Tsunami-prone Areas Research Articles

Spatial Dynamics Of Tsunami Prone Areas In Kalianda Sub-District, South Lampung Regency

Kalianda Sub-District is one of the areas that is vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunamis because it is located on the west coast of Sumatra Island and the Sunda Strait has a potency from the eruption of Anak Krakatau Volcano. Increasing population growth also increases the risk of disaster impacts that are difficult to predict. This research aims to analyze the spatial dynamics of tsunami-prone areas in Kalianda District. This research uses multi-temporal land cover data, driving data on built-up land development factors, existing roads, slope, distance from the coastline, and distance from rivers. The method used is Cellular Automata Markov Chain which is used to model the development of built-up land, and the Berryman method for tsunami hazard analysis . Based on modeling results for 2031, the type of built land cover will experience a large increase. The tsunami danger level in Kalianda District is dominated by the low level covering an area of 4,741.80 ha, then the high level covering an area of 3,047.29 ha and the medium level covering an area of 1,243.66 ha. According to research results, the number of tsunami-prone areas increases every year. Therefore, we need to improve education and outreach to the public about tsunami dangers and effective evacuation procedures. The development and maintenance of evacuation support infrastructure, as well as the implementation of a reliable early warning system, are also very important to increasing community preparedness for tsunami disasters.

Assessing coastal population capacity in Tsunami-prone areas: A grid-based approach.

The research results show that using grid cells to analyse areas affected by the tsunami can provide excellent and informative results. Research findings at the research location regarding community preparedness in facing tsunamis show that communities at risk of being affected by the tsunami need to increase their capacity because the majority of communities in coastal areas, especially in the Sidorejo sub-village, have been identified as having low capacity according to several livelihood asset parameters such as financial capital in income. By increasing individual capacity, it is hoped that society will be able to avoid the threat of tsunami waves better.

A multi-objective optimization model for planning emergency shelters after a tsunami

Vertical evacuation helps people escape tsunami risks by elevating them above the level of tsunami inundation, usually by moving to higher ground or taking refuge in tall buildings or other elevated structures. Unlike horizontal evacuation, which involves moving away from the coast to higher ground, vertical evacuation reduces the demand for horizontal evacuation routes that can become congested and impede evacuation efforts. Therefore, investing in critical infrastructure that enables vertical evacuation is crucial in tsunami-prone areas. This study proposes a multi-objective optimization model to help decision-makers assign critical infrastructure for vertical evacuation in tsunami-prone areas. Critical infrastructure includes buildings that can provide shelter during a tsunami and road networks for rapid access to shelter points. The proposed model balances three objectives: (1) minimizing investment costs in critical infrastructure, (2) maximizing the population covered by shelters, and (3) minimizing the evacuation time for evacuees to reach the shelters. This model is tested on real-world data from the Coquimbo-La Serena coastal conurbation in the Coquimbo region of Chile. The study contributes to the literature on tsunami evacuation modeling and provides valuable information for decision-makers to plan and invest in critical infrastructure for vertical evacuation during tsunamis. A sensitivity analysis of various parameters is conducted, and managerial insights are provided.

Penataan Lahan Permukiman Dengan Metode Buffer Zone Untuk Kelestarian Lingkungan

Previously known as Alalak's hometown, it is now divided into two villages, namely South Alalak village and North Alalak village, located in North Banjarmasin District from 1970 to 2000. This area was famous as a center for the wood processing industry for building materials, but is now starting to be abandoned. dim because wood is also rare. Wooden materials were replaced with concrete beams, steel and metal rafters. Alalak Village looks very shabby, the houses are built mostly from irregular wood. However, there is something interesting in the Alalak River village which is visited by every local/regional, national and international holiday tourist. They wanted to witness the Floating Market activity as a rare custom in the form of buying and selling activities where sellers and buyers use boats or in the banjo term called catamarans. This empty village needs to be managed by building a riverside buffer area in the form of a long embankment with a width of 8.0 meters to 12.0 meters. The embankment material is planted with trees according to its purpose as protection from wind, waves and sunlight. The length of the embankment as a Buffer Zone for this building was built in stages in accordance with the budget set by the Banjarmasin City River and Drainage Department . Thinking about the need to organize dense residential and slum areas on the banks of this river from literature, videos about Buffer Zones in earthquake and tsunami prone areas in Japan which implement these zones as places of effort to withstand very large tsunami waves.

