Tube Block Research Articles

Cell tube block: a new technique to produce cell blocks from fluid cytology samples.

Cell blocks are widely used in human cytopathology. Several techniques have been proposed to convert fluid specimens into solid material, which after embedding in paraffin can be used for histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, or molecular testing. In contrast, only in the last few years, have cell blocks begun to be used in the veterinary field. The purpose of the study was to present the production and features of cell tube blocks (CTB) with veterinary liquid samples. Liquid samples including cerebrospinal fluid, cutaneous cyst fluid, pericardial and pleural effusions, bronchoalveolar lavage, urine, and blood were centrifuged in a microhematocrit centrifuge. Capillary tubes were broken at the liquid-solid interface and fixed in 10% formalin for 24 hours. After paraffin embedding, sections of CTB were used for different stains including immunohistochemistry. The morphology and cellular detail in CTB sections were comparable to conventional histologic sections and other existing cell block techniques. The use of special stains such as Gram, Giemsa, alcian blue, and periodic acid-Schiff was straightforward, and immunohistochemistry results with antibodies to pan-cytokeratin, PAX-5, and CD3 were considered good. The CTB method was easily implementable under practice conditions (up to the fixation of the microhemtocrit tube), analogous to surgical biopsy submission for histology. Cell tube blocks can increase diagnostic accuracy when the technique is used in tandem after the cytologic evaluation, and the technique allows storage of fluids. Other advantages of CTB were the simplicity, low cost, and separation of erythrocytes from the nucleated cells, which was helpful in hemodiluted samples.

Ultrasound guided abdominal plane blocks as anaesthetic technique for laparotomy in cancer patients: a case series

Diagnosis and surgery pertaining cancer are increasing day by day in the developing world. Delay in diagnosis, poor socioeconomic status, and poor medical facilities are the challenge in treating these patients. Decreasing or preventing postoperative morbidity is of paramount importance in these cases. Ultrasound guided abdominal plane blocks like transversus abdominis plane block, rectus sheath block and coeliac plexus in combination with ketofol and/or dexmedetomidine sedation may be the alternative to general anaesthesia with an endotracheal tube or neuraxial block. These techniques, successfully used in our patients undergoing cancer surgeries, have a potential to decrease intensive care length of stay, decrease requirement of mechanical ventilation, early ambulation, and discharge.

Assessment of novel maleic anhydride copolymers prepared via nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization as CaSO4 crystal growth inhibitors

ABSTRACTCalcium sulfate is one of the dominant scales which, unlike carbonate scale, are not easily removable by acid. To inhibit CaSO4 scale formation in artificial cooling water systems, well-defined low molecular weight maleic anhydride and n-alkylacrylamide copolymers (YMR-S series) were synthesized via nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization initiated by benzoyl peroxide in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy at varying concentrations. These polymerizations exhibit living polymerization characteristics; that is, they show linear growth in chain length as a function of monomer conversion, and have narrow molecular weight distributions. Resultant polymers were characterized by means of 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The inhibition behavior of these YMR-S series polymers against CaSO4 was evaluated using the static scale inhibition method and a dynamic tube block test. The inhibition ability on the CaSO4 scale is 99.5% with 9 ppm dosage level at pH 10.45 and temperature 70°C. Scanning electronic microscope analysis proved the morphological changes of the CaSO4 scales due to the strong inhibition action of YMR-S polymers. It is also observed that the antiscaling effect of the copolymers greatly depends on the molecular weight, and the optimum range is below 20,000 and approximately in the range 500–2000.

Causes of interruptions in postoperative enteral nutrition in children with congenital heart disease.

