Tuber Appearance Research Articles

BRS Ana: cultivar de batata de duplo propósito

O genótipo BRS Ana é uma nova cultivar de batata adequada para fritura à francesa, com potencial de processamento na forma de palitos pré-fritos congelados e de flocos, liberada em 2007. Foi desenvolvida pelo Programa de Melhoramento de Batata da Embrapa (Clima Temperado, Pelotas-RS, Transferência de Tecnologia - Escritório de Canoinhas-SC e Hortaliças, Brasília-DF), com base na aparência e rendimento de tubérculos, peso específico e qualidade de fritura. Os tubérculos têm película vermelha, levemente áspera, polpa branca, formato oval e olhos rasos. O potencial produtivo é alto. No ecossistema subtropical, apresentou maior produtividade (31,2 t ha-1) que as cultivares mais plantadas no país, quando cultivada no outono, e não diferiu na primavera. Em ecossistema tropical, plantio da seca, a cultivar BRS Ana foi tão produtiva (33,8 t ha-1) quanto as demais cultivares avaliadas. Produziu maior percentagem de tubérculos graúdos (55,6%) e peso médio dos tubérculos (108,4 g) que as testemunhas no outono do ecossistema subtropical. Em ambos os ecossistemas, a cultivar BRS Ana apresentou elevados valores de peso específico (1,086) e conteúdo de matéria seca (19,7%). Nos testes sensoriais mostrou-se adequada à fritura na forma de palitos, tanto no preparo doméstico, quanto na industrialização. É moderadamente suscetível à requeima (Phytophthora infestans) e tem boa resistência à pinta-preta (Alternaria solani). A reação à podridão-mole (Pectobacterium sp.) é similar à das cultivares mais plantadas. Apresenta baixa degenerescência de sementes por viroses, conferida pela resistência moderadamente alta ao PVY e baixa incidência do PLRV. Suscetibilidade a distúrbios de origem fisiológica nos tubérculos não tem sido observada. No ecossistema subtropical a tuberização é mais tardia na primavera, devendo portanto ser plantada mais cedo.

Potencial de clones elite de batata como novas cultivares para Minas Gerais

Historicamente a bataticultura brasileira tem utilizado cultivares desenvolvidas em países de clima temperado, principalmente da Europa, cultivares estas pouco adaptadas às nossas condições ambientais, principalmente ao fotoperíodo mais curto, temperaturas médias mais elevadas, solos mais pobres e maior pressão de patógenos e pragas. Objetivou-se avaliar clones avançados de batata obtidos pelo programa de melhoramento genético da Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), mais resistentes às principais doenças, com ampla adaptação às várias épocas de plantio no sul de Minas Gerais e adequados ao mercado in natura ou ao processamento industrial. Foram realizados seis experimentos em quatro localidades no sul de Minas Gerais, nas safras da seca, de inverno e das águas. O delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados com 26 tratamentos e três repetições, sendo utilizados 22 clones elites e quatro cultivares como testemunhas. Alguns clones apresentaram características de interesse para serem lançados como novas cultivares, podendo ser destinados aos diversos tipos de mercado. Os clones NES 1-08 e PRM 348 poderiam ser indicados ao mercado in natura, pois apresentaram boa aparência de tubérculos e aptidão para usos múltiplos (fritura, purês, cozimento, etc.). Já os clones CBM 9-10 e CBM 4-48 poderiam ser indicados para o processamento industrial na forma de pré-fritas congeladas, pois apresentaram alto peso específico, alta porcentagem de tubérculos graúdos e formato alongado. Os clones CBM 19-11 e CBM 16-16 poderiam ser indicados para o processamento industrial na forma de "chips" e/ou batata "palha", pois apresentaram formato arredondado e peso específico adequado.