Anticipating a risky future: long short-term memory (LSTM) models for spatiotemporal extrapolation of population data in areas prone to earthquakes and tsunamis in Lima, Peru

Abstract. In this paper, we anticipate geospatial population distributions to quantify the future number of people living in earthquake-prone and tsunami-prone areas of Lima and Callao, Peru. We capitalize upon existing gridded population time series data sets, which are provided on an open-source basis globally, and implement machine learning models tailored for time series analysis, i.e., based on long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, for prediction of future time steps. Specifically, we harvest WorldPop population data and teach LSTM and convolutional LSTM models equipped with both unidirectional and bidirectional learning mechanisms, which are derived from different feature sets, i.e., driving factors. To gain insights regarding the competitive performance of LSTM-based models in this application context, we also implement multilinear regression and random forest models for comparison. The results clearly underline the value of the LSTM-based models for forecasting gridded population data; the most accurate prediction obtained with an LSTM equipped with a bidirectional learning scheme features a root-mean-squared error of 3.63 people per 100 × 100 m grid cell while maintaining an excellent model fit (R2= 0.995). We deploy this model for anticipation of population along a 3-year interval until the year 2035. Especially in areas of high peak ground acceleration of 207–210 cm s−2, the population is anticipated to experience growth of almost 30 % over the forecasted time span, which simultaneously corresponds to 70 % of the predicted additional inhabitants of Lima. The population in the tsunami inundation area is anticipated to grow by 61 % until 2035, which is substantially more than the average growth of 35 % for the city. Uncovering those relations can help urban planners and policymakers to develop effective risk mitigation strategies.

Variation Parameters of The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Model for Tsunami Prone Area Mapping in The Northern Part of Aceh Province

A total of ten tsunami events occurred in Aceh Province from 1991 to 2012. This condition confirms that AcehProvince is very vulnerable to tsunami hazards. In 2004, a tsunami occurred due to the activity of the subduction zone onthe west coast of Aceh with a magnitude of Mw 9.3. Since the 2004 tsunami, research on tsunamis has increased. The aimof this study is to reconstruct the 2004 tsunami models, to find out which models are suitable for the events of 2004. Thereare at least five models of earthquake source faults used for tsunami modeling in this study. The tsunami modeling wascarried out numerically using the Tohoku University’s Numerical Analysis Model Investigation (TUNAMI) programme.The maximum height obtained from the modeling is 58,05 m at the shoreline. The maximum height obtained from thebest model is 17,73 m on land. The M5 fault model produced a tsunami height model that best matches the observationresults validated by lowest RMS and highest correlation coefficient values Keywords: tsunami height, fault model, correlation coefficient, RMSE

Optimization of the Shortest Tsunami Evacuation Route Using Djikstra’s Algorithm in Benoa Village

Benoa Village has an area of approximately 2.38 km² and a population of 9,569 people in 2020 with a population density of 4,013 people/km2. This area is included in the list of tsunami-prone areas because the area is located on the edge of the Indian Ocean, which is known as an area with a high level of earthquake and volcanic activity. The 2004 tsunami that hit the coast of the Indian Ocean increased the potential for similar disasters to occur in the area. Determination of the shortest evacuation route in Benoa Village using Djikstra Algorithm. The result obtained is a path from the evacuation starting point vertex to the comfort zone node. Thisvertex represents places and road intersections arranged in the form of a weighted graph (distance) with a total of 51 vertexs, and an Adjacency Matrix is formed which is processed using the C++ Program. The Safe Zone vertex (Grand Hyatt Bali Temporary Meet Point (V50), Hattrick Futsal (V51)) are headed from the evacuation starting point of Serangan Beach (4.49km to V50, 6.94km to V51), Noanui Beach (3.95km to V50, 6.39km to V51), Samuh Beach (2.75km to V50, 5, 19km to V51), Nusa Dua Beach A (3.54km to V50, 5.48km to V51), Nusa Dua Beach B (3.47km to V50, 4.79km to V51), Peninsula Island (4.69km to V50, 4.80km to V51), Megiat Beach (4.81km to V50, 4.15km to V51) and Geger Beach (5.86km to V50, 5.09km to V51).