Perioperative nutritional support has become a hot topic in the clinical management of congenital heart disease (CHD). Postoperative enteral nutrition (EN) offers many benefits, such as protection of the intestinal mucosa, reduced risk of infection, and low clinical costs. Interruptions in EN frequently influence nutritional support and clinical outcomes. We, therefore, aimed to determine the causes of interruptions in postoperative EN in CHD patients and discuss clinical counter measures. We analyzed the data of 360 CHD patients to determine the causes of interruptions in postoperative EN and develop possible clinical strategies to prevent such interruptions. Of the 360 patients (aged from 1 month to 6 years), 198 patients had at least one EN interruption. The total number of interruptions was 498 (average, 2.52 interruptions/ patient). Non-gastrointestinal factors (airway management, fluid overload, invasive procedure, increased intracranial pressure, feeding tube block, and clinical deterioration) accounted for 67.8% (338/498) of all interruptions and gastrointestinal factors (vomiting, gastrointestinal bleeding, diarrhea, constipation, and large gastric residual volume) accounted for 32.2% (160/498). The total number of interruptions and the number of interruptions due to gastrointestinal factors were significantly higher in younger patients (aged from 1-12 months) than in older patients (aged from 1-6 years). Non-gastrointestinal factors were the main causes of interruptions in postoperative EN in CHD patients. Younger patients had a greater number of interruptions as a whole, and more interruptions caused by gastrointestinal factors. Gastrointestinal factors can be reduced by tube feeding and use of gastrointestinal motility drugs.

English

PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of caudal dexmedetomidine combined with Ropivacaine to provide postoperative analgesia in children and also to establish its safety in the pediatric patients. METHODS: In a randomized, prospective, parallel group, double-blinded study, 80 children of 1 year to 6years posted for lower abdominal surgeries were recruited and allocated into two groups: Group RD (n=40) received 0.25% Ropivacaine 1 ml/kg with dexmedetomidine2 μg/kg, making the volume to 0.5 ml and Group R (n=40) received 0.25% Ropivacaine1 ml/kg + 0.5 ml normal saline. Induction of anesthesia was achieved with Inj. Ketamine 2mg/kg + Inj. Succinylcholine 2mg/kg. Intubated with appropriate-sized Endotracheal tube and caudal block was performed in all patients. Maintained with 66% nitrous oxide in Oxygen and isoflurane 0.2-0.4%.Post-operative pain assessed with FLACC score. RESULTS: The duration of postoperative analgesia recorded a mean of 339 minutes (5.6hrs ± 2.4 hrs.) in Group R compared with 884 minutes (14.7 hrs. ±5hrs) in Group RD, with a p value of <0.001. Group RD patients achieved a statistically significant higher FLACC score compared with Group RD patients. The peri-operative hemodynamics were stable among both the groups. CONCLUSION: Caudal dexmedetomidine (2 μg/kg) with 0.25%Ropivacaine (1 ml/kg) for pediatric lower abdominal surgeries provides significant postoperative pain relief and better quality of sleep and a prolonged duration of arousable sedation.

The single-puncture technique for guided Lester Jones tube insertion

Objectives To investigate the efficacy of the single-puncture technique for Lester Jones tube insertion. Design A noncomparative retrospective review. Participants Six patients with proximal lacrimal obstruction had seven Lester Jones tube insertion procedures. Participants and methods Patients had the single-puncture guided Lester Jones tube insertion technique over the last 2 years. The Lester Jones tube was inserted between the conjunctival sac and the nasal cavity through a tight passage created by a single puncture of a trocar and cannula. Patients were examined for symptomatic relief, tube patency, and stability. The surgical time and early postoperative complications were recorded. Results All procedures were performed successfully. The average surgical time was 12 min, with no postoperative swelling or chemosis. Two procedures out of seven had early tube block, which was cleared up by simple tube irrigation. None required a second intervention or suffered tube displacement. Conclusion The single-puncture technique for Lester Jones tube insertion is performed in a short time, avoids skin incision, achieves a high functional success, and is less likely to result in postoperative complications that would require a second intervention.

