged 65 and above, and those under 65. Results During the study period, a total of 204,190 tuberculosis cases were reported, with 12,407 deaths identified. The ITS results showed that the incidence had a significant decreasing trend before the COVID-19 pandemic (b=-0.024, p< 0.01) and a significant decrease in the level of incidence after the pandemic (b=-0.72, p< 0.01). The decreasing trend of incidence was not statistically significant after the pandemic. The mortality had a continuous decreasing trend before the pandemic (b=-0.002, p< 0.01), and the level of mortality significantly decreased after the pandemic (b=-0.029, p< 0.01). However, the trend of mortality increased significantly after the pandemic (b=0.003, p< 0.01). When analyzed by age group, the increase in mortality rate was significantly evident in those aged 65 and above (b=0.016, p< 0.01), while it was not significant in those under 65 (b=0.002, p=7.08). Conclusion After the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a decrease in the incidence of tuberculosis, which resulted in a decrease in the tuberculosis mortality rate. However, in contrast to the pre-pandemic period, the tuberculosis mortality rate has shown a significant increasing trend since the pandemic, indicating collateral damage to tuberculosis patients due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Determining the risk-factors for molecular clustering of drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa

BackgroundDrug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) epidemic is driven mainly by the effect of ongoing transmission. In high-burden settings such as South Africa (SA), considerable demographic and geographic heterogeneity in DR-TB transmission exists. Thus, a better understanding of risk-factors for clustering can help to prioritise resources to specifically targeted high-risk groups as well as areas that contribute disproportionately to transmission.MethodsThe study analyzed potential risk-factors for recent transmission in SA, using data collected from a sentinel molecular surveillance of DR-TB, by comparing demographic, clinical and epidemiologic characteristics with clustering and cluster sizes. A genotypic cluster was defined as two or more patients having identical patterns by the two genotyping methods used. Clustering was used as a proxy for recent transmission. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression were used.ResultThe study identified 277 clusters, with cluster size ranging between 2 and 259 cases. The majority (81.6%) of the clusters were small (2–5 cases) with few large (11–25 cases) and very large (≥ 26 cases) clusters identified mainly in Western Cape (WC), Eastern Cape (EC) and Mpumalanga (MP). In a multivariable model, patients in clusters including 11–25 and ≥ 26 individuals were more likely to be infected by Beijing family, have XDR-TB, living in Nelson Mandela Metro in EC or Umgungunglovo in Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN) provinces, and having history of imprisonment. Individuals belonging in a small genotypic cluster were more likely to infected with Rifampicin resistant TB (RR-TB) and more likely to reside in Frances Baard in Northern Cape (NC).ConclusionSociodemographic, clinical and bacterial risk-factors influenced rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) genotypic clustering. Hence, high-risk groups and hotspot areas for clustering in EC, WC, KZN and MP should be prioritized for targeted intervention to prevent ongoing DR-TB transmission.

Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis

With the ageing of the population, the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly has peaked. Elderly patients with pulmonary tuberculosis are easily misdiagnosed. In terms of treatment, the elderly are characterized by low success rate of treatment and high mortality. In particular, elderly pulmonary tuberculosis patients who are not detected in time and treated effectively, are the source of infection in places where people congregate, such as nursing homes and hospitals. The seriousness of pulmonary tuberculosis in elderly deserves greater recognition from the medical staff, especially respiratory physicians, infectious disease physicians and geriatricians. It is important to formulate and implement expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis in accordance with China's national conditions in order to improve the early diagnosis rate of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis in China, standardize the treatment plan, improve the treatment outcome and to reduce the risk of transmission. This consensus covers the definition, epidemiology, immune status, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly, and provides 20 recommendations for clinicians.

Regional and epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis and treatment outcomes in West China.