PERBANDINGAN NILAI KETANGGUHAN DESA PESISIR ATAS RISIKO TSUNAMI DAN FAKTOR PERUBAHAN NILAI KETANGGUHAN: STUDI ATAS DESA PARANGTRITIS DAN DESA TIRTOHARGO, KABUPATEN BANTUL

The southern coast of Java Island is a tsunami-prone area, and this condition has encouraged resilience assessment efforts carried out since 2019 by BNPB to test the resilience of villages, specifically in the event of a tsunami disaster. Like other areas on the southern coast of Java Island, Bantul Regency is at high risk, as are Parangtritis Village and Tirtohargo Village. These two villages were purposively chosen for comparison because both villages have the same high level of risk. This research aims to compare the resilience values ​​of the two villages based on assessments in 2019 and 2020 using the Village/District Disaster Resilience Assessment tool, as well as qualitatively exploring the factors that influence the resilience values ​​and changes in the resilience values ​​of the two villages. This study uses a qualitative method. Comparison of resilience values ​​is presented with narratives and comparison tables based on existing components, and exploration is explored through in-depth interviews with parties who help build resilience in the village. The results show that comparing values decreased the resilience value in Parangtritis Village from the Main Resilient Village category to the Middle Resilient Village. At the same time, there was an increase in Tirtohargo Village from the Middle Resilient Village category to the Main Resilient Village. Toughness, which is both above average, is influenced by experiences and lessons learned from the 2006 Earthquake, the strong values ​​of cooperation and independence, community initiatives through the Village DRR Forum, the role of village government, support from regional and central governments, contributions from non-government organizations, and the availability of village budgets. This research notes that enforcing assessment procedures and understanding assessment for facilitators and participants also influence the resulting value changes.

Modeling of Tsunami Prone Areas in Kairatu Barat District, Seram Bangian Barat Regency

Modeling of tsunami-prone areas in Kairatu Barar Sub-district, Seram Bangian Barat Regency, is an important step in improving community safety and preparedness against tsunami threats. With this modeling, tsunami hazards can be better understood, more accurate early warning systems can be developed, and more effective risk reduction plans can be planned. In addition, the modeling also helps to improve people's understanding of tsunami hazards and the actions to be taken in emergency situations. The modeling results are instrumental in designing preventive measures, appropriate evacuation plans and improving disaster preparedness in the region, which can save lives and reduce damage from future tsunamis.

MODELING OF LOADS FROM TSUNAMI WAVES ON THE STRUCTURE

Currently, the improvement of methods for calculating building structures is continuing, including, among other things, methods for determining the magnitude of the load. Despite the fact that for most impacts, the principles of determining loads and methods from the application have been formed for a long time, a number of special tasks are sometimes encountered in design practice, for example, the impact of tsunami waves on a structure. This article is devoted to modeling the wave roll on a structure in the "Fluid Flow (Fluent)" module of the ANSYS 2021 software package and comparing the results obtained with the methodology presented in SP 292.1325800.2017 "Buildings and structures in tsunami-prone areas. Design rules". The studies presented in this article have shown that the nature of the propagation of hydrodynamic pressure when modeling wave rolling in ANSYS is similar to that presented in SP 292.1325800.2017: according to a triangular plot with maximum pressure at the bottom. But at the same time, the value of the maximum pressure on the joint venture is about 1.5 times greater than according to the calculation in ANSYS, which is explained by many different factors. But, despite this, modeling of the tsunami waves rolling on the construction site can be performed at the pre-project stage in order to assess the nature of the pressure distribution over the surface of the object, which will allow choosing the most suitable structural and space-planning solutions.