Ahmed Valve, Suture-less Implantation

Tissue adhesives have been used in ophthalmology instead of sutures to minimize the operating time. This case series investigated the effectiveness and safety of use of cyanoacrylate in Ahmed valve implantation through pars plana for refractory glaucoma. Seventeen eyes of 17 patients with refractory glaucoma underwent Ahmed valve scleral suture-less implantation through pars plana with a cyanoacrylate suture of the plate. Refractory glaucoma was defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) ≥ 21 mm Hg with antiglaucoma eye drops, good adherence to treatment, and no previous glaucoma surgery. IOP control and development of complications were evaluated during the follow-up (mean follow-up, 13.23 mo, 6 to 28 mo). IOP control, defined as IOP ≤ 21 mm Hg with or without antiglaucoma eye drops, was achieved in 82.2% of patients, and 58.8% were able to eliminate antiglaucoma eye drops. Mean surgical time was 9.76 ± 2.60 and 6 ± 0.81 minutes in patients with previous vitrectomy (4 cases). Postoperative complications included transiently increased IOP, transient hyphema, early postoperative hypotony (4 cases), and tube block by the vitreous (2 cases): 1 resolved by Nd:YAG and the other by second vitrectomy. No cases of tube or plate extrusion, plate migration, choroidal or retinal detachment, or vitreous hemorrhage were observed. These results are promising and demonstrate a safe and effective alternative to the traditional scleral suture. Our data suggest that Ahmed valve implantation through pars plana with cyanoacrylate is a safe and effective method for refractory glaucoma. Further studies are needed to confirm our observation.

Application of ionic liquid polymeric microsphere in oil field scale control process

Abstract The formation of mineral scale is a persistent and expensive problem in the oil and gas industry. In order to minimize the formation of scale deposits, threshold scale inhibitor treatment is a common practice in the oil industry. In this work, a new process have been attempted to solve the oilfield scaling problem encapsulating forms of chemicals ( Kondo, 1979 ) that can interact with oilfield brine solution without losing the active ingredient. The primary advantage of loaded ionic liquid in microspheres is the ability to avoid its loss and make easier the recovery of the crystal formed at the microsphere surface. A Membrane process coupled with phase inversion technique has been successfully applied for the preparation of ionic liquid microsphere (ILMC). The technique yielded porous, spongy, spherical spheres of dimension of about 1000 μm diameter with smooth surface. This investigation evaluates the ionic liquid (IL) microsphere efficiency in high temperature brine solution. Ionic liquid microsphere efficiency was measured through chemical screening tests, dynamic tube block method and also through electrochemical techniques. Electrochemical studies are also supports in evaluating the scale inhibition efficiency of ionic liquid microsphere, using static and dynamic tests. Scale inhibition efficiency (82%) has been achieved using 25 wt% 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMIM][PF6] microsphere at lab scale level. The inhibition mechanism and morphology of the scale have also been studied through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDX analysis. All experimental results encouraged the usage of [BMIM][PF6] ionic liquid loaded microsphere in oil wells.

Ethylene Signaling Is Required for Synergid Degeneration and the Establishment of a Pollen Tube Block

In flowering plants, sperm cells are delivered by pollen tubes, which are attracted by two egg-cell-adjoining synergids. Successful fertilization terminates pollen tube attraction; however, the underlying mechanisms are not understood. Here, we show that the process of fertilization activates an EIN3- and EIN2-dependent ethylene-response cascade necessary for synergid cell death and the concomitant establishment of a pollen tube block. Microinjection of the ethylene precursor ACC into the female gametophyte or constitutive ethylene response results in premature synergid disintegration. This indicates that the requirement of fertilization for synergid degeneration and associated establishment of a pollen tube block can be bypassed by mimicking a postfertilization ethylene burst. Surprisingly, the persistent synergid in ethylene-hyposensitive plants adopts the molecular profile and cell-cycle regime of the biparental embryo-nourishing tissue, suggesting that ethylene signaling prevents the formation of an asexual maternal endosperm fraction.