Influence of growth regulators on skin colour and scab diseases of red-skinned potatoes

A uniform dark red skin colour is desirable in table potatoes; however, the colour of the popular red-skinned cultivar Norland is variable and tends to fade during storage. This study evaluated the potential to enhance skin colour of red potatoes by foliar application of the auxin-type herbicide 2,4-D or long-lasting analogs of the naturally occuring hormone abscisic acid (ABA). In field trials conducted from 2007 to 2009, the plant growth regulators (PGR) were applied to the foliage of Norland and AC Peregrine Red (a new dark red variety) potato plants when the crop was at the tuber set stage. Although the 2,4-D treatments altered the appearance of the foliage they had no consistent impact on yields or tuber shape, but did reduce the average tuber size. Objective and subjective assessments indicated that the 2,4-D treatments altered the skin colour of the tubers both immediately after harvest and after extended cold storage. The degree and nature of the colour change was somewhat dependent on the year, the rate of 2,4-D applied and the cultivar. The change in tuber appearance arising from the 2,4-D treatments was not always considered desirable by consumer panellists. The 2,4-D treatments also reduced tuber damage by common scab (Streptomyces scabies), but tended to increase grade out to powdery scab (Spongospora subterranea). The ABA analogs had no consistent impact on yields, skin colour or disease reaction. Key words: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, abscisic acid, common scab, powdery scab, Streptomyces scabies, Spongospora subterranea

A Method for Intercultivar Comparison of Potato Tuber Nutrient Content Using Specific Tissue Weight Proportions

Potato tubers are a staple food item in the North American diet. Each potato cultivar has unique tuber appearance and nutritional composition. A method was developed to facilitate better cultivar selection for dietary purposes and obtain a better understanding of the nutrient distribution within specific tissues of potato tubers. This involved a procedure for estimating the percent weight contribution of the 3 major tissue components, including periderm or "skin," cortex, and pith for 20 potato cultivars. Weight determination was based on the volume (calculated through an ellipsoid formula) and density of each component tissue. Calculated percent weight and dry matter data for each tuber tissue provided conversion factor values that were tabulated for all cultivars. An example is provided to illustrate the application of this procedure in facilitating identification of cultivars with significantly greater or lesser protein content.

Seleção para caracteres componentes de aparência e rendimento de tubérculo em plântulas de batata

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar os ganhos esperados com a seleção correlacionada na geração de plântula, para caracteres componentes do rendimento e aparência geral de tubérculos de batata. Foram avaliadas duas populações em casa de vegetação nos cultivos de outono e primavera de 2004. Estimaram-se os ganhos esperados com a seleção direta e ganhos esperados por meio da seleção de caracteres correlacionados geneticamente. Verificou-se que para alguns caracteres os ganhos correlacionados esperados podem ser obtidos na geração de plântula, sendo uma boa opção quando favoreceram caracteres com menores herdabilidades. A curvatura de tubérculo foi o caráter que proporcionou maiores ganhos correlacionados esperados para aparência geral de tubérculo.

Capacidade de combinação multivariada para caracteres de tubérculo em gerações iniciais de seleção em batata

A análise dialélica propicia estimativas de parâmetros úteis à seleção de genitores e ao entendimento dos efeitos genéticos envolvidos na determinação dos caracteres. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a capacidade geral e específica de combinação multivariada de genótipos de batata em gerações iniciais de seleção. Foram avaliadas 20 famílias clonais de batata (5*4) de nove genótipos, em um esquema dialélico, por duas gerações sucessivas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Embrapa Clima Temperado, em Pelotas, RS (31°S, 52°W), na primavera de 2005 e no outono de 2006. Foram avaliados 14 caracteres morfológicos de tubérculo e selecionados os seis mais estáveis ou que melhor repetiram perante as gerações para outras análises. A análise de variância revelou diferença significativa para todos os caracteres. A análise de variância multivariada dialélica com componentes principais mostrou os genótipos "2CRI-1149-1-78", "Eliza", "C-1786-6-96" e "White Lady" com maior capacidade geral de combinação para os caracteres aparência, aspereza, sobrancelha, apontamento, curvatura e achatamento de tubérculo, contribuindo com efeitos aditivos nos cruzamentos. Os cruzamentos "C-1750-15-95"/"Agria", "C-1786-6-96"/ "Asterix" e "Eliza"/"Asterix" destacaram-se em capacidade específica de combinação para sobrancelha, apontamento, curvatura e achatamento de tubérculo, e "2CRI-1149-1-78"/ "Vivaldi", "Eliza"/"BP1" e "Eliza"/"Agria", para aparência, aspereza e sobrancelha de tubérculo.