To understand the prevalence and treatment outcome of tuberculosis in a typically regional County from 2016 to 2021, so as to provide reference and basis for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis in this area. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the population, time and location distribution of pulmonary tuberculosis in Dazhu County from 2016 to 2021. The incidence rates were compared by Chi-square test and trend test, time distribution combined with seasonal index analysis, and the test level was α = 0.05. A total of 2,899 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were reported in Dazhu County from 2016 to 2021, with an average annual incidence rate of 44.29/100,000 and standardized reported incidence rate was 36.77/100,000, showing a downward trend year by year (χ2 trend = 124.629, p < 0.001). A total of 955 cases of pathogen positive were reported, showing an increasing trend year by year (χ2 trend = 59.773, p < 0.001). In terms of time distribution, the incidence rate was high in autumn and winter, and September and December were the peak of the disease in the whole year, and the overall trend increased first, then decreased and once again increased (F = 5.861, p < 0.05). In regional distribution, the highest annual average reported incidence rate was in concentrated population. The incidence rate of male was higher than female in population distribution. After standardization, the overall incidence rate increased from 34 to 45 years old (χ2 trend = 6963.101, p < 0.001), and decreased after 45 years old (χ2 trend = 1104.393, p < 0.001). The occupation distribution is mainly farmers (82.75%). The overall arrival rate and cure rate of patients showed an upward trend year by year (χ2 trend = 4.306, χ2 trend = 5.772, p < 0.001). The incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis in this regional county is decreasing year by year. Male patients are higher than female patients and have certain seasonal characteristics. Attention should be paid to male, older adult, farmers and other groups, and corresponding measures should be taken to strengthen the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis in high incidence areas.

Risk Factors Associated With the Case Fatality Rate of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Pregnancy: A Five-Year Retrospective Study From a Developing Country

Risk Factors Associated With the Case Fatality Rate of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Pregnancy: A Five-Year Retrospective Study From a Developing Country

Trends in tuberculosis incidence and mortality coefficients in Brazil, 2011-2019: analysis by inflection points.

To analyze the temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence and mortality rates in Brazil between 2011 and 2019. This was an ecological time series study of tuberculosis incidence and mortality rates in Brazil between 2011 and 2019. Data were extracted from the Notifiable Disease Information System and the Mortality Information System, and population estimates were from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Trends were analyzed by Joinpoint regression, which recognizes inflection points for temporal analysis. The average incidence rate of tuberculosis in Brazil in the period was 35.8 cases per 100 000 population. From 2011 to 2015, this coefficient had an annual percentage change of -1.9% (95% CI [-3.4, -0.5]) followed by an increase of 2.4% (95% CI [0.9, 3.9]) until 2019. The average mortality rate between 2011 and 2019 was 2.2 deaths per 100 000 population, with an average annual percentage change of -0.4% (95% CI [-1.0, 0.2]). Amazonas was the only state with an increase in the annual average percentage variation for the incidence rate (3.2%; 95% CI [1.3, 5.1]) and mortality rate (2.7%; 95% CI [1.0, 4.4]) over the years, while Rio de Janeiro state had an increasing inflection for incidence from 2014 to 2019 (2.4%; 95% CI [1.4, 3.5]) and annual average of decreasing percentage variation (-3.5%; 95% CI [-5.0, -1.9]). During the period analyzed, a decreasing trend in incidence was observed between 2011 and 2015, and an increasing trend for the period from 2015 to 2019. On the other hand, no change in the trend for mortality was found in Brazil.

Large scale spatio-temporal modelling of risk factors associated with tuberculosis exposure at the wildlife-livestock interface.

The management of animal tuberculosis (TB) is a priority for European Union animal health authorities. However, and despite all the efforts made to date, a significant part of Spain has as yet been unable to obtain the officially tuberculosis-free (OTF) status. Information regarding wildlife disease status is usually scarce, signifying that the role played by wildlife is usually ignored or poorly assessed in large-scale TB risk factor studies. The National Wildlife Health Surveillance Plan in Spain now provides information on infection rates in wildlife reservoirs at a national level, but there are limitations as regards the sample size, the spatio-temporal distribution of the samples, and the lack of homogeneity of the diagnostic techniques employed. The objective of the study described herein was, therefore, to employ a Bayesian approach with the intention of identifying the risk factors associated with four TB rates in cattle: prevalence, incidence, maintenance and persistence in Spain during the period 2014-2019. The modeling approach included highly informative spatio-temporal latent effects with which to control the limitations of the data. Variation partitioning procedures were carried out, and the pure effect of each factor was mapped in order to identify the most relevant factors associated with TB dynamics in cattle in each region. This made it possible to disclose that the movement of cattle, particularly from counties with herd incidence >1%, was the main driver of the TB dynamics in cattle. The abundance of herds bred for bullfighting was retained in all four models, but had less weight than the movements. After accounting for farm-related factors, the TB prevalence in wild boar was retained in all the models and was significantly related to incidence, maintenance and persistence. With regard to the incidence, variation partitioning revealed that wildlife was the most explicative factor, thus suggesting that it plays a role in the introduction of the pathogen into uninfected herds, and consequently highlighting its importance in breakdowns. These results show, for the first time on a national scale, that wild ungulates play a relevant role in the spatio-temporal variability of TB in cattle, particularly as regards their disease status. Moreover, the spatial representation of the pure effect of each factor made it possible to identify which factors are driving the disease dynamics in each region, thus showing that it is a valuable tool with which to focus efforts towards achieving the OTF status.

