Indian Ocean Tsunami Research Articles

Reassessing Disaster and Emergency Management: A Child Rights Perspective

This paper delves into the critical yet often overlooked aspect of disaster and emergency management: the rights and needs of children. Recognizing that children form a vulnerable segment of society during disasters, this study seeks to evaluate how effectively their rights are being protected and implemented in such crises. Utilizing the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child as a framework, the research examines key disasters like Hurricane Katrina (2005) and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami to assess advancements and gaps in child-centric disaster response. Our findings reveal that children's experiences and needs in disaster scenarios are complexly intertwined with socio-political and economic factors. Despite the ratification of child rights treaties by numerous countries, the actual execution of these rights in disaster situations varies significantly. The paper highlights that children's vulnerability is not just physical but extends to psychological and educational aspects, often exacerbated by inadequate disaster preparedness and response strategies. The study emphasizes the importance of education in mitigating the psychological impact of disasters on children. Post-Hurricane Katrina initiatives, for instance, have shown the effectiveness of educational programs in disaster preparedness. However, challenges in coordination among NGOs and government entities often lead to ineffective implementation of child-focused disaster management strategies. In conclusion, while strides have been made in recognizing and addressing children’s needs in disasters, much work remains. The paper calls for a more nuanced understanding of child vulnerability and advocates for comprehensive strategies that prioritize children's rights in disaster management.

Impacts of coastal protection measures along the coast of Kerala, India (through remote sensing techniques)

ABSTRACT The maritime state, Kerala, is located along the southwest coast of the Indian peninsula, which extends from Trivandrum district (8° 17´ 41.03´´ N, 77° 5´ 37.29´´ E) in the South to Kasaragod district (12° 45´ 20.76´´ N, 74° 51´ 58.92´´ E) in the North, exposed to the waves from the Arabian Sea. The shoreline is extremely dynamic due to the impact of waves, tides, currents, coastal orientation and other associated occasional coastal hazards. The annual climatic calendar for the Kerala coast can be broadly classified as South-West monsoon (June to September), North-East Monsoon (October to December), and Pre-monsoon or Non-Monsoon (January to May). Prior to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, a standardised seawall section had been preferred for highly eroding coastal stretches. The coastal hazards in addition to the tsunami impact paved the way for considering several other structures for coastal protection, of which groyne fields have been predominantly implemented. As it is essential to quantify the performance assessment of these protection measures, an exercise using the DSAS (Digital Shoreline Analysis System) tool was carried out, the results of which are presented and discussed in this paper.

CO Emissions Associated with Three Major Earthquakes Occurring in Diverse Tectonic Environments

Significant amounts of gases are emitted from the earth’s crust into the atmosphere before, during, and after major earthquakes. To understand the relationship between gas emissions, earthquakes, and tectonics, we conducted a thorough investigation using satellite data from AQUA AIRS. We focused on three major earthquakes: the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan MW 7.9 earthquake in China’s intra-continental plate, the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman MW 9.1 earthquake in Indonesia Island, and the 4 April 2010 Baja California MW 7.2 earthquake in Mexico’s active plate margin. Anomalies in the total column (TotCO) and multiple layers (CO VMR) of carbon monoxide were observed along fault zones, with peak values at the epicenter areas. Furthermore, temporal anomalies of TotCO and CO VMR appeared in the month of the Wenchuan earthquake in the intra-continent, three months prior to the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and one month before the Baja California earthquake in the active plate margins, respectively. Notably, the duration of CO anomalies before earthquakes in active plate margins was longer than that in the intra-continental region, and the intensity of the CO anomaly in active plate margins was higher than that in the intra-continental region. The results show a profound correlation with both seismic and tectonic activities, which was particularly evident in the earthquake’s magnitude, rupture length, and the tectonic settings surrounding the epicenter. Furthermore, the type of the fault at which the earthquake occurred also played an important role in these CO anomaly variations. These findings support the identification of earthquake precursors and may help improve our understanding of earthquake forecasting and tectonics.