Influence of deposition sequence on welding residual stress and deformation in an austenitic stainless steel J-groove welded joint

Residual tensile stresses often increase the susceptibility to cold cracking, and also promote brittle fracture, fatigue failure, and stress corrosion cracking in combination with tensile stresses experienced during service. Welding-induced deformation usually degrades the performance of a structure. Thus, the control of welding residual stress and distortion is a crucial task in welding manufacturing. There are too many factors that affect welding residual stresses and distortion. Besides material properties and design-related parameters, the welding procedures such as deposition sequence and assembly sequence also have significant influence on the final residual stress distribution and deformation. In this study, a computational approach based on Quick Welder software was developed to simulate the welding temperature field, residual stress distribution and deformation in multi-pass joints. The main objective was to clarify the influence of deposition sequence on the final residual stress distribution and deformation in an austenitic stainless steel tube–block joint with J-groove. The simulation results indicate that deposition sequence not only significantly affects the distribution of residual stress but also can alter the deformation mode to a certain extent. In addition, it was found that the last weld pass seems to have the largest contribution to the final welding residual stress filed of current tube–block joint.

0906 衝撃波と固体の干渉過程に関する研究(OS9-2 超音速流れの基礎と応用,OS9 超音速流れの基礎と応用)

In this paper behavior of stress wave in a solid body induced by shock wave is discussed. Interaction between shock and solid sometimes causes serious problem such as the destruction of glass and structures by shock generated from supersonic plane, explosion and so on. In recent years, although the mechanism of interaction has been studied by many researchers, the details of process have not been known enough yet. In this study, the interaction phenomenon between shock wave emitted from diaphragmless shock tube and solid block made in acrylic or polycarbonate is visualized using Schlieren method. Motion of shock wave and its effect on block are examined by numerical simulation of the flow field using TVD scheme. As a result, it is found that stress wave is generated in block by the impingement of shock and its propagation speed depends on the material properties of block and the strength of shock.

Bronchospasm: Not always the cause for tight bag

Dear Editor, A 2-year-old child with history of difficulty to void urine was diagnosed with hypospadiasis and was scheduled for urethroplasty. The child weighed 14 kgs and had no comorbid illness. There was no history suggestive of recent respiratory tract infection and the child was active and playful. Premedication was done with 200 μg of transmucosal fentanyl citrate lollipop. On shifting to the operating room, standard monitors were connected. Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen using Jackson-Rees circuit. Once anesthesia was induced, intravenous (IV) access was secured with 22-G canula. Anesthestic depth was deepened with IV propofol 10 mg and neuromuscular blockade achieved with IV vecuronium 1.5 mg. Ventilation was assisted with oxygen and sevoflurane 2% for 3 minutes. Trachea was intubated with size 4.5-mm uncuffed oral endotracheal tube (Sterimed, India). Immediately on intubation, the feel of the reservoir bag was too tight. Attempts to auscultate the lung fields revealed only faint/absent sounds. There were no crepitations or wheeze. Possibility of endobronchial intubation was ruled out by auscultation of the lung fields. Severe bronchospasm was suspected. Anesthetic depth was increased with IV bolus of propofol 10 mg and IV ketamine 10 mg. Four salbutamol puffs were delivered through the endotracheal tube. Sevoflurane concentration was increased to 3% in 100% oxygen. As all these manoeuvres did not make any difference and peak airway pressures were reaching beyond 50 cm H2O to deliver even 50 ml of tidal volume, possibility of endotracheal tube block was suspected. A 8-Fr suction catheter was passed through the endotracheal tube revealed no tube obstruction. While attempting to reconnect the endotracheal tube to the connector it was noticed that the tube end of the connector had a pinpoint opening [Figure 1]. The connector was replaced with another normal one which solved all the problems. The procedure was uneventful and neuromuscular blockade reversed and tracheal extubation done at the end of surgery.Figure 1: The abnormal constriction of the endotracheal tube connector compared with the normal oneInability to provide adequate ventilation in an intubated patient without excessive pressure being applied to the reservoir bag can be termed as a tight-bag situation.[1] In a tight-bag situation the peak airway pressures can increase beyond 25 cm H2O. Even though equipment malfunction or defects are quite common, they often go undetected leading to delay in correct diagnosis and proper management of the case.[2] The pinpoint constrictive defect of the connector of the endotracheal tube which was initially used in our patient could have significantly increased the resistance to airflow leading to a tight-bag situation. As evident from Poisiuele’s law, the resistance can increase by fourth power of radius of a tube. Poisiuele’s law R = 8nl/πr4 (n - Viscosity, l - Length). Tight-bag situation with inadequate ventilation is a night mare for any anesthesiologist. Going through a complete machine check including the breathing circuit before anesthetizing the patient and having a systematic protocol based approach to the tight-bag situation will help in early identification and rectification of the problem.