Qualidade de película de famílias clonais de batata

Aparência geral dos tubérculos é um caráter importante para o melhoramento genético da batata, por afetar consideravelmente na aceitação do produto in natura pelos consumidores. Dentre seus caracteres componentes, destacam-se a coloração e a lisura da película dos tubérculos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a resposta de seleção esperada para caracteres de qualidade de película (lisura e coloração) e aparência de tubérculo em três famílias de batata. Os experimentos foram realizados no campo experimental da sede da Embrapa Clima Temperado, na primavera de 2004 e 2005, utilizando três famílias em segunda e terceira gerações clonais respectivamente. Nos tubérculos, foram avaliados os caracteres lisura e coloração de película e aparência geral de tubérculo. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente segundo modelo REML/BLUP, de modo que distinguissem os efeitos fixos e os aleatórios, realizando-se ainda comparação de médias entre as famílias, correlação entre os caracteres, cálculo de herdabilidade e resposta à seleção. Pode-se verificar que, na geração de populações superiores em qualidade de película, é necessária a inclusão de genitores de película lisa e clara. Lisura de película e coloração de tubérculo são correlacionados com o caráter aparência geral de tubérculo, mas com menor herdabilidade que seus componentes.

Correlações entre caracteres de aparência e rendimento e análise de trilha para aparência de batata

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar correlações entre caracteres da aparência e do rendimento de tubérculo, bem como a influência de caracteres componentes da aparência na expressão do caráter aparência de tubérculo e suas implicações na seleção. Utilizou-se uma população híbrida de batata com 15 famílias e 60 genótipos cada família. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos no campo experimental da Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, no outono de 2004 e 2005. Aparência de tubérculo correlacionou-se mais estreitamente com formato, curvatura, apontamento e sobrancelha de tubérculo, na geração de seedlings; e com uniformidades de formato e tamanho de tubérculo na primeira geração clonal. O caráter rendimento foi mais fortemente associado com tamanho, número e massa médio de tubérculo, na geração de seedlings, e com tamanho, número, massa média, achatamento de tubérculo e vigor de planta, na primeira geração clonal. Verificou-se que curvatura de tubérculo foi o caráter mais efetivo na seleção indireta para a melhoria da aparência em ambas as gerações. Os resultados sugerem que na geração de seedlings o apontamento de tubérculo seja considerado em conjunto com curvatura de tubérculo na seleção para aparência de tubérculo.

Correlations between insect resistance and horticultural traits in potatoes

The objective of this study was to determine relationships between insect resistance and some horticultural traits and the implications on selection. A potato population of 11 clonal families derived from crosses between insect resistant and genotypes adapted to the southern region of Brazil was used. The following traits were evaluated: plant size and vigor, incidence of insect attacks on leaves and tubers, tuber yield and appearance components. Phenotypic and genotypic correlations between leaf and tuber resistance were not significant for the population, while phenotypic correlations between the two resistance types were significant for individual families, with exception of the family originated from the cross involving 'ND263-32'. The incidence of insect attacks on tubers was significantly correlated with tuber yield and appearance in families derived from crosses of 'NYL235-4'. The manifold correlations of leaf resistance with horticultural traits for all families were significant and unfavorable.

Early generation selection for tuber appearance affects potato yield components

The aim of this study was to verify the influence of selection for tuber appearance on potato yield components. A potato hybrid population composed of 20 clone families from the Embrapa Clima Temperado breeding program was evaluated. The selection for tuber appearance had a positive effect on genetic gains in yield, while yield and its components (average tuber weight and tuber number) did not have influence on tuber appearance, due to the absence of significant genetic correlations. The expected response for yield by selecting for tuber appearance, however, does not surpass the expected response with direct selection for yield. Tuber yield as well as its components influenced the gains in tuber appearance and the genetic gain from selection for mean tuber weight even surpassed the direct gain for tuber appearance.