Seismic stability evaluation of rubble mound breakwater: Shake table tests and numerical analyses

Rubble mound (RM) breakwaters are coastal structures constructed to provide tranquil condition around the port areas. After past earthquakes such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake, it was found that stability of breakwater not only depends on the wave action but seismic motions also play an important role for this. Very limited studies are available for the stability evaluation of RM Breakwater under earthquake motions by conducting physical model tests. To the end, an attempt has been made in the study to evaluate the stability of RM breakwater subjected to earthquake loadings. A series of shaking table tests conducted to evaluate the seismic behaviour of the RM breakwater. A prototype RM breakwater is modelled on two layers of seabed foundation soil. Different amplitudes of sinusoidal seismic motions (foreshocks and main shock) are provided at the base of the model. Later, the breakwater stability was evaluated for real earthquake motions. Various parameters such as settlement, horizontal displacement, acceleration-time histories and excess pore water pressure were measured during the tests. Deformation pattern was also studied by photos and videos captured during the tests. During the mainshock, the crown wall settled by 111 % more comparable to second foreshock; and the structure laterally displaced by more than 200 % comparable with first foreshock. The peak acceleration of input wave amplified while it was travelling from bottom to the crest of breakwater. The excess pore water pressure was maximum beneath the rubble mound, in loose sand and it was five times more during the mainshock compared to first foreshock. Due to loss in bearing capacity of foundation soil, the breakwater collapsed. Also, the effects like rolling down of armor units, densification and slumping of core material, shear deformation of breakwater body were observed during the main shock. Thus, the breakwater failed during the mainshock. Numerical analyses were also executed for both sinusoidal and real earthquake motions to make clear the mechanism of the breakwater behaviour subjected to the earthquake loadings.

Reassessing Disaster and Emergency Management: A Child Rights Perspective

This paper delves into the critical yet often overlooked aspect of disaster and emergency management: the rights and needs of children. Recognizing that children form a vulnerable segment of society during disasters, this study seeks to evaluate how effectively their rights are being protected and implemented in such crises. Utilizing the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child as a framework, the research examines key disasters like Hurricane Katrina (2005) and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami to assess advancements and gaps in child-centric disaster response. Our findings reveal that children's experiences and needs in disaster scenarios are complexly intertwined with socio-political and economic factors. Despite the ratification of child rights treaties by numerous countries, the actual execution of these rights in disaster situations varies significantly. The paper highlights that children's vulnerability is not just physical but extends to psychological and educational aspects, often exacerbated by inadequate disaster preparedness and response strategies. The study emphasizes the importance of education in mitigating the psychological impact of disasters on children. PostHurricane Katrina initiatives, for instance, have shown the effectiveness of educational programs in disaster preparedness. However, challenges in coordination among NGOs and government entities often lead to ineffective implementation of childfocused disaster management strategies. In conclusion, while strides have been made in recognizing and addressing children’s needs in disasters, much work remains. The paper calls for a more nuanced understanding of child vulnerability and advocates for comprehensive strategies that prioritize children's rights in disaster management.

Reconstruction of the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 in Sabang Based on the Current Land Cover for Tsunami Evacuation Sites Recommendations

Sabang City has grown in term of city’s population as well as the tourism activity. The development also meant there are more area that has been used when compared to the time before the 2004 tsunami. This research was developed to re-identify tsunami-prone zones with the current land cover condition in Sabang City and to provide recommended safe locations, alternative evacuation routes, and additional evacuation sites. We used Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami Model (COMCOT) to carried out the tsunami simulation added with updated land cover to provide more accurate simulation model. The simulation pointed out several tsunami hazard zones in Sabang City, such as Balohan, Kuta Ateuh, and Iboih with expected tsunami heights to be more than 3 meters and arrival time less than 60 minutes. Those areas then surveyed to develop recommendations for tsunami risk reductions. The recommendations included nine additional evacuation buildings are proposed, three sites in each zone. Another recommendation is in form of evacuation routes in each zone to complement existing routes stated in RTRW document.