Sudden endotracheal tube block in a patient of Achalasia Cardia

Endotracheal tube block due to various mechanical causes such as mucous, blood clot, denture, and ampoules have been reported. A patient of achalasia cardia with chronic passive aspiration pneumonitis developed mucoid mass in the respiratory passage which dislodged during the surgical procedure. The episode occurred almost an hour after induction of anesthesia and the dislodged mucoid mass blocked the lumen of endotracheal tube, leading to hypoxia and impending cardiac arrest. However, the patient was salvaged by replacing the tube.

Development of a New Copolymer for Oil Field Carbonate Scale Mitigation

Calcite scale deposition along the flow path is the most common among flow assurance problems in oil wells. Frequent well cleaning creates a major increase in operating cost. In order to minimize the formation of scale deposits, threshold scale inhibitor treatment is a common practice in oil industry. The authors describe synthesis, characterization, and comparative evaluation of a low molecular weight maleic acid-methacrylic acid copolymer as potential calcite scale inhibitor. GPC and FT-IR were employed for molecular characterization; scale inhibition efficiency was studied through a static jar test, a dynamic tube block method, and also through an electrochemical technique (e.g., electrochemical impedance technique). SEM analysis demonstrated inhibited and uninhibited crystal morphology, and 100% scale inhibition was possible at a low dose of 20–25 ppm throughout the test regime.

High performance maleic acid based oil well scale inhibitors—Development and comparative evaluation

Scale formation in industrial systems is an important engineering problem that leads to decreased system efficiencies, increased frequency of chemical cleaning and an increased number of outages due to metal integrity failure. In order to minimize the formation of scale deposits, threshold scale inhibitor treatments are common practice in an industry. This paper describes synthesis, characterization and comparative evaluation of two low molecular weight maleic acid copolymers as potential calcite scale inhibitors. GPC, FT-IR and thermal analyzers were employed for molecular characterization; scale inhibition efficiency was studied through static jar test, dynamic tube block method, iron dispersing ability test and through electrochemical technique such as electrochemical impedance technique. SEM analysis demonstrated inhibited and un-inhibited crystal morphology. Complete scale inhibition was possible at a low dose of 20–25 ppm throughout the test regime.

The causes analysis and mangement in patients with PICC catheter in nursing ontpatient department

Objective To understand the general nursing problems to the patients with PICC catheter in ontpatient department, and to analyze causes, and to raise effective treatment. Methods To adopt analysis retrospectively. Results 8. 5% the patients with PICC catheter had problems such as tube block, infection, veinitis, out of tube, poor technology. Conclusions The nursing instruction and qu-qlity contyol timely and effective could reduce the tube compication, and to prolong the tube time, and to raise life quality in patients with PICC catheter in ontpatient department Key words: Nursing outpatient department; PICC; Patients with PICC catheter; Nursing problems; Causes analysis; Guideline