Lower socioeconomic status associated with higher tuberculosis rate in South Korea

BackgroundTuberculosis is an infectious disease influenced by social factors rather than a simple infectious disease. In this study, we investigated the relationship between tuberculosis rates and socioeconomic status.MethodsThis study was conducted using data of the 49,483 participants of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI–VIII (2013–2021). The relationships between tuberculosis rates and the quartiles of monthly household income and education level were examined using a multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe KNHANES data revealed that the prevalence of tuberculosis as substantially related to monthly household income (odds ratio [OR], 6.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–32.0 for lowest vs. highest incomes) and education level (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.2–12.0 for 10–12 years vs. ≥13 years; OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.2–14.8 for ≤ 6 years vs. ≥13 years). Furthermore, current tuberculosis treatment was significantly related to monthly household income and education level.ConclusionThere were substantial correlations between tuberculosis rates and socioeconomic status in South Korea.

Mortality Rates Of Adult Pulmonary Tuberculosis With Malnutrition: A Case Report And Comprehensive Literature Review

Tuberculosis (TB) and malnutrition are still major public health problems in the world. These two clinical conditions can occur simultaneously and create a vicious cycle that worsens TB infection or nutritional status. This case report aims to examine the relationship between low nutritional status (malnutrition) of patients and death due to pulmonary TB. A 31 year old woman came to the pulmonary clinic of a tertiary hospital in Jakarta for her third month of drug-sensitive anti-TB drug (OAT) treatment control. Three months earlier, the patient underwent a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) to determine OAT resistance. The conclusion of her anthropometric examination was body mass index (BMI) of 15.6 kg/m2. Before being diagnosed with pulmonary TB, she always had difficulty gaining weight. During the course of disease, her weight decreased by 5 kg per month. After undergoing treatment for 6 months, the patient was declared complete after 6 months of therapy, without any improvement in nutritional status. At 1 year follow-up, the patient experienced a relapse of pulmonary TB with a BMI of 13.2 kg/m2. She died 2 months after diagnosis of relapse TB. Improvement in clinical complaints and conversion to bacteriological examination are indications of successful therapy, including improvement in nutritional status. To analyze the relationship between malnutrition and pulmonary TB and death, the authors conducted a comprehensive literature search in the journal databases PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus, followed by analysis according to the PRISMA 2020 flowchart, for a prognostic cohort study of cases of death in pulmonary TB patients with malnutrition. There is a relationship between BMI and the risk of death in TB patients. Anthropometric measurements, especially BMI, need to be carried out during every physical examination of pulmonary TB cases.&#x0D; Keywords: Body mass index; Malnutrition; Mortality; Tuberculosis

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Tuberculosis and its Treatment in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Study

Purpose: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health concern worldwide and is considered one of the leading causes of death globally. Presently, TB control remains a global struggle, despite a decline in the percentage of cases. In Saudi Arabia, the annual incidence rate of TB is 12 per 100,000 individuals. Although TB incidence has decreased in the country, it has not been fully controlled. Awareness and public education are important in preventing the spread of TB. The objective of this study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding TB and its treatment within the community, while also examining potential gender differences in KAP. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out online among the general population in the Qassim Region of Saudi Arabia, and statistical analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression, chi-square, and t-tests. Results: A total of 450 participants were included in the study; 71.6% of respondents were males, and most of the respondents (71.3%) had a high level of education. Slightly more than half (55.3%) of the respondents have a good level of knowledge. The total percentage of people who have positive attitudes is 46.7%. Within gender, analysis shows that about 48.4% of males and 42.2% of females have a positive attitude. The total percentage of people who have a good practice is 82.4%. Within gender, analysis shows that females (91.4%) have a good practice compared to males (78.9%). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that having a family history of TB was independently associated with a higher level of knowledge, whereas younger age was associated with a positive attitude. On the other hand, gender and education were independently associated with the practice. Conclusion: The knowledge and attitude towards TB among the targeted population were generally moderate, with slightly higher levels of knowledge observed among females. Furthermore, a positive trend of good practices was observed within the study population, particularly among females

Finding and treating both tuberculosis disease and latent infection during population-wide active case finding for tuberculosis elimination.