Studi Potensi Tsunami Bali Utara Menggunakan Metode Numerik


 
 
 
 Bali Island is one of the most tsunami-prone areas in Indonesia. Two tectonic tsunami sources flank Bali Island: The Megathurst subduction zone in the south and the Back Arc Thurst subduction zone in the north. This study aimed to add information about the tsunami arrival time and the maximum height of the tsunami waves that hit the coast using COMCOT software as a disaster mitigation measure. Five scenarios were used in this study with the differences in the magnitude of tsunami-generating earthquakes. Results showed that the fastest affected shoreline by the tsunami in scenarios 1, 2, and 3 is the Tejakula Sub District shoreline, with a period of 5 minutes 41 seconds to 3 minutes 43 seconds. In scenarios 4 and 5, it was found on the Sawan Sub District shoreline for 2 minutes, 51 seconds to 56 seconds. The maximum run-up of tsunami waves that hit the shoreline in scenarios 1, 2, 3, and 4 are on the Kubu Sub District shoreline with run-up heights of 0.0095 m, 0.47 m, 1.5 m, and 3 m. In scenario 5, the highest run-up is on the Banjar Sub District shoreline, with a 67.6 m run-up height. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the magnitude of the tsunami-generating earthquake greatly influences the travel time and run-up height of the tsunami waves. The greater the magnitude of the tsunami-generating earthquake, the faster the travel time of the tsunami waves and the higher the run-up height.
 
 
 

Health education on disaster triage as an effort to change the attitudes of people living in tsunami-prone areas

Indonesia as an archipelagic country located on the equator, between the continents of Asia and Australia and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Indonesia's geographical location lies on an unstable earth plate. Indonesia is also one of the disaster-prone areas, so that people in coastal areas must know what disaster management is most important to provide. This encourages community knowledge to provide first aid in a disaster situation using the principle of triage. The purpose of this activity is for the community to know about disaster management, especially the triage system in disaster-prone areas. The target of this activity is the community in Kalibatur Village, RT 05 RW 02, Kalidawir District, Tulungagung Regency. The implementation of this activity was carried out by pre-test and post-test. Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon Signed Range test analysis. Statistical test results obtained p value = 0.001 < α = 0.05. After the implementation of health education and counseling, the community has a positive attitude and a change in attitude regarding disaster triage as an effort to deal with and control victims of preventive natural disasters.

Development of a tsunami early warning system on the coast of Palu based on maritime wireless communication

Indonesia, located in the “Ring of Fire” zone, is a tsunami-prone area, especially those earthquake-induced. Therefore, a tsunami early warning system is crucial for reducing potential damage. Ina-TEWS is an Indonesian tsunami early warning system that relies on buoys, uses seismic sensors to detect a tsunami, sends out its warning within 5 min. Ina-TEWS requires maintenance and supervision, especially since 22 buoys were declared lost or damaged in 2012–2018. Therefore, Indonesia needs a faster and more reliable backup early warning system. This study proposes a new method by integrating maritime wireless communication between ships on the open sea and ship-to-coastal radio stations in the Palu Port. The ships used are passenger ships equipped with VHF radio communication which is the main working frequency for signal propagation. Numerical modeling of tsunamis was carried out using Delft3D and Delft Dashboard, using earthquake and fault parameters from PUSGEN. The output of this study is the required VHF signal propagation times for each tsunami scenario less than 1 min. Standard operating procedure (SOP) has also been developed based on the worst scenario. The development of this system is expected to enhance tsunami mitigation systems in Indonesia by replacing the buoys in the future.

Tsunami-resilient building guidelines for Sri Lankan coastal belt: a critical review and consolidation based on significant institutional perceptions