Dakota Pearl: An attractive, bright white-skinned, cold-chipping cultivar with tablestock potential

Dakota Pearl (ND2676-10) is a medium-maturing chipping cultivar with uniform, round, bright white-skinned tubers with shallow eyes. Dakota Pearl has the ability to produce commercially acceptable chips following long-term storage at 5.5 C without the need for reconditioning. It yields well under both dryland and irrigated trial conditions in North Dakota. North Central Regional Potato Variety Trial and Snack Food Association Trial results indicate it has wide adaptability. Yield and specific gravity under dryland conditions are similar to Norchip; Dakota Pearl has a low percentage of external defects. Average set is 12 to 14 tubers per hill. Dakota Pearl demonstrates wide consumer appeal as a tablestock cultivar due to attractive tuber appearance and bright-white skin. Sensory evaluation scores for baking, boiling, and microwaving are comparable to those of standard chip cvs Atlantic, NorValley, and Snowden. The specific gravity of Dakota Pearl is similar to cvs Norchip and NorValley, lower than for Atlantic or Snowden. Total glycoalkaloid levels are low, at 1.5 mg/100 g fresh tuber tissue. The North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station released Dakota Pearl on 23 April 1999.

Potential of selection among and within potato clonal families

Objective of this work was to estimate genetic parameters among and within potato clonal families for tuber yield, average tuber weight, tuber appearance and chip color. Twenty families were evaluated in spring 2003 and fall 2004 on the experimental field of Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The experimental unit consisted of ten clones represented in five plants each. ANOVA revealed significant differences among and within families for all traits, except for the genotype x growing season interaction. Two families had a superior mean and only one superior variance. The heritability and selection gain estimates among families were higher than within families for tuber appearance, average tuber weight and tuber yield. Only for chip color, heritability and selection gain the estimates among families were similar to the population estimates.

Somaclonal variation in tuber traits of potato

About 13,000 somaclones of 17 cultivars and clones of potato were obtained from in vitro callus cultures and individually planted in a greenhouse, followed by tuber generations grown in the field. These plants were subjected to the multistage selection procedure commonly used in potato breeding. Over a period of five years and three field generations the tuber number, size, shape, eye depth, starch content, starch yield and tuber appearance of these somaclones were assessed and compared with that of the controls. These characters varied depending on donor genotype and trait. The frequency of variants was assessed and there were acceptable proportions of desirable abberrants and invariants among the somaclones. Depending on trait the average gain rate for all donor genotypes ranged between 0.2 and 2.3% for-deviants, between 12.2 and 15.5% for invariants and between 0.1–1.4% for +deviants. It is concluded that this technique should be used into potato breeding programmes to improve commercially important characteristics of specific cultivars and breeding clones.

Resistance to soft rot (Erwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica) in tetraploid potato families obtained from 4x-2x crosses

Diploid potato clones, interspecific hybrids ofSolanum species, having in their originS. tuberosum,S. chacoense, S. yungasense, S. phureja, S. gourlayi, andS. demissum, with resistance to soft rot, were crossed to tetraploid potato clones in 4x-2x crosses. The 24 tetraploid families obtained in a North Carolina II design were examined for tuber resistance to soft rot in a laboratory test and for basic agronomic traits in field trials conducted for two consecutive years. In addition, one family originating from a 4x-2x cross of two susceptible parents was tested. Statistical analysis of the data revealed significant general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects, year, GCA (female) × year, GCA (male) × year, and SCA × year upon the inheritance of resistance to soft rot. About 35% of the progeny was selected as resistant to tuber soft rot, and of these 11% showed high resistance combined with good tuber yield, tuber weight, and tuber appearance. The relationships between resistance to soft rot and chosen agronomic traits were not noted or were weakly significant and sporadic. The resistance to tuber soft rot found in diploid potato hybrids can be transferred to the cultivated tetraploid pool through 4x-2x crosses, and a high frequency of offspring posses resistance.