The Sumatra-Andaman Tsunami in Banda Aceh: A Linear Model for Representation

The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake that occurred on December 26, 2004 was the second largest earthquake in the past 40 years, with a moment magnitude of 9.1 - 9.3. The rupture took place at a depth of 1.3 km along a large boundary fault between the Indian and Burma plates. The fault slip reached up to 20 meters near Banda Aceh, Sumatra Island, and was more rapid compared to the northern end between the Indian Plate and the Andaman archipelago, where landslide took almost one hour to reach from 7 to 20 meters. Based on this data and other observations, it was possible to estimate that the main tsunami originated approximately 390 km from Banda Aceh city. Although the energy transmitted by the simple harmonic waves adopted in this study was shorter than that reported by other references, it was still significant. The estimated arrival time for the tsunami in Banda Aceh using a simple model was reasonably consistent with the actual observation time. This agreement suggests that the origin region of the estimated in this study is likely within the most probable starting point of the tsunami. The wave amplitude near the coast, as estimated by the model, fell within the observed range reported by the references. The methodology developed in this study seems to be suitable for obtaining initial estimates of several important parameters involved in events of this nature.

Measuring Disaster Recovery: Lessons Learned from Early Recovery in Post-Tsunami Area of Aceh, Indonesia

The assessment of post-disaster recovery is often hindered by limited metric and longitudinal data, in addition to the dynamic and long-term processes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the early stages after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia, using the Disaster Recovery Index (DRI). The two initial waves of Study of Tsunami and Aftermath Recovery (STAR) data were used to track the recovery process from 5 to 19 months after the tsunami. The results showed various recovery patterns in three affected areas and five sectors. Furthermore, recovery rates in the medium and heavily damaged areas increased by 2.05 and 7.45 percentage points, respectively, with a 0.33 percentage point decrease in the lightly damaged areas. The social and livelihood sectors showed rapid progress, supported by the establishment of temporary health and education facilities, including Cash-for-Work programs. Meanwhile, other sectors experienced slower recovery due to their complexity. The application of the DRI successfully showed the relative positions across affected areas and sectors over time in a simple way. This confirmed the variety of recoveries in subgroups in the community and suggested the importance of regularly measuring progress using standard metrics to observe long-term conditions.

Trauma Clearance Concept of PTSD Help Disaster Victims Avoid from PTSD by volunteering

As we know that trauma means experience that cause intense physical and psychological stress reaction in a big disaster or unfortunate encounter . After disaster, the victims engage in volunteer will get more opportunities to take part in the society and interact with more people. Especially the victims will get a new valuable experience with delight. These experiences will cover-up and clear the trauma experience. Actually through inviting victims involved in volunteer , we can find they re-get the value of life and start a new life career. This article practically shares diverse experiences regarding a lot victims Tzu Chi domestic and international disaster relief activities which include 921 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999, Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in 2004, Sichuan (Wenchuan) earthquake of Mainland China in 2008, Morake typhoon of southern Taiwan in 2009, Typhoon Haiyan of Philippine in 2013. We accumulated some examples of victim volunteers how did they quit the invasion of PTSD through the involve of volunteering, Thousands of the victims get a lot of valuable and delightful experiences will invite the other victims to participate the volunteer. This positive action will gradually be spread by victims and set into impetus to the whole disaster area. Except the group type example of disaster victims’ volunteer, there is also the example that a lady who lost husband and two children. How she walked out from the biggest tragedy of her life through volunteering as the interpreter.

Tiny stresses are capable of triggering earthquakes and tremors in Arunachal Himalaya

The Arunachal Himalaya has been hosting some notable events in the recent past. The tectonic history of Arunachal Himalaya is complex and has been influenced by several major tectonic events, including the 1950 Mw8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. In this study, we explored the effect of dynamic stresses generated by teleseismic events on the triggering of seismicity in the region. We analyzed 34 large teleseismic events since 2010 and found triggering during six events. The change in seismicity was also confirmed by analysis with the STA/LTA method. The triggering in the region occurred in the form of earthquakes and tremors. The dynamic stress as low as 1 kPa was found capable of triggering. The back-azimuth angle does not play an important role in the triggering. The angle direction of incoming waves with respect to the fault ~ 60° and ~ 120° is the possible reason for triggering in the region. The triggering occurred in the Mishmi and Main Central Thrust regions. The largest triggered event, ML2.3, was triggered 7.5 h after the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquake of Mw8.6. The region is tectonically very sensitive and tiny stresses are capable of triggering seismicity in Arunachal Pradesh.