In recognition of the high rates of undetected tuberculosis in the community, the World Health Organization (WHO) encourages targeted active case finding (ACF) among "high-risk" populations. While this strategy has led to increased case detection in these populations, the epidemic impact of these interventions has not been demonstrated. Historical data suggest that population-wide (untargeted) ACF can interrupt transmission in high-incidence settings, but implementation remains lacking, despite recent advances in screening tools. The reservoir of latent infection-affecting up to a quarter of the global population -complicates elimination efforts by acting as a pool from which future tuberculosis cases may emerge, even after all active cases have been treated. A holistic case finding strategy that addresses both active disease and latent infection is likely to be the optimal approach for rapidly achieving sustainable progress toward TB elimination in a durable way, but safety and cost effectiveness have not been demonstrated. Sensitive, symptom-agnostic community screening, combined with effective tuberculosis treatment and prevention, should eliminate all infectious cases in the community, whilst identifying and treating people with latent infection will also eliminate tomorrow's tuberculosis cases. If real strides toward global tuberculosis elimination are to be made, bold strategies are required using the best available tools and a long horizon for cost-benefit assessment.

Epidemiological features of tuberculosis in the Middle East and North Africa from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease Study 2019.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a preventable and curable disease, although, it still causes more than one million deaths annually. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure the epidemiological status and the burden of TB in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. The study population included 21 countries in the MENA region, covering a population of about 400 million. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database was used. The case definition comprises all forms of TB, containing pulmonary and extra pulmonary TB, which are bacteriologically approved or clinically diagnosed. The prevalence, incidence, death, and the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates per 100,000 people for all national locations by standardized age rates (ASR) were measured. In 2019, Afghanistan had the highest TB-related incidence 85.09 (95% UI, 73.69_98.46), death 21.91 (95% UI, 13.44_29.78), and DALYs rate 695.21 (95% UI, 454.34_939.49). The highest prevalence rates of TB were in Egypt 28935.42 (95% UI, 26125.54_32251.01). The highest TB-related DALYs rate was attributed to alcohol use, high fasting plasma glucose, and smoking were related to Tunisia, Qatar, and Lebanon, respectively. Between 1990 and 2019, TB- related incidence, prevalence, death, and DALYs rate have decreased by 53%, 42.19%, 76.20%, and 75.95% in MENA region, respectively. TB has continued to decrease in prevalence, incidence, death, and DALYs rates in the MENA region, although, nowadays with the COVID-19 pandemic, societies may face more challenges for TB prevention, detection, treatment, and rehabilitation.

The geographical distribution and socioeconomic risk factors of COVID-19, tuberculosis and leprosy in Fortaleza, Brazil

BackgroundFortaleza (Brazil) is high endemic for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy. These three diseases share respiratory droplets through coughing or sneezing as the main mode of transmission but differ in incubation time, with COVID-19 having a short and leprosy a long incubation time. Consequently, contacts of a patient are at higher risk of infection and developing these diseases. There might be scope for combined preventive measures, but a better understanding of the geographical distribution and relevant socioeconomic risk factors of the three diseases is needed first. This study aims to describe the geographic distribution of COVID-19, TB and leprosy incidence and to identify common socioeconomic risk factors.MethodsThe total number of new cases of COVID-19, TB and leprosy, as well as socioeconomic and demographic variables, were retrieved from official registers. The geographical distribution of COVID-19, TB and leprosy rates per neighbourhood was visualised in Quantum GIS, and spatial autocorrelation was measured with Moran’s I in GeoDa. A spatial regression model was applied to understand the association between COVID-19, TB, leprosy rates, and socioeconomic factors.ResultsCOVID-19 and TB showed a more homogenous distribution, whereas leprosy is located more in the south and west of Fortaleza. One neighbourhood (Pedras) in the southeast was identified as high endemic for all three diseases. Literacy was a socioeconomic risk factor for all three diseases: a high literacy rate increases the risk of COVID-19, and a low literacy rate (i.e., illiteracy) increases the risk of TB and leprosy. In addition, high income was associated with COVID-19, while low income with TB.ConclusionsDespite the similar mode of transmission, COVID-19, TB and leprosy show a different distribution of cases in Fortaleza. In addition, associated risk factors are related to wealth in COVID-19 and to poverty in TB and leprosy. These findings may support policymakers in developing (partially combined) primary and secondary prevention considering the efficient use of resources.

Treatment outcome and associated factors among adult patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in selected health centers in Addis Ababa Ethiopia.