Monticello: A mid-season variety with good tuber appearance and chipping potential from mid-to long-term storage

Monticello (NY102), a new medium-maturing, roundwhite chipping variety was released in 2003 by the University of Maine and Cornell University. It is primarily intended for use in the chipping industry, especially from mid-to long-term storage. Its ability to chip from relatively long-term storage, low storage weight loss, and relatively long tuber dormancy should be particularly valuable. Tubers have shown a good ability to recondition and regain good chip color after periods of stress in storage. Monticello’s specific gravity typically averages only a few points lower than Atlantic, a variety that is widely used for out-of-field chipping in the eastern U.S. Chip color of Monticello has been very good from short-, mid-, and long-term storage. It has been grown successfully in commercial-scale tests in Maine since 1999 with combined seed and chipping production of more than 37 and 60 ha during 2001 and 2002, respectively. Research and commercial-scale trials in Maine have generally produced favorable yield and quality results relative to other storage chippers like Snowden. The tubers are bright and attractive with relatively few external defects. Tuber size tends to be fairly small and is ideal for chipping. Sensory panel tests have also shown that Monticello is good for boiling and baking. Although ideally suited for chipping, the fresh market may serve as a secondary market for this variety because of its typically good external appearance and cooking quality scores. Monticello has moderate to good common scab resistance and is resistant to golden nematode. It is moderately susceptible to blackspot bruise, powdery scab, and typical foliar diseases of potato. Although tubers can develop hollow heart and internal heat necrosis, Monticello is typically much less susceptible than Atlantic.

Tuber yield and quality of 4x‐2x (FDR) potato progenies derived from the wild diploid species Solanum berthaultii and Solanum tarijense

AbstractField experiments were carried out in order to evaluate 4x‐2x families derived from crosses between elite 4x potato cultivars and 2x Tuberosum‐Solanum tarijense and 2x Tuberosum‐Solanum berthaultii clones. Three traits were assessed: total tuber yield (TTY), haulm maturity (HM) and general tuber appearance (GTA). The degree of heterosis of these hybrid families was evaluated by comparison with the respective 2x and 4x parents as well as with seven 4x cultivars. The parental haploid species hybrids derived from S. berthaultii and S. tarijense combined two or more positive horticultural characteristics. Expressed as yield percentage of the 4x parents, the TTY of the families ranged from 53% to 246%. For TTY, the best 4x‐2x hybrid family ranked better than seven out of nine elite 4x cultivars. Some families had GTA scores in the range of the highly selected 4x cultivars. The families, however, were generally later maturing than the 4x parent group. Specific combining ability for TTY and GTA were the only two significant sources of variation observed in this genetic material. Parent‐offspring correlation coefficients were low for all traits, and indicated that parental performance would not be informative at either ploidy level. These results parallel previous investigations with distinct haploid species hybrids where a 4x‐2x breeding scheme was found to be an effective strategy for increasing progeny TTY over the 4x parents. However, the high degree of heterosis for TTY along with good GTA scores observed in certain cross combinations derived from these unadapted 2x species was a somewhat surprising result. Thus far, the importance of these two South American wild potato species, from the potato‐breeding standpoint, has been limited to the fact that they are natural reservoirs of major genes controlling resistance against important diseases and insects. However, the level of performance of some 4x‐2x families in comparative assays with elite cultivars suggests the unanticipated possibility of introgressing genetic factors from S. berthaultii and S. tarijense with positive effects on quantitative traits of horticultural importance along with these major resistance genes.

Selection for Potato Genotypes from Diverse Progenies that Combine 4°C Chipping with Acceptable Yields, Specific Gravity, and Tuber Appearance

Breeding with a diverse population may improve potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum) breeding efficiency for cold chipping cultivars. The objectives of this research were to determine if breeding populations differing in assumed diversity influence the (i) frequency of cold chipping genotypes, (ii) ability to make gain in other traits subsequent to cold chipping selection, and (iii) frequency of genotypes combining high performance across many traits. Three populations or mating groups were constructed with increasing assumed diversity: Tw, Tuberosum within (intrabreeding program crosses); Tb, Tuberosum between (interbreeding program crosses); and Td, Tuberosum diverse (incorporates wild species). Potato chip color was evaluated in Year 1 on up to 20 genotypes per 4x x 4x cross. Genotypes having acceptable chip color were tested in Year 2 for tuber yield (TY), specific gravity (SG), and general tuber appearance (GTA). More Tw genotypes had acceptable chip color (1.7%) than Td (0.6%) or Tb (0.4%) and resulted from a better chip color mean and increased variation. More Td genotypes had acceptable TY (83.3%) in Year 2 than Tw (52.00%) or Tb (42.86%), and may result from increased heterozygosity. Lower numbers of effective breeding individuals in Td reduced genetic variation for all traits and reduced retention for SG and GTA. Retention after 2 yr of selection was significantly higher in Tw (0.7%) due to superior cold chipping, than Tb (0.2%) or Td (0.3%). Diversity can impact breeding efficiency, but mating groups did not predict diversity. Intermating large numbers of unrelated but adapted parents that incorporate favorable cold chipping alleles from wild species may improve breeding efficiency.