Co-seismic ionospheric disturbances due to 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake

The Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances (CID) due to the 26th December 2004 earthquake of Mw 9.2, which occurred in the Sumatra-Andaman subduction zone, are analyzed using cGPS-aided Total Electron Content (TEC) measurements. For the CID analysis, data from nearby seven Sumatran GPS Array (SuGAr) and two International GNSS Stations (IGS) located to the south of the epicenter, at a distance of 500–1000km (near-field) and two IGS stations located to the north-west of the epicenter at a distance of 2000km (far-field) are considered. The CIDs with a propagation velocity of 595–694m/s arrived within 2–10min after the earthquake, depending upon the distance of a station from the epicentre. Variations in the CIDs can be prominently seen at the nearest cGPS Station SAMP immediately after the earthquake. NTUS, being the farthest station shows some small variations. The delay in the occurrence of variations at GPS sites can also be associated with rupture propagation. Because all the stations used in our analysis are located south of the epicenter and rupture of the earthquake propagated in the north, the trend of rupture propagation could not be analyzed clearly.

Tsunami fragility based characterisation of mosques as alternatives tsunami evacuation buildings: Reconstructing evidence from the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami

Buildings located in coastal areas can also function as protection or shelter during a tsunami wave event. High buildings on the coast such as mosques can be used as vertical evacuation buildings when a tsunami occurs. During the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami (IOT), there were many people evacuated and saved at mosques. The community in this region evacuated themselves to some mosques during a tsunami evacuation order on April 11, 2012. However, there is no study has been conducted to prove the fragility of mosques against tsunamis and how the mosques can function as alternative tsunami evacuation buildings. This study is aimed at reconstructing evidence of the impacts of tsunamis on mosques and at assessing the opportunities to use mosques as alternative evacuation buildings. The research was conducted in two modes: (1) a series of numerical modelling were performed to reconstruct tsunami flow depths based on the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami (IOT), and (2) impacts of tsunami on mosques were collected based on survivor's eyewitness accounts or photos were taken immediately after the event. The impacts were later used to compose a set of tsunami fragility curves to see the influence of flow depth on the level of mosque damage. Field surveys were at four districts that were severely affected by the 2004 IOT, namely Banda Aceh, Aceh Jaya, West Aceh, and Aceh Besar. Tsunami wave simulations were performed using the Cornell Multigrid Coupled Tsunami Model (COMCOT) to obtain flow depths at mosque locations. Validations of the numerical simulation results were done using secondary flow depth data reported previously. A total of 210 mosque buildings were assessed at the study sites, where 98 % of them were constructed using reinforced concrete with varying building heights ranging from 5 to 11 m (from floor to ceiling). The probability of absolute damage was caused when flow depths exceeded 10 m. The mosque buildings has a lower probability of collapse compared the other building such as house and other building in general. At 3.0 m of flow depth, the mosque would only be totally destroyed by around 12 %. The lower damage probability for mosque buildings can be attributed to mosques being constructed with stronger structures than typical residential buildings.

Variation Parameters of The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Model for Tsunami Prone Area Mapping in The Northern Part of Aceh Province

A total of ten tsunami events occurred in Aceh Province from 1991 to 2012. This condition confirms that AcehProvince is very vulnerable to tsunami hazards. In 2004, a tsunami occurred due to the activity of the subduction zone onthe west coast of Aceh with a magnitude of Mw 9.3. Since the 2004 tsunami, research on tsunamis has increased. The aimof this study is to reconstruct the 2004 tsunami models, to find out which models are suitable for the events of 2004. Thereare at least five models of earthquake source faults used for tsunami modeling in this study. The tsunami modeling wascarried out numerically using the Tohoku University’s Numerical Analysis Model Investigation (TUNAMI) programme.The maximum height obtained from the modeling is 58,05 m at the shoreline. The maximum height obtained from thebest model is 17,73 m on land. The M5 fault model produced a tsunami height model that best matches the observationresults validated by lowest RMS and highest correlation coefficient values Keywords: tsunami height, fault model, correlation coefficient, RMSE

Spatio-Temporal Analysis on Land Use/Land Cover Change in Banda Aceh: A Preliminary Study of Disaster Resilience

The devastating tsunami that struck Banda Aceh resulted in profound destruction to both its built environment and natural areas. The city’s urban infrastructure suffered extensive damage, with essential zone being severely affected. Despite these challenges, the population of this tsunami-prone city has continued to increase steadily over time. This research examines the land use/land cover (LULC) in Banda Aceh following the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami through spatio-temporal analysis, with a particular focus on investigating urban growth trends through the examination of built-up areas. The study seeks to discern the evolving patterns of land use and land cover transitions over this period, shedding light on the transformative processes associated with urbanization and its consequent impact on the landscape. The insights obtained from this research can inform urban planners, policymakers, and disaster management authorities in devising effective strategies for urban growth in coastal front cities that vulnerable to tsunami.