The success rate of pulmonary tuberculosis in developing countries is different than expected despite effective treatment. We evaluated treatment outcomes and associated factors of pulmonary tuberculosis patients. A retrospective cross-sectional study was employed among randomly selected health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Patient records of adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated between January 1st, 2017, and December 31st, 2019 were reviewed. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), version 24-computer software was used for analysis. Participants' characteristics were descriptively described, and Bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to determine independent variables related to clinical outcomes. The significance level was determined at p-value < 0.05 and a 95% confidence level. Six hundred thirty-six patient records with a mean age of 37.49± 2.99 were reviewed. The overall treatment success rate was 84.9%. Absence of comorbid illness [AOR = 0.444; 95% CI:0.219-0.900], non-smoking [AOR = 0.35; 95% CI:0.194-0.645], and being HIV negative [AOR = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.106-0.460] were associated with successful treatment outcomes, whereas, not having treatment supporter [AOR = 15.68; 95% CI: 8.11-30.33] was associated with unsuccessful treatment outcome. Treatment success in this study was below the average target set by WHO. HIV positivity, co-morbidities, and smoking increased risk of treatment failure. Patient education about cessation may improve treatment success.

Multivariate Analysis Approach to Factor-Affected Tuberculosis Disease

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by infection with the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Tuberculosis attack organ besides the lung, such as the pleura, lining of the brain, lining of the heart, lymph gland, bones, joint, skin, intestines, kidney, urinary tract, and genital. This disease is found in densely populated settlements with poor sanitation, lack of ventilation and sunlight and lack of rest. Moreover, the factors that will be analyzed in this research are Population Density (X1), Number of HIV/AIDS (X2), number of toddlers who experience nutrition (X3), Number of toddlers who experience BCG immunization (X4), number of toddlers who get exclusive breastfeeding (X5), Total families with PHBS (X6), number of residents with healthy homes (X7), number of families with clean water facilities (X8), number of families with ownership of latrine sanitation (X9), number of families with have landfills (X10), number of families have management waste place (X11), number of elementary education facilities (X12), Number of junior school education facilities (X13), Number of senior school education facilities (X14), Number of institutions fostered by neighborhood health (X15), Number of Posyandu (X16), Number Life Expectancy (X17), Literacy Rate (X18), Human Development Index (X19), Number of Tuberculosis sufferers (X20). This research aims to analyze what variables influence each other on the prevalence rate of tuberculosis in the city of Surabaya. The method used in this research is a multivariate analysis using factor analysis, cluster analysis, biplot analysis and discriminant analysis. This discriminant analysis determines accuracy by calculating the value (1-APER). The resulting research the Number of HIV/AIDS, number of residents with healthy homes, and Number of families with ownership of Sanitation (latrine, landfills, waste management) have a high correlation with the spread of tuberculosis in Surabaya. Meanwhile, areas with a high rate of tuberculosis are Tambaksari, Wonokromo, Sawahan, and Semampir. The classification analysis accuracy level was 90.32% and the accuracy of the resulting model or discriminant function was very high. So that discriminant analysis can be used for predicting the accuracy of tuberculosis prevalence rates.

Age-period-cohort analysis on tuberculosis cases in Japan, 1953-2022.

Age-period-cohort (APC) analysis has been employed to differentiate long-term trends in the incidences of communicable diseases, including tuberculosis (TB), into the effects of age, birth year, and calendar period. However, no such study was hitherto conducted for Japan, which has 70 years of surveillance data. Therefore, we conducted APC analysis for TB in Japan. The national TB data for 1953-2022 were analyzed using the log-transformed linear model of APC analysis. Annual age-and sex-standardized notification rates of TB peaked at 599.0 per 100 000 population in 1955 and fell by 99% to 4.5 in 2022. Adjusting for the effects of the birth cohort and period, the relative age-effect risk of TB peaked at 20-29 years and went down toward 60-69 years. Regarding the birth cohort effect, the TB risk showed a turning point in approximately 1913 for the central years of birth. Another change appeared in 1963 when the decline of the risk slightly stagnated; then, it started declining again at a rate as fast as in 1923-1953. Period effects showed a hump in the late 1950s and early 1960s, then sharply declined to the late 1970s, and reached a near plateau level until 2022. Our results highlight the continuing peak in TB disease risk for young adults and sharp decrease in disease risk in the 1960s and 70s. The introduction of anti-TB drugs in the 1950s and early 1970s had the most important impact on the epidemiology of TB in Japan.