PurposeThe lessons learned from the 2004 tsunami phenomenon fueled the government and other local authorities to strengthen the legitimate background to mitigate such devastation in future events. This study aims to propose a standardized tsunami-resilient construction guideline for Sri Lanka by integrating existing local and international standards.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive literature survey was carried out to undertake the study, with a wide-ranging content and thematic analysis of existing tsunami-resilient construction aspects in Sri Lanka. Integrating all existing guidelines with international standards, finally, a consolidated guideline with significant tsunami-resilient building aspects was proposed for stakeholders involved with the resilient built environment in tsunami-prone areas, particularly during the building construction in the coastal belt.FindingsThe existing tsunami-resilient guidelines in Sri Lanka follow similar aspects but in different dimensions. Compared to the international standards, few significant aspects create a gap in local guidelines. Thus, the findings demonstrated that the existing local guidelines must be modified and strengthened by mainstreaming into international practices.Research limitations/implicationsExisting guidelines are more concerned with structural aspects. Nevertheless, proper integration of local and international guidelines would be more favorable to minimizing existing local guidelines’ gaps. Further, a standardized tsunami-resilient building guideline would be a referring document for all stakeholders in tsunami-resilient constructions.Practical implicationsBy aligning local guidelines with international standards, the reliability of the guidelines will be increased and direct the built environment to quality disaster-resilient constructions.Social implicationsThrough a standardized guideline, the community can rely on tsunami-resilient construction in coastal cities.Originality/valueThe consolidated guideline further contains the essentials of city resilience in tsunamis and would be an excellent reference for relevant stakeholders than aligning with several guidelines.

The threat of tsunami debris due to non-permanent buildings in Cilacap City

Run-up tsunamis have the ability to pick up debris along their path. More severe damage may result from the debris and their force of impact. Therefore, it is important to analyse the potential for debris in a tsunami-prone area. This study examines the threat of tsunami debris in Cilacap City, especially the source of debris from temporary or non-permanent buildings along the coast of Cilacap City. A site assessment was conducted to observe the existence of non-permanent buildings along with their number and characteristic. The results of the study show that the infrastructure of Cilacap City faces a serious threat from tsunami debris which is source from non-permanent buildings. The material transported by the tsunami run-up to cause debris was maximum 465 tons found in area around Pasir Emas Street cause potential debris for one-meter perpendicular to tsunami run-up direction 503 kg and generate tsunami impact force 28,284.3 N. In addition, the fishing port, Pendem fort and Pertamina oil refinery are also potentially affected by tsunami debris because each location has a significant number of non-permanent buildings.

Tsunami evacuation sites in the northern Sumatra (Indonesia) determined based on the updated tsunami numerical simulations

In many parts of tsunami prone areas, providing tsunami evacuation structures is often regarded as costly and difficult to manage, whereas several existing building and hills can be introduced as tsunami evacuation sites. This research intends to introduce practical and scientific methods in assessing the feasibility of hills and buildings for vertical tsunami evacuation facilities. Here, the aim is to combine tsunami numerical simulations and field assessment to determine suitable hills and buildings as vertical tsunami evacuation facilities in Calang and Banda Aceh (Indonesia) that were severely destroyed by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The numerical simulations were based on the latest condition of land cover of the study area, which has changed significantly in the last 20 years. Using the newly updated land cover, the tsunami model reveals that the tsunami estimated maximum height is 13 m in Calang. The existing buildings and hills, with an altitude higher than tsunami heights, which can be reached within 30 min (15 min less than the minimum tsunami arrival times) from the centres of the villages, are proposed as tsunami evacuation sites. In Banda Aceh and Calang, 10 public buildings, 13 mosques, and 4 hills are proposed as alternative escape sites.

The natural warning signs of tsunami earthquake in Indonesia: case of the 2006 Cilacap event

ABSTRACT Natural warning signs and self-evacuation are essential to save lives in the event of a tsunami caused by an earthquake, especially if there are no clear early signs for example ground shaking. This paper explores the participants’ experiences focusing on how participants’ perceptions and responses to what they felt, saw or heard before seeing the first wave of 2006 tsunami in Cilacap, Indonesia. Using a phenomenological approach, this paper analyzes the stories of ten participants in three sub-districts, namely Cilacap Selatan, covering islands of Nusakambangan, Adipala, and Binangun. The tsunami was caused by a slow-motion earthquake, so people did not feel the ground shaking. The participants did not recognise natural signs of a tsunami, so they ignored them. Before seeing the first wave, the witness heard sound of explosions, extreme low tide, unusual animal behavior around, the appearance of a large number of marine products – lobsters (Crustacea) and sea shells (Mytilus spp.), and unusual color and shape of the waves. These signs should be socialised to the community in tsunami-prone areas, thereby increasing community’s disaster mitigation capacity. This study presents some natural warning signs that have not been reported by previous studies.