Exposure to the Indian Ocean Tsunami shapes the HPA-axis resulting in HPA “burnout” 14 years later

Despite significant research on the effects of stress on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, questions remain regarding long-term impacts of large-scale stressors. Leveraging data on exposure to an unanticipated major natural disaster, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, we provide causal evidence of its imprint on hair cortisol levels fourteen years later. Data are drawn from the Study of the Tsunami Aftermath and Recovery, a population-representative longitudinal study of tsunami survivors who were living along the coast of Aceh, Indonesia, when the tsunami hit. Annual rounds of data, collected before, the year after and 2 y after the disaster provide detailed information about tsunami exposures and self-reported symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Hair samples collected 14 y after the tsunami from a sample of adult participants provide measures of cortisol levels, integrated over several months. Hair cortisol concentrations are substantially and significantly lower among females who were living, at the time of the tsunami, in communities directly damaged by the tsunami, in comparison with similar females living in other, nearby communities. Differences among males are small and not significant. Cortisol concentrations are lowest among those females living in damaged communities who reported elevated post-traumatic stress symptoms persistently for two years after the tsunami, indicating that the negative effects of exposure were largest for them. Low cortisol is also associated with contemporaneous reports of poor self-rated general and psychosocial health. Taken together, the evidence points to dysregulation in the HPA axis and "burnout" among these females fourteen years after exposure to the disaster.

Connecting community’s perspectives on tsunami risk to anticipated future tsunamis: a reflection from a progress of tsunami preparedness from a coastal community in Aceh-Indonesia after 19 years of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

This paper reflects on the progress of tsunami preparedness in a coastal community in Aceh, Indonesia, nearly two decades after the catastrophic 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. The research employs a comprehensive approach to thoroughly evaluate and comprehend the community’s preparedness, its correlation with local perceptions of tsunami risk, and delves into the prevalence of tsunamis in the area, with a specific emphasis on the significant impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on the coastal community of Aceh. To investigate the community’s readiness and the potential impacts of tsunamis at the study site, tsunami simulations were performed using the shallow water equation within the COMCOT (Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami) model. These simulations assessed run-up and inundation scenarios, thereby providing justification for the potential tsunami impact in the area. Modelling the scenario of tsunami in the region is important to measure the potential impact and estimation time for community to prepare the evacuation plan. In addition to the numerical modeling, a mixed-method approach was employed, involving the distribution of questionnaires and conducting in-depth interviews with 150 respondents directly on-site. These assessments yielded valuable insights into community perspectives on tsunami risk and their preparedness measures. The findings contribute to the development of effective strategies for disaster management by integrating local knowledge, experiences, and socialization programs. The study emphasizes the significance of ongoing endeavors to enhance community preparedness and mitigate the consequences of tsunamis.

Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment of Grand Bay, Mauritius, Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS)

Small island countries located in the Indian ocean are mostly vulnerable to tsunamis generated from the Makran and Sumatra earthquake sources. A minor inundation was experienced from the 26th December 2004 tsunami caused by the Sumatra Andaman earthquake while the close island of Rodrigues recorded relatively high surges within its coasts. As a tourist destination for its sandy beaches and blue lagoons, most hotels and foreign invested real estates are located mostly within the coastal region, making the Mauritian economic mainstay vulnerable to the slightest tsunami threat. This research study therefore aims at assessing the vulnerability of the northern region of Mauritius namely Grand Bay, under a possible tsunami threat. Assessment has been categorised in three main vulnerability areas namely the building and infrastructure vulnerability, the human life vulnerability and the environmental vulnerability. The methodology set up includes digitalisation of the Grand Bay region using the QGIS software from satellite raster images, showing the demarked area with geospatial and attributes data. These were analysed using the area intersection in the QGIS Software. Vulnerability indexing was calculated using a risk matrix analysis which was in turn mapped in QGIS, showing highly exposed buildings, an account for human lives under major threat and areas that can suffer saline water infiltration as part of the negative environmental impact.