제대혈 용기 내부 로봇 암의 열해석에 관한 연구

Umbilical cord blood has been recently considered an attractive potential alternative as a source of stem cell transplantation to curing diseases such as leukemia, cancers, immune disorders. Normally the stored system of the umbilical cord blood specimen is equipped with a computer-controlled robotic arm that enables the samples to locate the identification places in liquid nitrogen tank at regulated temperature as about -196℃. As the half of robotic arm is in the air and the rest part is submerged in liquid nitrogen, the temperature of robotic arm varies from ambient to liquid nitrogen temperature. In this study the temperature variation of upper part of arm above tank lid was thermally analysed by using the commercial code of Ansys. The result of analysis was that the upper part of robotic arm was seriously frozen due to heat transfer from liquid nitrogen as low as -120℃. In order to solve the frost problem of robotic arm, small PTFE tube block as resistance material was introduced into the lower part of tank lid instead of the whole stainless steel(SUS) robotic arm. The results showed that the temperature of robotic arm above the lid was higher enough, and this method would be one of the very effective measure to solve the problem.

Nanoporous Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized through Confined Hydrogen-Bonding Self-Assembly

We report a simple and direct synthetic method for the preparation of nanoporous carbon nanotubes with larger pores (>10 nm) on the tube wall. The method combines the use of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) as a template for the tube diameter and block copolymer/carbohydrates self-assembly within thin films confined inside AAO pore channels to form nanopores. It involves coating the AAO inner pore channel surface with block copolymer (polystyrene-co-poly(vinylpyridine)) and carbohydrates in dimethylformamide (DMF) solution. Drying of DMF induced microphase separation of PS-PVP and formation of ordered PS and PVP/carbohydrate domains. Within the coating, the carbohydrates stay specifically only in the pyridine domains surrounding PS domains due to the hydrogen bonding between carbohydrates and pyridine blocks. After carbonization at high temperature (>460 degrees C) in argon, PS was removed, forming the nanopores and carbohydrates, and PVP was carbonized, forming the framework of nanoporous carbon tubes within AAO channels. Removal of AAO led to the formation of individual monodisperse nanoporous carbon nanotubes with a tube wall of approximately 16 nm. The ease with which these nanoporous carbon nanotubes can be fabricated, and the ability to tune tube nanostructures and surface chemistry through the choice of block copolymers used and carbonization temperature, should facilitate investigations of their scope for practical applications.

Nursing problems and countermeasure of disposable tracheal tube during intubation

目的 分析一次性气管套管置管期间的护理问题,探讨更好的有效的处理方法.方法对15例气管套管出现的护理问题进行观察、分析.结果发现气管置管期间出现的护理问题主要是痰液黏稠结痂粘附阻塞气管套管,其中气管套管阻塞13例,气管套管脱落1例,1例未形成窦道拔管重插.结论护士正确掌握痰液黏稠度和气道湿化标准,是防止气管套管阻塞,维持呼吸道正常生理功能,确保和提高置管病人护理质量的关键。

Observation of curative effect of Chinese medicine combined with intervention in patients with fallopian tube block

目的 探讨中医药结合输卵管再通术对治疗输卵管阻塞性不孕症的应用价值.方法对50例输卵管阻塞不孕症患者施行经官颈选择性输卵管造影(SSG)及再通术(FTR),其中30例在SSG、FTR前与后分别给予中医药理疗及外敷等系统治疗,列为联合组;另20例作为对照组.结果输卵管阻塞根数:联合组30例共50根、对照组20例共32根;再通成功率:联合组再通成功率为96.6%高于对照组89.8%(P＜0.05);妊娠率:联合组妊娠率为32.5%高于对照组6.6%(P＜0.01);输卵管再阻塞率:联合组输卯管再阻塞率为19.5%,低于对照组79.1%(P＜0.01).结论中医、中药、理疗、外敷治疗输卵管阻塞,能使药物直达病所,提高输卵管阻塞再通成功率、妊娠率。