Pemetaan Tingkat Kerawanan Bencana Tsunami di Pesisir Barat Daya Provinsi Banten

Indonesia is one of the countries that has a high level of natural disasters in the world because of Indonesia's location and geographical position in the rings of fire. One of the most vulnerable disasters in Indonesia is earthquakes, volcanic eruptions to tsunami waves (Mukhtasor , 2007). Based on data from the BNPB on December 22 2018, there was a tsunami disaster in the southwest coast of Banten to the coast of Lampung caused by the eruption of Mount Anak Krakatau. The purpose of this study are to create tsunami hazard map on the southwest coast of Banten Province by using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and then identify which areas are in a very vulnerable class. This research was conducted in February 2020 until May 2020. The analytical method used was descriptive analysis, map overlay analysis, and qualitative analysis. The stages include the preparation of maps and supporting data using the help of Global Mapper 8.0 software, the determination of influential parameters, analysis of tsunami prone areas based on the parameters that affect, and determination of tsunami prone areas. The process of determining tsunami-prone areas is done through a process of weighting and scoring of influential parameters, then overlapping with the help of ArcGis 10.7 software to get a map of the level of tsunami hazard. The factors in this study that affect tsunami hazard are land height, land protection, distance from the tsunami source, coastline shape, and the presence of barrier islands. The total area classified as very vulnerable is around 19,94 km2 on the southwest coast of Banten Province. This indicates the need for disaster management through crisis management and risk management based on more valid research.

PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT PESISIR UTARA KABUPATEN SIKKA TERHADAP FUNGSI MANGROVE SEBAGAI PENAHAN GELOMBANG TSUNAMI

The North Coastal of Sikka Regency is one of the tsunami-prone areas in East Nusa Tenggara Province. Mangrove forest has one of the ecological functions which is as a tsunami barrier. The aimed of this study were to: (1) analyze the condition of the mangrove forest on the north coastal of Sikka Regency before and after the 1992 tsunami (2) analyze the perception of the northern coastal community of Sikka Regency on the function of mangroves as a buffer against tsunami waves. This research was survey research using primary data and secondary data. The research location located in Reroroja Village of Magepanda District, Sikka Regency. The research was conducted from February to July 2022 with the number of respondents being interviewed as many as 70 people. The results of the study revealed that the condition of the coastal area of Reroroja Village before the tsunami disaster was an arid vacant land and was used as land for farming. Conditions after the tsunami disaster, this area had overgrown with various mangrove vegetation and planting had been carried out since 1993 by a group of mangrove farmers. The benefits of mangroves for the community as a provider of wood, fish, crabs, and bees. In addition, as a tourism and learning place. Most coastal communities feel the impact of the tsunami disaster and consider the function of mangroves to be very important as a buffer against tsunami waves.

Dynamic Spatial Model of Settlement Land in Tsunami-Prone Areas, Carita District, Banten

Carita District, Banten was one of the districts affected by the tsunami in the Sunda Strait in 2018. With 2.668 hectares of land cover changing mainly in agriculture and urban areas. The land cover affected by the tsunami in the Carita Area consists of horticulture (24.11 ha), rice fields (2.70 ha) and buildings (4.91 ha). Residential areas, infrastructure and service sectors, especially tourism are also affected. According to the Carita District 2022-2042 RDTR (Detailed Spatial Plan), Carita District is still a tsunami-prone area. The purpose of this research is to provide a residential area forecast with spatial models, patterns, and directions for residential area development in the Carita region over the next 20 years. The method used in this research uses a cellular automata algorithm and a dynamic spatial model that utilizes the results to obtain an analytic hierarchy process score from expertise in the Carita District. Based on the results of the analysis there is an increase in settlements of 697%, some of which expanded in the southern and northern areas of Carita District. The results of the simulations that have been carried out can be input for the Carita District government in the direction of land use development