FAILURE OF SEAWALLS DUE TO TSUNAMI-INDUCED SCOUR

The Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 and the Tohoku tsunami in 2011 have shown that tsunami-induced scour is one of the primary reasons for the failure of coastal defence structures (Bricker et al., 2012; Jayaratne et al., 2016). In a coastal structure, scour can occur when the plunging jet impacts the landward toe of the structure, resulting in digging a hole around the foundation which eventually may destabilize the structure. This can be exacerbated by rapid drawdown induced liquefaction during the receding wave, and can lead to the failure of the structure. Therefore, accurate prediction of local and plunging scour is very vital in order to ensure the safety of the coastal structures under such conditions. Data we have at present are based on final or equilibrium scour depths, not the maximum scour depths. Survey teams measure scour profile once the extreme event is over. However, the trough or scour hole made can be partly filled by sediment transport from upstream (in the live bed case) or from sediment suspended within the scour hole that settles after the flow slows down. Thus, the scour depth survey teams measure are less than the actual maximum depths. Therefore, a novel experimental and numerical study is proposed to tackle this problem with the funding of the Royal Society, UK.

Identification possible preserved 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposit collected from Pulot Village in Aceh Besar Regency, Indonesia

Identification of the tsunami candidate layers deposited by the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 has been successfully performed in Pulot Village, located in Leupung district, Aceh Besar Regency, Aceh Province. Based on a study of tectonic activity before and after the earthquake, Pulot Village was reported as one of the potential locations for finding tsunami deposits. Tsunami sediment is collected by inserting a hand drill into the ground more than 1 m deep. The presence of the 2004 tsunami candidate layers was identified according to the Troels-Smith characteristics. Based on our visual analysis, the prospective tsunami layer is found at a depth of 4 cm with a thickness of 8-38 cm, which is characterized by fine-medium sized dark brown sand deposits on weathered paleo soil layers. The sharp boundaries with the layers above and below it and the presence of organic material (plant roots, stems and anthropogenic material) can also be clearly observed in the tsunami deposit layers. The candidate layer for the 2004 tsunami deposit found will be further studied geochemically using a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument.

Indonesian “tsunami-generation” in a nutshell: systematic literature review

Publications related to tsunami-generation phase hold 42.8% of all the publications over all tsunami hazard literatures in Indonesia. Corroborating the fact, tsunami-generation studies are also vital in determining the type of propagation and inundation that may appear in the surrounding coastal regions, which in practice, can also help determining disaster management specifics and risk reduction activities. A literature review regarding tsunami-generation has been done for those purpose by using our CARI! Knowledge Engine, which includes collections of both International and Indonesian journals within the scope of Indonesian locus context. This study unpacks publication trend, the most influential articles, top contributing journals, top main authors, top institutions, and dominant countries as well as the science mapping of tsunami-generation subjects. To gain deeper understanding, we also develop tsunami-generation research framework within the basis of tsunami generation force, time occurrence, monitoring, and measurement approach, as well as hazard analysis approach. From the review, an interesting peak of tsunami-generation publications has been shown in 2020 (39 publications), following the occurrence of several Indonesian major tsunamis in the previous decade and the globally impacting Aceh Tsunami (or the Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami) in 2004. Among all the publications of tsunami-generation force, tsunamigenic earthquake has become the most studied topic (67.7% of all publications), while the most discussed atypical sources mainly come from volcanic eruption (46.67% of all atypical literatures) and submarine landslide (33.33% of all atypical literatures). In terms of tsunami-generation source, it is found that the Sunda Megathrust has been the most-discussed location, which is mentioned within 39 publications, followed by the Palu-Koro Fault with 18 publications and the Krakatau Volcano by 16 publications. Apart from the notice of significant difference between research of historical tsunami and paleotsunami (120:5 publications), some gaps also can be found when discussing the meteotsunami-generation mechanism in Indonesia and the Global Navigation Satellite System’s Total Electron Content (GNSS-TEC) method, which, although proven beneficial for the development of tsunami early warning system, accuracy is still the main issue in capturing tsunami signals and positioning actual source location of tsunami. These were some highlighted limitations that arise in our process to understand tsunami-generation mechanisms and the exploitations of the knowledge. Therefore, future studies specifically within these areas are further encouraged.