Agronomic performance of potato interspecific hybrids

Hybrids from crosses among potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.) and S. tuberosum ssp. andigena, S. chacoense and S. phureja clones were assessed. Hybrid families with different proportions of exotic species genome (50, 25, and 12.5%) were compared with families derived from the cross only among S. tuberosum cultivars. Three experiments in two locations were carried out in southern Minas Gerais State, one in an augmented block design and the other two in lattice designs to assess the families and clones. The families with higher percentages of exotic species genome presented lower tuber yield, lower percentage of large tubers and lower average tuber weight. The main limitation of some hybrids was tuber appearance, and there was a high frequency of clones with undesirable tuber appearance. Clones derived from different genomic compositions could be selected with high yield, good percentage of large tubers, high tuber specific gravity and good tuber appearance.

Early generation selection for potato tuber quality in progenies of late blight resistant parents

Summary Developing disease resistant cultivars is one of the major objectives for a potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) breeding program, but many resistant clones have not achieved commercial acceptance because of late maturity and nonmarketable tuber characteristics. Selection for tuber quality should have greater emphasis in breeding disease resistant cultivars. The objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate the ability of late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary) resistant parents to transmit chip-processing (tuber appearance, specific gravity, and chip-color) or tablestock (tuber appearance) quality to the offspring and 2) to compare selecting for tuber quality in single-hill versus eight-hill generations. We made crosses among eight unadapted potato cultivars (B0718-3, Bertita, Bzura, Greta, Libertas, Stobrawa, Tollocan, and Zarevo) with reported late blight resistance with adapted susceptible cultivars/breeding clones to generate 95 populations (4,750 seedlings). Approximately 10% of the progeny from each cross were selected from single-hill plots based on tuber appearance, number, shape, and internal defects. These selected clones (408) were evaluated for tuber appearance, specific gravity, and chip-color. The same evaluations in the following year were made on tuber samples from eight-hill plots. Libertas and Tollocan were the best parents for transmitting chip-color; B0718-3, Zarevo, and Tollocan for transmitting tuber appearance; and Bzura, Libertas, and Zarevo for transmitting high specific gravity to the highest percentage of the offspring. Overall, 50% and 56% of the clones based on single- and eight-hill generation, respectively, were considered to possess chip-processing quality; over 90% of the clones had acceptable tablestock quality. A total of 71% of the clones possessing acceptable chip-processing and 95% of the clones possessing acceptable tablestock quality selected in both generations were identified in single-hill plots. The evaluation of tuber quality characteristics in single-hill generation not only permitted the identification of clones with acceptable chip-processing and tablestock, but also increased the amount of clonal information for the following generation of selection. In crosses between late blight resistant and susceptible clones, selection for tuber quality traits can be initiated in single-hill generation using a moderate selection intensity and precede late blight testing.

Improving main agronomic characters of dihaploids with 2n gametes by means of sexual hybridisation and anther culture of potato (Solarium tuberosum)

Three hybrid populations were obtained from 4x‐2.x, 2x‐4x, and 2x‐2x crosses by using two tetraploids (Solanum tuberosum L.) and three dip‐loid hybrids of closely related species which can produce 2n gametes. Forty‐three dihaploid plantlets were regenerated from embryoids of anthers of the three tetraploid hybrids by anther culture in vitro. Three of them could produce 2n pollen and five of them could produce 2n eggs. The morphological and agronomic characters of these dihaploids with 2n gametes were compared with those of their diploid and tetraploid parents. Two dihaploid clones with 2n gametes and improved agronomic characters were obtained. The results suggest that ploidy manipulation through sexual polyploidisation and dihaploid induction by anther culture is an effective method to obtain dihaploid clones with 2n gametes in combination with good tuber yield and tuber appearance in potato.